Reproductive processes in cows and the use of ultrasonography

Authors

Keywords:

ultrasound, cattle, transrectal palpation, reproduction

Abstract

Transrectal ultrasonography is a technology used in cattle reproductive management as a means of gestation diagnosis and estrous cycle monitoring. Likewise, it has application in the management, diagnosis and treatment of both reproductive processes and in reproductive biotechnology programs. The objective of the work was to carry out a bibliographic review on the reproductive processes in cows and the use of ultrasonography. A bibliographic review was carried out including publications from 2022 and previous years. Criteria that support the development achieved in the use of ultrasound were considered, based on the logical analysis of the consulted bibliography. The keywords used were ultrasonography, ultrasound, cattle, bovine reproduction, transrectal palpation, estrous cycle, follicular dynamics, ovarian function, Doppler, corpus luteum functionality, early pregnancy diagnosis, embryonic death. Transrectal ultrasonography has increased our knowledge and understanding of bovine reproductive physiology. Technological advances have allowed its use in the reproductive management of cattle to increase. Ultrasonography is a revolutionary advance in research that has influenced the efficiency of cow reproductive management.

http://dx.doi.org/10.21929/abavet2023.18                         

e2022-81

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYXRCAvYA-8

References

ABDELNABY EA, El-Maaty AMA, Ragab RSA, Seida AA. 2018. Dynamics of uterine and ovarian arteries flow velocity waveforms and their relation to follicular and luteal growth and blood flow vascularization during the estrous cycle in Friesian cows. Theriogenology. 121: 112-121. ISSN 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.08.003

ADAMS GP, Jaiswal R, Singh J, Malhi P. 2008. Progress in understanding ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle. Theriogenology. 69: 72-80. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.09.026

ADAMS GP, Matteri RL, Kastelic J P, Ko JCH, Ginther OJ. 1991. Association between surges of follicle stimulating hormone and the emergence of follicular waves in heifers. J Reprod Fertil. 94 (1): 177–188. ISSN: 1741-7899. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0940177

ÁGUILA-CARBELO M, Esquivel Sosa L, Rodríguez González C. 2019. Historia y desarrollo del ultrasonido en la Imagenología. Acta Médica del Centro. 13 (4): 601-615. ISSN 2709-7927. https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/medicadelcentro/mec-2019/mec194o.pdf

AHUJA C, Montiel F, Canseco R, Silva E, Mapes G. 2005. Pregnancy rate following GnRH+PGF2α treatment of low body condition, anestrous Bos taurus by Bos indicus crossbred cows during the summer months in a tropical environment. Anim Reprod Sci. 87 (3–4): 203-213. ISSN: 0378-4320.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.12.002

ALONSO-ALANUSA L, Galina-Hidalgo C, Romero-Zúñiga JJ, Estrada-König S, Galindo-Badilla J. 2012. Utilidad de la palpación rectal y la ecografía transrectal en el diagnóstico de gestación del ganado cebú en el trópico húmedo de Costa Rica. Rev Cient (Maracaibo). 22 (1): 09-16. ISSN: 0798-2259.

http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=95921743002

ANNANDALE A, Fosgate GT, Bok H, Holm DE. 2019. Ability of a bovine transrectal palpation objective structured clinical examination to predict veterinary students’ pregnancy diagnosis accuracy. Vet Rec. 185 (6): 171-171.

https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105022

ARÉCHIGA CF, Staples CR, McDowell LR, Hansen PJ. 1998. Effects of timed insemination and supplemental β carotene on reproduction and milk yield of dairy cows under heat stress. J Dairy Sci. 81: 390-402. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75589-4

AYALA L, Pesantez JL, Rodas E, Dután J, Calle JR, Murillo Y, Vázquez JM, Nieto PE, Ortega VV, Samaniego JX. 2019. Dinámica folicular de vaquillas Criollas al pastoreo en el altiplano ecuatoriano. Archivos de zootecnia. 68 (262): 184-190. ISSN: 1885-4494. https://doi.org/10.21071/az.v68i262.4135

AVELLANEDA JF, Roa N, D’Endel D, Drescher K. 2014. Evaluación ultrasonográfica postparto de vacas primíparas bos taurus x bos indicus (F1) en el trópico. Revista Científica. 24 (4): 295-304. ISSN: 0798-2259.

http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=95931404007

BAXTER SJ, Ward WR. 1997. Incidence of fetal loss in dairy cattle after pregnancy diagnosis using an ultrasound scanner. Vet Rec. 140 (11): 287–288.

https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.140.11.287

BEAL WE, Perry RC, Corah LR. 1992. The Use of Reproductive Ultrasound in Monitoring Physiology of Beef Cattle. J Anim Sci. 70 (3): 924-929. ISSN 1525-3163.

https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.703924x

BEAL WE, Edwards RB, Kearnan JM. 1989. Use of B-mode, linear array ultrasonography for evaluating the technique of bovine artificial insemination. J Dairy Sci. 72: 2198. ISSN: 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79346-2

BEAL WE, Good GA, Peterson LA. 1984. Estrous synchronization and pregnancy rates in cyclic and noncyclic beef cows and heifers treated with Synchromate B or Norgestomet and AlfaprostoL. Theriogenology. 22 (1): 59-66. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(84)90473-4

BERGFELT DR, Bo GA, Mapletoft RJ, Adams GP. 1997. Superovulatory response following ablation-induced follicular wave emergence at random stages of the oestrous cycle in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 49 (1): 1-12. ISSN 0378-4320. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(97)00064-X

BISINOTTO RS, Ribeiro ES, Santos JEP. 2014. Synchronisation of ovulation for management of reproduction in dairy cows. Animal. 8 (1): 151-159. ISSN: 1751-7311. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114000858

BONACKER RC, Stoecklein KS, Locke JWC, Ketchum JN, Knickmeyer ER, Spinka CM, Poock SE, Thomas JM. 2020. Treatment with prostaglandin F2α and an intravaginal progesterone insert promotes follicular maturity in advance of gonadotropin-releasing hormone among postpartum beef cows. Theriogenology. 157: 350-359. ISSN 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.08.018

BÓ GA. 2020. Pursuit of a means of manipulating ovarian function in the cow: An adventure of serendipity, collaboration and friendship. Theriogenology. 150. 480-489. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03.010

BÓ GA, Mapletoft, RJ. 2014. Historical perspectives and recent research on superovulation in cattle. Theriogenology. 81 (1): 38-48. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.020

BOLLWEIN H, Baumgartner U, Stolla R. 2002. Transrectal Doppler sonography of uterine blood flow in cows during pregnancy. Theriogenology. 57 (8): 2053-2061. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00706-9

BOLLWEIN H, Heppelmann M, Lüttgenau J. 2016. Ultrasonographic doppler use for female reproduction management. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 32 (1): 149-164. ISSN: 0749-0720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.005

BOLLWEIN H, Meyer HHD, Maierl J, Weber F, Baumgartner U, Stolla R. 2000. Transrectal doppler sonography of uterine blood flow in cows during the estrous cycle. Theriogenology. 53 (8): 1541-1552. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00296-X

BONATO DV, Ferreira EB, Gomes DN, Bonato FGC, Droher RG, Morotti F, Seneda MM. 2022. Follicular dynamics, luteal characteristics, and progesterone concentrations in synchronized lactating Holstein cows with high and low antral follicle counts. Theriogenology. 179: 223-229. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.12.006

BOND RL, Midla LT, Gordon ED, Bimbo WFH, Masterson MA, Mathys DA, Mollenkopf DF. 2019. Effect of student transrectal palpation on early pregnancy loss in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 102 (10): 9236-9240. ISSN 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16515

BRITO LF, Bedere N, Douhard F, Oliveira HR, Arnal M, Peñagaricano F, Schinckel AP, Baes CF. Miglior F. 2021. Review: Genetic selection of high-yielding dairy cattle toward sustainable farming systems in a rapidly changing world. Animal. 15(1):100292. ISSN 1751-7311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100292

BROCKUS KE, Hart CG, Gilfeather CL, Fleming BO, Lemley CO. 2016. Dietary melatonin alters uterine artery hemodynamics in pregnant Holstein heifers. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. 55:1-10. ISSN 0739-7240.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.10.006

BUCZINSKI S. 2009. Evaluación ultrasonográfica de la gestación tardía en bovinos. Clin. North Am Food Anim Pract. 25 (3): 753–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.07.005

BURKE JM, De La Sota RL, Risco CA, Staples CR, Schmitt EJP, Thatcher WW. 1996. Evaluation of timed insemination using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 79: 1385-1393. ISSN: 1525-3198.

https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76496-2

BURNS BM, Fordyce G, Holroyd RG. 2010. A review of factors that impact on the capacity of beef cattle females to conceive, maintain a pregnancy and wean a calf—Implications for reproductive efficiency in northern Australia. Anim Reprod Sci. 122 (1-2): 1-22. ISSN: 0378-4320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.04.010

CAMPBELL S. 2013. A short history of sonography in obstetrics and gynaecology. Facts, views and visión in ObGyn. 5 (3): 213-229. PMID: 24753947.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987368/pdf/FVVinObGyn-5-213-229.pdf

CARVALHO FCA, Ruiz PJ, Oliveira SV, Silva FAC, Moreira VJH, Bruno SLG, Pereira PM. 2021. Timing of early resynchronization protocols affects subsequent pregnancy outcome in dairy cows. Theriogenology. 167: 61-66. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.03.009

CHAGAS SJ, Lopes DCL. 2005. Luteotrophic influence of early bovine embryos and the relationship between plasma progesterone concentrations and embryo survival. Theriogenology. 64 (1): 49-60. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.10.019

CHAUDHARY AK, Purohit GN. 2012. Ultrasonographic detection of early pregnancy loss in dairy cows. J Anim Sci Adv. 2(8): 706-710. ISSN: 2251-7219.

https://www.academia.edu/2717446/Ultrasonographic_Detection_of_Early_Pregnancy_Loss_in_Dairy_Cows

CIRIT Ü, Özmen MF, Küçükaslan İ, Köse M, Kutsal HG, Çınar EM. 2019. Effect of the interval from follicle aspiration to initiation of lengthened FSH treatment on follicular superstimulatory and superovulatory responses and embryo production in lactating Simmental cows. Theriogenology. 128: 218-224. ISSN 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.02.008

CONSTANTINO-ROCHA C, Martins T, Oliveira CB, Andrade SL, Binelli M, Pugliesi G. 2019. Ultrasonography-accessed luteal size endpoint that most closely associates with circulating progesterone during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in beef cows. Anim Reprod Sci. 201:12-21. ISSN 0378-4320.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.12.003

CORREDOR-CAMARGO ES, Barón-Páez EM. 2012. Aplicaciones de la ultrasonografía en la reproducción bovina: revisión. Ciencia y Agricultura. 9(2): 29-37. ISSN: 0122-8420.

https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/ciencia_agricultura/article/view/2813

CROWE MA, Hostens M, Opsomer G. 2018. Reproductive management in dairy cows - the future. Irish Veterinary Journal. 71(1):1-13. ISSN: 2046-0481.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-017-0112-y

CUPPER VC, Fernandes PH, Buss V, Gonzalez DFB, Martins GB, Gallas LF, Pugliesi G, Silveira MF. 2021. Resynchronization of follicular wave using long-acting injectable progesterone or estradiol benzoate at 14 days post-timed AI in Bos taurus x Bos indicus beef heifers. Theriogenology. 176:194-199. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.09.017

CUNHA TO, Martinez W, Walleser E, Martins NJP. 2021. Effects of GnRH and hCG administration during early luteal phase on estrous cycle length, expression of estrus and fertility in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology. 173:23-31. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.06.010

CURRAN S, Kastelic JP, Ginther OJ. 1989. Determining sex of the bovine fetus by ultrasonic assessment of the relative location of the genital tubercle. Anim Reprod Sci. 19 (3–4): 217-227. ISSN 0378-4320. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(89)90095-X

DE LA SOTA RL, Burke JM, Risco CA, Moreira F, De Lorenzo MA, Thatcher WW. 1998. Evaluation of timed insemination during summer heat stress in lactating dairy cattle. Theriogenology. 49(4):761-770. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00025-9

DEMİR MC, Kaçar C, Polat B. 2022. Evaluation of the relationship between placentome perfusion, echotexture, and endocrine changes in cows at the end of pregnancy. Theriogenology. 194: 83-91. ISSN 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.09.022

DESCÔTEAUX L, Gnemmi G, Colloton J. 2009. Ultrasonography of the bovine female genital tract. Vet Clin Food Anim. 25 (3): 733–752. ISSN: 0749-0720.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.07.009

DÍAZ-RODRÍGUEZ N, Garrido-Chamorro RP, Castellano-Alarcón J. 2007. Ecografía: principios físicos, ecógrafos y lenguaje ecográfico. SEMERGEN - Medicina de Familia. 33 (7): 362-369. ISSN 1138-3593. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1138-3593(07)73916-3

EDLER I, Lindström K. 2004. La historia de la ecocardiografía. Ultrasonido en medicina y biología. 30 (12): 1565–1644. ISSN 0301-5629. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-5629(99)00056-3

EHRHARDT RA, Slepetis RM, Siegal-Willott J, Van Amburgh ME, Bell AW, Boisclair R. 2000. Development of a specific radioimmunoassay to measure physiological changes of circulating leptin in cattle and sheep. J Endocrinol. 166: 519-528. ISSN 1479-6805. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1660519

ENGIDA T, Lobago F, Lemma A, Yenehun AM, Mekete B. 2022. Validation of the Human Progesterone Assay Kit for Cattle as a Pregnancy Diagnosis Tool. Veterinary Medicine International. 2022: 1-5. ID 4610830. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4610830

FARIN PW, Youngquist RS, Parfet JR, Garverick HA. 1990. Diagnosis of luteal and follicular ovarian cysts in dairy cows by sector scan ultrasonography. Theriogenology. 34 (4): 633-642. ISSN 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(90)90019-P

FERNÁNDEZ-NOVO A, Fargas O, Loste JM, Sebastian F, Perez-Villalobos N, Pesantez-Pacheco JL, Patron-Collantes R, Astiz S. 2020. Pregnancy Loss (28-110 Days of Pregnancy) in Holstein Cows: A Retrospective Study. Animals. 10 (6): 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10060925

FERNÁNDEZ-SÁNCHEZ M. 2012. Reproducción y control ecográfico en vacuno. Servet editorial - Grupo Asís Biomedia S.L. © 2012 Grupo Asís Biomedia S.L. https://issuu.com/grupoasis/docs/p07060_repr_controlecogrvacuno_issuu

FITZGERALD AM, Ryan DP, Berry DP. 2015. Factors associated with the differential in actual gestational age and gestational age predicted from transrectal ultrasonography in pregnant dairy cows. Theriogenology. 84 (3): 358-364. ISSN 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.023

FRANCO G, Reese S, Poole R, Rhinehart J, Thompson K, Cooke R, Pohler K. 2020. Sire contribution to pregnancy loss in different periods of embryonic and fetal development of beef cows. Theriogenology. 154: 84-91. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.021

GARD Schnuelle J, Blythe E, Cole R, Taylor S, Alfaro G, Muntifering R, Pacheco WJ, Rodning SP, Moisa SJ. 2021. Evaluation of alterations in uterine blood flow using doppler ultrasonography in pregnant, genotyped beef cows and heifers consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue seeds and supplemented with rumen-protected niacin. J Vet Sci Res. 6: 1-8. ISSN: 2474-9222. https://doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000207

GARGUS ES, Jakubowski KL, Arenas GA, Miller SJ, Lee SSM, Woodruff TK. 2020. Ultrasound shear wave velocity varies across anatomical region in ex vivo bovine ovaries. Tissue Engineering Part A. 26(13):720-732. ISSN 5937-3341.

https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0037

GINTHER OJ. 2007. Ultrasonic imaging and animal reproduction: Color-Doppler ultrasonography. Wisconsin (Estados Unidos), Cross Plains. Equiservices Publishing ISBN 0–9640–0728–2. https://vetbooks.ir/ultrasonic-imaging-and-animal-reproduction-color-doppler-ultrasonography-book-4/

GINTHER OJ. 2014. How ultrasound technologies have expanded and revolutionized research in reproduction in large animals. Theriogenology. 81: 112–125. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.007

GINTHER OJ, Knopf L, Kastelic JP. 1989. Temporal associations among ovarian events in cattle during oestrous cycles with two and three follicular waves. J Reprod Fertil. 87: 223–230. ISSN 1741-7899. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0870223

GINTHER OJ, Silva LA, Araujo RR, Beg MA. 2007. Temporal associations among pulses of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2a, luteal blood flow, and luteolysis in cattle. Biol Reprod. 76: 506–13 ISSN 1529-7268. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.106.057653

GIVENS MD, Marley MSD. 2008. Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality. Theriogenology. 70 (3): 270-285. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.018

GRIFFIN PG, Ginther OJ. 1992. Research applications of ultrasonic imaging in reproductive biology. J Anim Sci. 70: 953–972. ISSN 1525-3163. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.703953x

GUEDES PHE, Oliveira CS, Dias HRS, Freitas C, Camargo AJR, Saraiva NZ, Camargo LSA. 2022. Ultrasound characteristics and pregnancy loss in bovine IVF-derived pregnancies. Livestock Science. 257: 104847. ISSN 1871-1413.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104847.

GUIMARÃES CRB, Oliveira ME, Rossi JR, Fernandes CAC, Viana JHM, Palhao MP, 2015. Corpus luteum blood flow evaluation on day 21 to improve the management of embryo recipient herds. Theriogenology. 84(2): 237-241. ISSN 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.005.

GUIMARÃES-DA Silva A, Kan-Nishimura T, Constantino-Rocha C, Garcia-Motta I, Laurindo-Neto A, Assis-Ferraz P, Andrade-Bruni G, Evangelista-Orlandi R, Martinelli-Massoneto JP, Guilherme P. 2022. Comparison of estradiol benzoate doses for resynchronization of ovulation at 14 days after timed-AI in suckled beef cows. Theriogenology. 184: 41-50. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.02.025

GWYNN T, Rodning S, Goodrich B, Dyce P, Elmore M, Elmore JB, Edmondson M, Newcomer BJ, Mullenix K, Carson RL. 2018. Beef Cow Pregnancy Examination. Livestock & Poultry. Alabama Cooperative Extension System. https://www.aces.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ANR-1417_BeefCowPregnancyExam_031618.pdf

HANSEL W, Convey EM. 1983. Physiology of the estrous cycle. J Anim Sci. 57 (2): 404-424. ISSN 1525-3163.

https://doi.org/10.2527/animalsci1983.57Supplement_2404x

HAYAWIE-LAZIM Eman, Muneeb-Alrawi H, Mohammad-Aziz D. 2016. Relationship between gestational age and transabdominal ultrasonographic measurements of fetus and uterus during the 2nd and 3rd trimester of gestation in cows. Asian Pac. J. Reprod. 5(4): 326-330. ISSN 2305-0500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjr.2016.06.010

HERRERA DMR, Luna MM, Romero RCM. 1993. Obtención de ensayos contra progesterona y estradiol, estandarización del radioinmunoanálisis y validación en suero de rumiantes. Vet Méx. 24 (3): 223-230. ISSN: 2448-6760. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=14738

HENAO-RESTREPO G. 2010. Algunos factores relacionados con la dinámica folicular en Bos indicus. Rev Fac Nac Agron Medellin. 63 (2): 5577-5586. ISSN 0304-2847.

http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=179918602011

HERICKHOFF CD, Morgan MR, Broder JS, Dahl JJ. 2018. Low-cost volumetric ultrasound by augmentation of 2D systems: Design and prototype. Ultrasonic imaging. 40 (1): 35-48. ISSN: 1096-0910. https://doi.org/10.1177/0161734617718528.

HIRAYAMA H, Moriyasu S, Kageyama S, Sawai K, Takahashi H, Geshi M, Fujii T, Koyama T, Koyama K, Miyamoto A, Matsui M, Minamihashi A. 2014. Enhancement of maternal recognition of pregnancy with parthenogenetic embryos in bovine embryo transfer. Theriogenology. 81 (8) 1108-1115. ISSN 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.039

HOLTON MP, Oosthuizen N, Melo GD, Davis DB, Stewart RL, Pohler KG, Lamb GC, Fontes PLP. 2022. Luteal color doppler ultrasonography and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins as early pregnancy diagnostic tools and predictors of pregnancy loss in Bos taurus postpartum beef cows. J Anim Sci. 100 (2): skac018. ISSN 1525-3163.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac018

HONNENS A, Niemann H, Paul V, Meyer HHD, Bollwein H. 2008. Doppler sonography of the uterine arteries during a superovulatory regime in cattle: Uterine blood flow in superovulated cattle. Theriogenology. 70 (5): 859-867. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.05.054

HOWRY DH, Stott DA, Bliss WR. 1954. La visualización ultrasónica del carcinoma de mama y otras estructuras de tejidos blandos. Cáncer. 7(2): 354-358. ISSN: 1097-0142. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(195403)7:2<354::AID-CNCR2820070220>3.0.CO;2-9

INSKEEP EK, Dailey RA. 2005. Embryonic Death in Cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim. 21: 437–461. ISSN: 0749-0720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2005.02.002

JAŚKOWSKI BM, Herudzińska M, Gehrke M, Niżański W. 2022. The impact of the cavitary corpus luteum on the blood progesterone concentration and pregnancy rate of embryo recipient heifers. Theriogenology. 178: 73-76. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.11.003

KAMIMURA S, Nishiyama N, Ookutsu S, Goto K, Hamana K. 1997. Determination of bovine fetal sex by PCR using fetal fluid aspirated by transvaginal ultrasound-guided amniocentesis. Theriogenology. 47 (8): 1563-1569. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(97)00161-1

KANAZAWA T, Seki M, Iga K. 2022. Early pregnancy diagnosis based on luteal morphology and blood flow on Days 17–21 post-artificial insemination in Japanese Black cattle. Theriogenology. 181: 69-78. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.01.002

KANAZAWA T, Seki M, Ishiyama K, Kubo T, Kaneda Y, Sakaguchi M, Izaike Y, Takahashi T. 2016. Pregnancy prediction on the day of embryo transfer (Day 7) and Day 14 by measuring luteal blood flow in dairy cows. Theriogenology. 86 (6): 1436-1444. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.05.001

KASTELIC JP, Curran S, Pierson RA, Ginther OJ. 1988. Ultrasonic evaluation of the bovine conceptus. Theriogenology. 29 (1): 39-54. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(88)90030-1

KASTELIC JP, Pierson RA, Ginther OJ. 1990. Ultrasonic morphology of corpora lutea and central luteal cavities during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in heifers. Theriogenology. 34 (3): 487-498. ISSN 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(90)90006-F

KELLEY DE, Galvão KN, Mortensen CJ, Risco CA, Ealy AD. 2017. Using Doppler ultrasonography on day 34 of pregnancy to predict pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 100 (4): 3266-3271. ISSN 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11955

KRAMER RW, Smith DR, Rupp GR, Griffin DD, Funston RN. 2016. Estimation of calving date in beef cattle with real-time ultrasound. Prof Anim Sci. 32 (3): 322–327. ISSN 1080-7446. https://doi.org/10.15232/pas.2015-01478

LAMMING GE, Bulman DC. 1976. The use of milk progesterone radioimmunoassay in diagnosis and treatment of subfertility in dairy cows. Br Vet J. 132: 507. ISSN: 0007-1935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1935(17)34588-8

LASSALA A, Hernández-Cerón J, Pedernera M, González-Padilla E, Gutiérrez CG. 2020. Cow-calf management practices in Mexico: Reproduction and breeding. Vet Méx. 7(1):1-15. ISSN: 2448-6760.

https://doi.org/10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2020.1.839

LA TORRE Walter. 2001. Métodos de reducción de los días abiertos en bovinos lecheros. Rev Inv Vet Perú. 12 (2): 179-184. ISSN: 1682-3419.

http://www.scielo.org.pe/pdf/rivep/v12n2/a22v12n2.pdf

LOPES FR, Silva LM, Zimpel R, Munhoz AK, Vieira-Neto A, Pereira MHC, Poindexter M, Gambarini ML, Thatcher WW, Vasconcelos JLM, Santos JEP. 2020. Prostaglandin F2α influences pre-ovulatory follicle characteristics and pregnancy per AI in anovular dairy cows. Theriogenology. 153: 122-132. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.04.038

LÓPEZ-GATIUS F. 2012. Factors of a noninfectious nature affecting fertility after artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. A review. Theriogenology. 77 (6): 1029-1041. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.014

LÓPEZ-GATIUS F, Garcia-Ispierto I. 2020. Treatment with an elevated dose of the GnRH analogue dephereline in the early luteal phase improves pregnancy rates in repeat-breeder dairy cows. Theriogenology. 155. 12-16. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.011

MACMILLAN KL, Thatcher WW. 1991. Effects of an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on ovarian follicles in cattle. Biol Reprod. 45 (6): 883-889. ISSN 1529-7268. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod45.6.883

MADUREIRA G, Motta JCL, Drum JN, Consentini CEC, Prata AB, Monteiro PLJ, Melo LF, Alvarenga AB, Wiltbank MC, Sartori R. 2020. Progesterone-based timed AI protocols for Bos indicus cattle I: Evaluation of ovarian function. Theriogenology. 145: 126-137. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.030

MARTÍNEZ-ALBARRÁN JF, Galina Hidalgo C, Rubio-Gutiérrez I, Balam-Villarreal WL, Corro-Morales MD. 2021. Evaluación reproductiva y costos en programas de empadre estacional con Bos indicus en trópico mexicano. Revista MVZ Córdoba. 26(2):e2130. ISSN: 1909-0544. https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.2130

MARTÍNEZ-RODRÍGUEZ JA, Vitola-Oyaga J, Sandoval-Cantor SDP. 2007. Fundamentos teórico-prácticos del ultrasonido. Tecnura. 10 (20): 4-18. ISSN: 0123-921X.

http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=257021012001

MARTÍNEZ-SERRANO C. 1995. Historia de la ecografía. Medicina balear. 10(3):160-162. https://www.medicinabalear.org/pdfs/Vol10n3.pdf#page=50

MARTINS NJP, Acevedo MJT, Piterini CG, Cunha TO, Pursley JR. 2021. Effect of PGF2α treatments during early corpus luteum development on circulating progesterone concentrations and ovulation in breeding-age Holstein heifers. Theriogenology. 173: 12-18. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.06.002

MCDOUGALL S, Rhodes FM. 1999. Detection of a corpus luteum in apparently anoestrous cows by manual palpation, transrectal ultrasonography and plasma progesterone concentration. N Z Vet J. 47 (2): 47–52.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1999.36110

MEE JF. 2007. The role of the veterinarian in bovine fertility management on modern dairy farms. Theriogenology. 68 (1): S257-S265. ISSN 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.030.

MIKKOLA M, Hasler JF, Taponen J. 2020. Factores que afectan la producción de embriones en bovinos Bos taurus superovulados. Reproducción, Fertilidad y Desarrollo 32 (2): 104-124. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD19279

MOONMANEE T, Navanukraw C, Yama P, Jitjumnong J. 2018. Uterine artery flow velocity waveform, arterial flow indices, follicular dynamics, and sex hormones during preovulatory period in synchronized ovulatory cycle of Bos indicus beef cows. Reproductive Biology. 18 (1): 99-108. ISSN 1642-431X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repbio.2018.01.008

NAGEL C, Aurich J, Aurich C. 2020. Prediction of the onset of parturition in horses and cattle. Theriogenology. 150: 308-312. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.072

NASSER L, Adams GP, Bó GA, Mapletoft RJ. 1993. Ovarian superstimulatory response relative to follicular wave emergence in heifers. Theriogenology. 40: 713–724. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(93)90207-L

OOSTHUIZEN N, Fontes PLP, Porter K, Lamb GC. 2020. Presynchronization with prostaglandin F2α and prolonged exposure to exogenous progesterone impacts estrus expression and fertility in beef heifers. Theriogenology. 146: 88-93. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.010

PALHÃO MP, Ribeiro AC, Martins AB, Guimarães CRB, Alvarez RD, Seber MF, Fernandes CAC, Neves JP, Viana JHM. 2020. Early resynchronization of non-pregnant beef cows based in corpus luteum blood flow evaluation 21 days after Timed-AI. Theriogenology. 146: 26-30. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.064

PAOLINELLI GP. 2013. Principios físicos e indicaciones clínicas del ultrasonido doppler. Rev méd Clín Las Condes. 24 (1): 139-148. ISSN: 0716-8640.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0716-8640(13)70139-1

PARMAR SC, Dhami AJ, Hadiya KK, Parmar CP. 2016. Early Embryonic Death in Bovines: An Overview. Raksha Technical Review. 6(1): 6-12. ISSN: 2250-1134.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanjay-Parmar-5/publication/315589534_Early_Embryonic_Death_in_Bovines_An_Overview/links/58d50d4392851c44d445d61d/Early-Embryonic-Death-in-Bovines-An-Overview.pdf

PERRY RC, Corah LR, Kiracofe GH, Stevenson JS, Beal WE. 1991. Endocrine changes and ultrasonography of ovaries in suckled beef cows during resumption of postpartum estrous cycles. J Anim Sci. 69 (6): 2548-2555. ISSN 1525-3163.

https://doi.org/10.2527/1991.6962548x

PEREIRA-DE-MORAES F, Amaral DAC, Caetano DOF, Ávila DCN, Diniz VA, Schneider A, Machado PLF, Cantarelli PLM, Ferreira R, Germano FJ, Tomazele RM, Nunes CM, Días GPB, Lucia T, Garziera GB. 2021. Prostaglandin F2α regulation and function during ovulation and luteinization in cows. Theriogenology. 171: 30-37. ISSN: 0093-691X https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.05.008

PIERSON RA, Ginther OJ. 1984. Ultrasonography of the bovine ovary. Theriogenology. 21 (3): 495-504. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(84)90411-4

PINEDO P, Santos JEP, Chebel RC, Galvão KN, Schuenemann GM, Bicalho RC, Gilbert RO, Rodriguez ZS, Seabury CM, Rosa G, Thatcher WW. 2020. Early-lactation diseases and fertility in 2 seasons of calving across US dairy herds. J Dairy Sci. 103 (11): 10560-10576. ISSN 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17951

PLUTA K, Jones PRH, Drabińska N, Ratcliffe N, Carrington SD, Lonergan P, Evans ACO. 2021. The potential of volatile organic compound analysis in cervicovaginal mucus to predict estrus and ovulation in estrus-synchronized heifers. J Dairy Sci. 104 (1): 1087-1098. ISSN 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19024

PRATA AB, Madureira G, Robl AJ, Ribeiro HS, Sagae M, Elias MCV, Pimenta C, Barrios J, Hartmman D, Schneider AA, Sandoval GAF, Wiltbank MC, Sartori R. 2020. Progesterone-based timed AI protocols for Bos indicus cattle III: Comparison of protocol lengths. Theriogenology. 152: 29-35. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.04.020

PUGLIESI G, de Melo GD, Ataíde GA Jr, Pellegrino CAG, Silva JB, Rocha CC, Motta IG, Vasconcelos JLM, Binelli M. 2018. Use of Doppler ultrasonography in embryo transfer programs: feasibility and field results. Anim Reprod. 15 (3): 239-246. ISSN: 0378-4320. https://doi.org/10.21451%2F1984-3143-AR2018-0059

PURSLEY JR, Mee MO, Wiltbank MC. 1995. Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2a and GnRH. Theriogenology. 44 (7): 915-923. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(95)00279-H

PURSLEY JR, Kosorok MR, Wiltbank MC. 1997a. Reproductive management of lactating dairy cows using synchronization of ovulation. J Dairy Sci. 80 (2): 301-306. ISSN: 1525-3198. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75938-1

PURSLEY JR, Wiltbank MC, Stevenson JS, Ottobre JS, Garverick HA, Anderson LL. 1997b. Pregnancy rates per artificial insemination for cows and heifers inseminated at a synchronized ovulation or synchronized estrus. J Dairy Sci. 80 (2): 295-300. ISSN: 1525-3198. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75937-X

QUINTELA LA, Barrio M, Peña AI, Becerra JJ, Cainzos J, Herradón, PG, Díaz C. 2012. Uso del ultrasonido en el manejo reproductivo del ganado lechero. Reprod Dom Anim. 47: 34-44. ISSN:1439-0531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02032.x

RAJAKOSKI E. 1960. The ovarian follicular system in sexually mature heifers with special reference to seasonal, cyclical, and left-right variations. Eur J Endocrinol. 34 (3): S7-S68. ISSN: 1479-683X.

https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.XXXIVS0007

RANDI F, Kelly K, Parr MH, Diskin MG, Lively F, Lonergan P, Kenny DA. 2021. Effect of ovulation synchronization program and season on pregnancy to timed artificial insemination in suckled beef cows. Theriogenology. 172: 223-229. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.06.021

RAWY M, Mido S, El-sheikh AH, Derar D, Megahed G, Kitahara G, Osawa T. 2018. Effect of exogenous estradiol Benzoate on uterine blood flow in postpartum dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci. 192: 136-145. ISSN 0378-4320.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.03.001

REHMAN-KHAN H. 2022. A First-in-Human Complete Insertion of Single-Chamber Cardiac Pacemaker Using Ultrasound. JACC: Case Reports. 4 (23): 101528. ISSN 2666-0849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2022.05.034

RIBADU AY, Nakao T. 1999. Bovine Reproductive Ultrasonography: A Review. J Reprod Dev. 45 (1): 13-28. ISSN: 1348-4400.

https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.45.13

RIVERA DC, Rincón JC, Echeverry JC. 2018. Prevalencia de algunas enfermedades infecciosas en bovinos de resguardos indígenas del Cauca, Colombia, 2017. Revista UDCA Actualidad & Divulgación Científica. 21 (2): 507-517. ISSN 0123-4226.

https://doi.org/10.31910/rudca.v21.n2.2018.983

RIVERA GH. 2001. Causas frecuentes de aborto bovino. Rev Inv Vet Perú. 12 (2): 117-122. ISSN: 1682-3419. https://doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v12i2.1638

RYAN DP, Prichard JF, Kopel E, Godke RA. 1993. Comparing early embryo mortality in dairy cows during hot and cool seasons of the year. Theriogenology. 39 (3): 719-737. ISSN 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(93)90257-6

SARTORI R, Barros CM. 2011. Reproductive cycles in Bos indicus cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 124 (3-4): 244-250. ISSN: 0378-4320.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.02.006

SASSER RG, Ruder CA. 1987. Detection of early pregnancy in domestic ruminants. J Reprod Fertil. 34: 261-271. ISSN: 2633-8386. PMID: 3305923.

https://www.biosciproceedings.org/bp/0009/bp0009rdr20.pdf

SEGURA-GRAU A, Sáez-Fernández A, Rodríguez-Lorenzo A, Díaz-Rodríguez N. 2014. Curso de ecografía abdominal. Introducción a la técnica ecográfica. Principios físicos. Lenguaje ecográfico. SEMERGEN - Medicina de Familia. 40 (1): 42-46. ISSN 1138-3593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semerg.2013.09.008

SHA BR. 2019. Factors Leading to Early Embryonic Death. Nepalese Vet J. 36: 118 –125. ISSN 2091-0290. https://doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v36i0.27765

SHARAWY HA, Hegab AO, Risha EF, El‑Adl M, Soliman WT, Gohar MA, Fahmy RA, Farag VM, Imakawa K, Bazer FW, James D, Zaghloul A, Abdalla AA, Rabie MM, Elmetwally MA. 2022. The vaginal and uterine blood fow changes during the ovsynch program and its impact on the pregnancy rates in Holstein dairy cows. BMC Vet Res. 18: 350. ISSN: 1746-6148. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03444-9

SIQUEIRA LGB, Areas VS, Ghetti AM, Fonseca JF, Palhao MP, Fernandes CAC, Viana JHM. 2013. Color Doppler flow imaging for the early detection of nonpregnant cattle at 20 days after timed artificial insemination. J Dairy Sci. 96 (10): 6461-6472. ISSN 0022-0302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6814

SINGH J, Pearson RA, Adams GP. 1998. Ultrasound image attributes of bovine ovarian follicles and endocrine and functional correlates. J Reprod Fertil. 112: 19-29. ISSN: 1741-7899. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1120019

SIROIS J, Fortune JE. 1988. Ovarian follicular dynamics during the estrous cycle in heifers monitoring by real-time uItrasonograph. Biology of Reproduction. 39 (2): 308–317. ISSN: 1529-7268. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod39.2.308

SMITH ST, Ward WR, Dobson H. 1998. Use of ultrasonography to help to predict observed oestrus in dairy cows after the administration of prostaglandin F2α. Vet Rec. 142: 271–274. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.142.11.271

STEVENSON JS, Sauls-Hiesterman JA. 2021. Resynchronizing the first eligible estrus in dairy cattle after a prior insemination and fertility of the prior insemination after gonadotropin-releasing hormone and progesterone treatments. Theriogenology. 170: 54-66. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.04.016

SZELÉNYI Z, Répási A, Melo de Sousa N, Francois-Beckers J, Szenci O. 2015. Accuracy of diagnosing double corpora lutea and twin pregnancy by measuring serum progesterone and bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 1 in the first trimester of gestation in dairy cows. Theriogenology. 84 (1): 76-81. ISSN 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.02.014

TERRY SA, Basarab JA, Guan LL, McAllister TA. 2020. Strategies to improve the efficiency of beef cattle production. Can J Anim Sci. 101 (1): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2020-0022

THOMPSON KE, Stevenson JS, Lamb GC, Grieger DM, Loest CA. 1999. Follicular, hormonal, and pregnancy responses of early postpartum suckled beef cows to GnRH, norgestomet, and prostaglandin F2α. J Anim Sci. 77:1823–1832. ISSN 1525-3163. https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.7771823x

TIPPENHAUER CM, Steinmetz I, Heuwieser W, Fricke PM, Lauber MR, Cabrera EM, Borchardt S. 2021. Effect of dose and timing of prostaglandin F2α treatments during a 7-d Ovsynch protocol on progesterone concentration at the end of the protocol and pregnancy outcomes in lactating Holstein cows. Theriogenology. 162: 49-58. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.12.020

TORRES-SIMENTAL JF, Peña-Calderón C, Avendaño-Reyes L, Correa-Calderón A, Macías-Cruz U, Rodríguez-Borbón A, Leyva-Corona JC, Rivera-Acuña F, Thomas MG, Luna-Nevárez P. 2021. Predictive markers for superovulation response and embryo production in beef cattle managed in northwest Mexico are influenced by climate. Livestock Science. 250. e104590. ISSN 1871-1413.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104590

UTT MD, Johnson GL, Beal WE. 2009. The evaluation of corpus luteum blood flow using color-flow Doppler ultrasound for early pregnancy diagnosis in bovine embryo recipients. Theriogenology. 71 (4): 707-715. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.09.032

VAILLANCOURT D, Bierschwal CJ, Elmore RG, Martin CE, Sharp AJ, Youngquist RS. 1979. Correlation between pregnancy diagnosis by membrane slip and embryonic mortality. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 175: 466–468 ISSN: 0003-1488. PMID: 500480.

https://europepmc.org/article/med/500480

VALLEJO-TIMARAN DA, Arango-Sabogal JC, Reyes-Vélez J, Maldonado-Estrada JG. 2020. Postpartum uterine diseases negatively impact the time to pregnancy in grazing dairy cows from high-altitude tropical herds. Prev. Vet. Med. 185: 105202. ISSN 0167-5877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105202

VANROOSE G, de Kruif A, Van Soom A. 2000. Embryonic mortality and embryo–pathogen interactions. Anim Reprod Sci. 60-61: 131-143. ISSN: 0378-4320.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00098-1

VIANA JHM, Arashiro EKN, Siqueira LGB, Ghetti AM, Areas VS, Guimarães CRB, Palhao MP, Camargo LSA, Fernandes CAC. 2018. La ultrasonografía doppler como herramienta para el manejo ovárico. Reproducción Animal. 10 (3): 215-222. ISSN: 1806-9614. https://www.animal-reproduction.org/journal/animreprod/article/5b5a6049f7783717068b4694

WILKE DJH, Guimarães PRF, Bahia TAC, Nivia RJA, Marconato NI, Guedes MCF, Slade OC, Garrett PK, Pugliesi G, Zoccolaro OL. 2021. Administration of PGF2α at the moment of timed-AI using sex-sorted or conventional semen in suckled Nelore cows with different intensity of estrus behavior. Theriogenology. 174: 169-175. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.023

WILTBANK MC, Baez GM, Garcia-Guerra A, Toledo MZ, Monteiro PL, Melo LF, Ochoa JC, Santos JE, Sartori R. 2016. Pivotal periods for pregnancy loss during the first trimester of gestation in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology. 86 (1): 239-253. ISSN: 0093-691X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.037

YÁÑEZ U, González JJB, Herradón PJG, Martínez AIP, Arias LAQ. 2022. Ecografía Doppler y su aplicación en reproducción bovina: revisión. ITEA, información técnica económica agraria: ITEA-Inf Tec Econ Agrar. 118 (1): 82-100. ISSN 1699-6887. https://doi.org/10.12706/itea.2021.019

ZÁRATE A, Manuel L. 2011. El radioinmunoensayo y su impacto en la investigación. Tributo a Rosalyn Yallow. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 49 (5): 465-468. ISSN: 0443-5117. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=457745504001

ZHOU Q, Lau S, Wu D, Kirk-Shung K. 2011. Piezoelectric films for high frequency ultrasonic transducers in biomedical applications. Progress in Materials Science. 56 (2): 139-174. ISSN 0079-6425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2010.09.001

ZWIEFELHOFER EM, Macmillan K, Gobikrushanth M, Adams GP, Yang SX, Anzar M, Asai-Coakwell M, Colazo MG. 2021. Comparison of two intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices in shortened-timed artificial insemination protocols in beef cattle. Theriogenology. 168: 75-82. ISSN: 0093-691X.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.03.023

Published

2023-09-13

Issue

Section

Literature reviews

Most read articles by the same author(s)