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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.44</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos de casos clínicos</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Inmunoterapia y manejo quirúrgico de <italic>Pythium insidiosum</italic> en un equino: reporte de caso</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8143-0269</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Estrada-Coates</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2767-7527</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alva-Trujillo</surname>
						<given-names>Miriam</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8762-3988</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Muñoz-Melgarejo</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8881-090X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Canales-Rubio</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0207-3313</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herrera-Camacho</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana. Veracruz, Ver., México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Veracruzana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Veracruzana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Veracruz</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales-Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Hidalgo, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Hidalgo</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Estrada Coates Alejandro. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana. Miguel Ángel de Quevedo s/n esq. Yáñez. Col. Unidad Veracruzana. CP. 91710. Veracruz, Ver., México. E-mail: <email>aestrada@uv.mx</email>, <email>mialva@uv.mx</email>, <email>smunoz@uv.mx</email>, <email>mcanales@uv.mx</email>, <email>jose.camacho@umich.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			<elocation-id>e305</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>La pitiosis cutánea equina es causada por el oomiceto <italic>Pythium insidiosum</italic>, el cual generalmente produce lesiones ulcerativas granulomatosas de progresión rápida en las partes distales de las extremidades y del abdomen. Es una enfermedad distribuida globalmente y con mayor prevalencia en regiones tropicales y subtropicales. El objetivo de este reporte de caso fue describir las lesiones granulomatosas, con tejido necrótico y exudado fibrinosanguinolento en la región palpebral del ojo izquierdo ocasionadas por <italic>Pythium insidiosum</italic> en una yegua cuarto de milla en el estado de Veracruz, México. El diagnóstico se fundamentó en las características clínicas de la lesión y la histopatología. Debido a la extensión de las lesiones, se realizó la resección quirúrgica en combinación con la inmunoterapia. El tratamiento con la inmunoterapia demostró ser una alternativa eficaz para lograr la resolución completa de las lesiones cutáneas.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Pythium insidiosum</kwd>
				<kwd>pitiosis</kwd>
				<kwd>equino</kwd>
				<kwd>inmunoterapia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="27"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>El agente etiológico <italic>Pythium insidiosum</italic> (<italic>P. insidiosum</italic>) pertenece a la clase <italic>Oomycetes</italic>, cuyas zoosporas carecen de quitina y ergosterol en su composición celular, y causa una condición médica que se le conoce como pitiosis cutánea equina, la cual se presenta en regiones tropicales y subtropicales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gaastra <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Santos <italic>et al</italic>., 2011a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cardona <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>El equino es la especie con más casos notificados, aunque también hay reportes en cánidos (forma intestinal), felinos, animales silvestres, bovinos, ovinos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Loreto <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>) y humanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">He <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chitasombat <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Las lesiones cutáneas son más frecuentes en las partes distales de las extremidades, el abdomen ventral y lateral, la región pectoral y la boca, quizá por el mayor contacto de estas áreas con aguas potencialmente contaminadas con zoosporas. Las lesiones son ulcerativas granulomatosas, con bordes irregulares, trayectos fistulosos o cavitaciones y con presencia de masas necróticas duras que se desprenden fácilmente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Atiba <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Souto <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>El diagnóstico se basa primordialmente en la observación de las características clínicas de las lesiones cutáneas y la histopatología (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Schanzembach <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). La resección quirúrgica de todo el tejido afectado, en combinación con un inmunoterapéutico que contiene antígenos de <italic>P. insidiosum</italic>, es uno de los tratamientos más eficaces que existen en la actualidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>).</p>
			<p>Este reporte se describe las características clínicas de un caso de pitiosis en un equino, con lesiones focalizadas en la región palpebral, su diagnóstico histopatológico y su tratamiento mediante inmunoterapia.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CASO</title>
			<p>Una yegua Cuarto de milla, de 11 años, fue remitida al servicio ambulatorio del Hospital Veterinario para Grandes Especies de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Veracruzana, para evaluarle una lesión granulomatosa de crecimiento rápido y sin respuesta a tratamiento.</p>
			<p>Durante la evaluación médica se pudo observar que la yegua presentaba una lesión ulcerativa granulomatosa, con tejido necrótico y exudado fibrinosanguinolento en la región palpebral del ojo izquierdo, de aproximadamente 20 cm x 16 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Durante la palpación de la zona afectada se pudo evidenciar la presencia de trayectos fistulosos y exudado caseificado de color blanco amarillento. La yegua presentaba prurito intenso, dolor en la región afectada, mucosas pálidas y pérdida de peso progresiva. En la citometría hemática los hallazgos relevantes fueron anemia y leucocitosis por neutrofilia.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Lesión ulcerativa granulomatosa, con tejido necrótico y exudado fibrinosanguinolento en la región palpebral del ojo izquierdo</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e305-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Se tomaron muestras de tejido, las cuales fueron conservadas en formol al 10% para su posterior análisis histopatológico. En la evaluación histopatológica se observó un intenso infiltrado de abundantes eosinófilos, mastocitos reactivos, presencia de zonas de necrosis multifocal y fenómeno de Splendore-Hoeppli (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>); de igual forma, se identificó la presencia de hifas ocasionalmente septadas, ramificadas y de pared lisa que coincidían con <italic>P. insidiousum</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Fenómeno de Splendore-Hoeppli (tinción con hematoxilina y eosina, 40X)</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e305-gf2.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Hifas de <italic>Pythium insidiosum</italic> ramificadas y moderadamente septadas (tinción con hematoxilina y eosina, 100X)</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e305-gf3.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Después de la evaluación clínica y los resultados histopatológicos, se removió el tejido afectado mediante resección quirúrgica con la yegua en estación. Se mantuvo a la yegua en ayuno 12 horas previo al procedimiento quirúrgico, se colocó un catéter de 14 G en la vena yugular y se administró gentamicina (6.6 mg/kg IV), flunixin de meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IV) y vía intramuscular 22 000 UI/kg de penicilina procaínica.</p>
			<p>Se mantuvo a la yegua sedada con un bolo inicial de 0.01 mg/kg de clorhidrato de detomidina y de mantenimiento con una infusión constante del mismo producto, a una dosis total de 10 mg en 250 mL de solución salina a efecto (0.04 mg/mL), y se realizaron bloqueos regionales con clorhidrato de lidocaína al 2%. El área afectada fue preparada con técnica aséptica con yodo povidona al 8% y agua estéril. Durante el procedimiento quirúrgico se pudo remover todo el tejido granulomatoso y las concreciones (“kunkers”) y se evitó la enucleación del globo ocular.</p>
			<p>Debido a la extensión de las lesiones y el riesgo de que existieran hifas en tejidos profundos, se decidió utilizar un inmunoterapéutico comercial que se ha desarrollado a partir de proteínas de las hifas y los metabolitos de <italic>P</italic>. <italic>insidiosum</italic>. El tratamiento consistió en aplicar 1 mL vía subcutánea en el tercio distal del cuello los días 0 (día de la cirugía), 7 y 21 después del procedimiento quirúrgico, de acuerdo con las especificaciones del fabricante (Pan American Veterinary Laboratories, Lexington, Texas®). Posterior a la inoculación del inmunoterapéutico, no se observaron efectos secundarios en la zona de aplicación.</p>
			<p>El tratamiento posquirúrgico consistió en un vendaje compresivo, con un patrón cruzado, para no interferir con el campo de visión del ojo contralateral y la limpieza de la herida se llevó a cabo utilizando solución isotónica cada 24 horas. Al mismo tiempo, se mantuvo en gentamicina (6.6 mg/kg IV), penicilina procaínica (22,000 UI/kg IM) y flunixin de meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IV) durante cinco días. Durante el posoperatorio se monitoreó la fase de proliferación de la herida, para asegurar adecuada formación de tejido de granulación y apropiadas epitelización y remodelación del tejido.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La mayoria de los casos reportados en equinos son en Sudamérica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Salas <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cardona <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dória <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Schanzembach <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Paz <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), lo cual se relaciona con sus regiones tropiales y subtropicales. El estado de Veracruz presenta condiciones ambientales similares, por ejemplo, abundantes lluvias que favorecen el estancamiento de agua en las praderas y temperaturas elevadas, que benefician al agente etiológico y su contacto con los equinos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gaastra <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las lesiones cutáneas encontradas en la region periorbital de la yegua concuerdan con la descripcion de las lesiones cutáneas granulomatosas descritas en otros informes de caso en diferentes países (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bezerra-Junior <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Mosbah <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cardona <italic>et al., 2014</italic></xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Tartor <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), en donde se reportan lesiones cutáneas en regiones anatómicas que se encuentran en contacto directo con aguas estancadas contaminadas con zoosporas de <italic>P. insidiosum</italic>, por lo que las lesiones en regiones altas de la cabeza no son comunes. Sin embargo, en Tailandia se notificó el primer caso con lesiones de pitiosis dentro de la cavidad nasal de una yegua gestante y anticuerpos para <italic>P</italic>. <italic>insidisum</italic> en tres caballos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Tonpitak <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Mar Htun <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>El diagnóstico de pitiosis se basa fundamentalmente en la observación de las características clínicas de las lesiones cutáneas. De igual forma, es importante establecer los diagnósticos diferenciales de estas lesiones, ya que a menudo se diagnostica erróneamente como habronemiasis cutánea, tejido de granulación exuberante o sarcoides, así que es importante llevar a cabo estudios histopatológicos para el diagnósitico definitivo.</p>
			<p>Los hallazgos histopatológicos de este caso concuerdan con lo descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Márquez <italic>et al.</italic> (2010)</xref>, donde se pudo obervar el fenómeno de Splendore-Hoeppli y la identificación de hifas septadas. Este fenómeno se considera una estrategia adaptativa del agente etiológico con el objetivo de asegurar su proliferación y sobrevivencia en el tejido del hospedero, lo cual se puede confirmar por la presencia de hifas viables dentro de la reacción eosinofílica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Martins <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>El tratamiento de elección para <italic>P. insidiosum</italic> sigue siendo la resección quirúrgica de todo el tejido afectado. Sin embargo, algunos estudios han demostrado que la combinación de la resección quirúrgica y antibióticos sistémicos como la anfotericina B y el miconazol, administrados vía perfusión regional en las extremidades afectadas, obtuvo una resolución del 92% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Worster <italic>at al</italic>., 2000</xref>, Dória <italic>et al</italic>., 2012). En contraste, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pires <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> solamente obtuvieron un 60% de resolución de las lesiones cutáneas de pitiosis con la anfotericina B. Este tipo de combinación de terapias se lleva a cabo cuando la lesión ha invadido otro tipo de estructuras anatómicas, como músculos, tendones y huesos, que no pueden ser removidas quirúrgicamente.</p>
			<p>En caso de que la resección quirúrgica sea parcial debido a la profundidad de la lesión, se puede utilizar inmunoterapia a base de proteínas de las hifas de <italic>P. insidiosum</italic>, la cual ha tenido una eficacia del 90% en casos de lesiones agudas menores a 60 días y del 20% en casos crónicos que superan los dos meses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). La respuesta inmunológica fue similar a lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Pereira <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref>, en donde a los siete días de haber inoculado la primera dosis del inmunoterapéutico, la yegua ya no presentó evidencia de lesiones por <italic>P. insidiosum</italic> ni prurito e inició la fase de remodelación de la herida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Fase inicial, proliferación y remodelación. (a) Lesión postquirúrgica inicial; (b-f) las imágenes muestran las fases de proliferación y remodelación. Al final del tratamiento solo se aprecia una lesión cicatricial con resolución completa del caso</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e305-gf4.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>El éxito de la inmunoterapia se basa en que propicia el cambio de una respuesta mediada por anticuerpos a una mediada por células. Normalmente, predomina una respuesta regulada por linfocitos colaboradores tipo 2 (Th2), con liberación de interleucinas (IL) 4 y 5 y activación de eosinófilos y mastocitos, que resulta en una inflamación eosinofílica. En contraparte, la inmunoterapia favorece una respuesta regulada por linfocitos colaboradores tipo 1 (Th1), con liberación de IL-2 e IFN-y y activación de linfocitos T y macrófagos, quienes destruyen a <italic>P. insidiosum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Loreto <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). A pesar de las propiedades curativas de la inmunoterapia, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Santos <italic>et al.</italic> (2011b)</xref> reportaron que probablemente los anticuerpos que se producen no son suficientes para prevenir la reinfección a corto y largo plazo.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>El resultado exitoso de los tratamientos para la pitiosis cutánea depende fundamentalmente de un rápido diagnóstico y del tratamiento temprano, con terapias combinadas para tener un buen pronóstico. Este es el primer reporte de caso que documenta el diagnóstico de <italic>P. insidiousum</italic> en equinos en el estado de Veracruz.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA</title>
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				<mixed-citation>Atiba A, Ghazy A, Hamad MH. 2020. Evaluating the efficacy of surgical excision and topical dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in the treatment of equine cutaneous pythiosis. <italic>Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research</italic>. 21(4):301-307. ISSN: 2252-0589 PMC7871735 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7871735/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7871735/</ext-link>
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							<surname>Atiba</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
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							<surname>Ghazy</surname>
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							<surname>Hamad</surname>
							<given-names>MH.</given-names>
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					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Evaluating the efficacy of surgical excision and topical dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in the treatment of equine cutaneous pythiosis</article-title>
					<source>Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research</source>
					<volume>21</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
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				<p>Equine cutaneous pythiosis is caused by the oomycete <italic>Pythium insidiosum</italic>, which generally produces rapidly progressive granulomatous ulcerative lesions on the distal parts of limbs and abdomen. It is a globally distributed disease with higher prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions. The objective of this case report was to describe granulomatous lesions with necrotic tissue and fibrin bloody exudate in the palpebral region of the left eye caused by <italic>Pythium insidiosum</italic> in a quarter horse mare in Veracruz State, Mexico. The diagnosis was based on the clinical characteristics of the lesion and histopathology. Due to the extent of lesions, surgical resection was performed in combination with immunotherapy. Treatment with immunotherapy proved to be an effective alternative to achieve complete resolution of skin lesions.</p>
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			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Pythium insidiosum</kwd>
				<kwd>pythiosis</kwd>
				<kwd>equine</kwd>
				<kwd>immunotherapy</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>The etiological agent <italic>Pythium insidiosum</italic> (<italic>P. insidiosum</italic>) belongs to the class <italic>Oomycetes</italic>, whose zoospores lack chitin and ergosterol in their cellular composition, and causes a medical condition known as equine cutaneous pythiosis, which occurs in tropical and subtropical regions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gaastra <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Santos <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>a, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cardona <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>Equine is the species with the most reported cases, although there are also reports in canids (intestinal form), felines, wildlife, cattle, sheep (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Loreto <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref> and humans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">He <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chitasombat <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Skin lesions are more frequent on the distal parts of the limbs, ventral and lateral abdomen, pectoral region and mouth, perhaps because of the greater contact of these areas with potentially zoospore-contaminated water. Lesions are granulomatous ulcerative, with irregular borders, fistulous tracts or cavitations and with the presence of hard necrotic masses that detach easily (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Atiba <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Souto <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>Diagnosis is based primarily on observation of the clinical features of the skin lesions and histopathology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Schanzembach <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Surgical resection of all affected tissue, in combination with an immunotherapeutic containing <italic>P. insidiosum</italic> antigens, is one of the most effective treatments currently available (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>).</p>
				<p>This report describes the clinical characteristics of a case of pythiosis in an equine, with lesions focused in the palpebral region, its histopathological diagnosis and its treatment by immunotherapy.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>CASE DESCRIPTION</title>
				<p>An 11-year-old Quarter Horse mare was referred to the outpatient service of the Veterinary Hospital for Large Species of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the Veracruzan University, for evaluation of a fast-growing granulomatous lesion that did not respond to treatment.</p>
				<p>During the medical evaluation, it was observed that the mare presented a granulomatous ulcerative lesion with necrotic tissue and fibrin bloody exudate in the palpebral region of the left eye, measuring approximately 20 cm x 16 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>). During palpation of the affected area, the presence of fistulous tracts and yellowish-white caseified exudate was evident. The mare presented intense pruritus, pain in the affected region, pale mucous membranes and progressive weight loss. In the blood cytometry the relevant findings were anemia and leukocytosis due to neutrophilia.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Granulomatous ulcerative lesion with necrotic tissue and bloody fibrin exudate in the palpebral region of the left eye</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e305-gf5.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Tissue samples were taken and preserved in 10% formalin for subsequent histopathological analysis. Histopathological evaluation showed an intense infiltrate of abundant eosinophils, reactive mast cells, presence of areas of multifocal necrosis and Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>); likewise, the presence of occasionally septate, branched and smooth-walled hyphae coinciding with <italic>P. insidiousum</italic> was identified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon (hematoxylin and eosin staining, 40X)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e305-gf6.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Branched and moderately septate hyphae of Pythium insidiosum (hematoxylin and eosin stain, 100X)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e305-gf7.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>After clinical evaluation and histopathological findings, the affected tissue was removed by surgical resection with the mare on station. The mare was fasted for 12 hours prior to the surgical procedure, a 14 G catheter was placed in the jugular vein, and gentamicin (6.6 mg/kg IV), meglumine flunixin (1.1 mg/kg IV) and 22 000 IU/kg procaine penicillin were administered intramuscularly.</p>
				<p>The mare was kept sedated with an initial bolus of 0.01 mg/kg detomidine hydrochloride and maintenance with a constant infusion of the same product, at a total dose of 10 mg in 250 mL of saline solution (0.04 mg/mL), and regional blocks were performed with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride. The affected area was prepared with aseptic technique with 8% povidone iodine and sterile water. During the surgical procedure it was possible to remove all the granulomatous tissue and concretions (&quot;kunkers&quot;) and enucleation of the eyeball was avoided. </p>
				<p>Due to the extent of the lesions and the risk of hyphae in deep tissues, it was decided to use a commercial immunotherapeutic developed from hyphal proteins and metabolites of <italic>P. insidiosum</italic>. The treatment consisted of applying 1 mL subcutaneously in the distal third of the neck on days 0 (day of surgery), 7 and 21 after the surgical procedure, according to the manufacturer's specifications (Pan American Veterinary Laboratories, Lexington, Texas<sup>®</sup>). After inoculation of the immunotherapeutic, no side effects were observed in the area of application.</p>
				<p>Post-surgical treatment consisted of a compressive bandage, with a cross pattern, so as not to interfere with the field of vision of the contralateral eye and wound cleaning was carried out using isotonic solution every 24 hours. At the same time, she was maintained on gentamicin (6.6 mg/kg IV), procaine penicillin (22,000 IU/kg IM) and meglumine flunixin (1.1 mg/kg IV) for five days. During the postoperative period, the wound proliferation phase was monitored to ensure adequate granulation tissue formation and appropriate epithelialization and tissue remodeling.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Most of the cases reported in equines are in South America (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Salas <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cardona <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dória <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Schanzembach <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Paz <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>) which is related to its tropical and subtropical regions. Veracruz state presents similar environmental conditions, for example, abundant rainfall that favors water stagnation in pastures and high temperatures, which benefit the etiological agent and its contact with equines (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gaastra <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>The skin lesions found in the periorbital region of the mare agree with the description of granulomatous skin lesions described in other case reports in different countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bezerra- Junior <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Mosbah <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cardona <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Tartor <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), where cutaneous lesions are reported in anatomical regions in direct contact with stagnant water contaminated with zoospores of <italic>P. insidiosum</italic>, so lesions in high regions of the head are not common. However, the first case with pythiosis lesions within the nasal cavity of a pregnant mare and antibodies for <italic>P. insidisum</italic> in three horses was reported in Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Tonpitak <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Mar Htun <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>The diagnosis of pythiosis is primarily based on the observation of the clinical features of skin lesions. Similarly, it is important to establish the differential diagnoses of these lesions, as they are often misdiagnosed as cutaneous habronemiasis, exuberant granulation tissue, or sarcoids, so it is important to perform histopathological studies for definitive diagnosis.</p>
				<p>The histopathological findings of this case agree with those described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Márquez <italic>et al.</italic> (2010)</xref>, where the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon and the identification of septate hyphae could be observed. This phenomenon is considered an adaptive strategy of the etiological agent with the aim of ensuring its proliferation and survival in the host tissue, which can be confirmed by the presence of viable hyphae within the eosinophilic reaction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Martins <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>The treatment of choice for <italic>P. insidiosum</italic> remains surgical resection of all affected tissue. However, some studies have shown that the combination of surgical resection and systemic antibiotics such as amphotericin B and miconazole, administered via regional perfusion in the affected extremities, obtained a resolution of 92% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Worster <italic>at al</italic>., 2000</xref>, Dória <italic>et al</italic>., 2012). In contrast, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Pires <italic>et al.</italic> (2013</xref>) only obtained 60% resolution of pythiosis skin lesions with amphotericin B. This type of combination therapy is performed when the lesion has invaded other types of anatomical structures, such as muscles, tendons and bones, which cannot be surgically removed.</p>
				<p>In case surgical resection is partial due to the depth of the lesion, immunotherapy based on proteins from <italic>P. insidiosum</italic> hyphae can be used, which has had an efficacy of 90% in cases of acute lesions of less than 60 days and 20% in chronic cases that exceed two months (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). The immunological response was similar to that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Pereira <italic>et al.</italic> (2011</xref>), where seven days after inoculation of the first dose of the immunotherapeutic, the mare no longer showed evidence of <italic>P. insidiosu</italic>m lesions or pruritus and began the wound remodeling phase (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Initial phase, proliferation and remodeling. (a) Initial post-surgical lesion; (b-f) images show the proliferation and remodeling phases. At the end of the treatment only a scar lesion is seen with complete resolution of the case.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e305-gf8.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The success of immunotherapy is based on the fact that it promotes a shift from an antibody-mediated to a cell-mediated response. Normally, a type 2 (Th2) helper lymphocyte-regulated response predominates, with release of interleukins (IL) 4 and 5 and activation of eosinophils and mast cells, resulting in eosinophilic inflammation. In contrast, immunotherapy favors a response regulated by type 1 helper lymphocytes (Th1), with release of IL-2 and IFN-y and activation of <italic>T lymphocytes</italic> and macrophages, which destroy <italic>P. insidiosum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Loreto <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Despite the curative properties of immunotherapy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Santos <italic>et al.</italic> (2011b)</xref> reported that the antibodies produced are probably not sufficient to prevent reinfection in the short and long term.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The successful outcome of treatments for cutaneous pythiosis depends critically on prompt diagnosis and early treatment with combination therapies for a good prognosis. This is the first case report documenting the diagnosis of <italic>P. insidiousum</italic> in equines in Veracruz State.</p>
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			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">					
					<p>Code: e2021-66.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>