Recientes avances en el estudio de la termorregulación en animales homeotermos: termogénesis, termólisis y homeostasis térmica

Mario Cuchillo-Hilario; Margarita  Díaz-Martínez; Consuelo Álvarez-Rodríguez; Luis López Morales; Claudia Delgadillo-Puga

Autores/as

Mario Cuchillo-Hilario Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6985-3763
Margarita Díaz-Martínez Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6985-3763
Consuelo Álvarez-Rodríguez Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6985-3763
Luis López Morales Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6985-3763
Claudia Delgadillo-Puga Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6985-3763

Palabras clave:

vasoconstricción cutánea, tejido adiposo pardo, termogénesis no tiritante

Resumen

La termorregulación en animales homeotermos es un proceso fisiológico activo y permanente que equilibra la generación (termogénesis) y la pérdida (termólisis) de calor para mantener una homeostasis térmica, crucial ante el cambio climático. Los animales homeotermos regulan su temperatura corporal (37 - 42°C) mediante mecanismos neurales y periféricos, donde en especial la zona preóptica del hipotálamo, actúa como un núcleo integrador, aunque hay evidencia de la existencia de redes descentralizadas asociadas al hipotálamo que son complementarias. Existen estrategias para mantener la homeostasis ante el frío como la vasoconstricción cutánea, la termogénesis no tiritante (actividad del tejido adiposo pardo) y la contracción muscular esquelética con el fin de conservar el calor corporal. En contraste, el calor induce una vasodilatación capilar, sudoración y jadeo para facilitar la termólisis o pérdida de calor. Los canales de potencial receptor transitorio y las neuronas GABAérgicas/glutamatérgicas modulan estas respuestas, con implicaciones directas en los procesos de hipertermia/hipotermia. La asimetría fisiológica entre límites superiores e inferiores de la homeostasis térmica, hace evidente la vulnerabilidad de los organismos a las temperaturas extremas fuera de la zona de confort.

http://dx.doi.org/10.21929/abavet2025.13

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hvh8qP8FHJc

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