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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.43</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00407</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Notas cortas</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Respuesta reproductiva en yeguas criollas tratadas con acetato de deslorelina</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7622-409X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lara-Castillo</surname>
						<given-names>Jorge</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0207-3313</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herrera-Camacho</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8143-0269</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Estrada-Coates</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-6148</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bautista-Hernández</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-4502</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gómez-Ramos</surname>
						<given-names>Benjamin</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales-Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Posta Zootecnia km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro. Col. El Trébol. CP 58880.Tarímbaro, Michoacán. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Tarímbaro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Michoacán</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Veracruzana. Miguel Angel de Quevedo s/n esquina Yáñez. Colonia Unidad Veracruzana CP. 91710. Veracruz, Veracruz. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Veracruzana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Veracruzana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Veracruz</city>
					<state>Veracruz</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia-Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Posta Zootecnia km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro. Col. El Trébol. CP 58880. Tarímbaro, Michoacán. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Tarímbaro</city>
					<state>Michoacán</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>autor de correspondencia: Herrera-Camacho José. E-mail: <email>jorge.barzilai.lara.castillo@umich.mx</email>, <email>jose.camacho@umich.mx</email>, <email>aestíadatc@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>mbautista@umich.mx</email>, <email>benjamin.gomez@umich.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			<elocation-id>e407</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El efecto del acetato de deslorelina sobre la respuesta reproductiva fue evaluado en yeguas criollas en el Estado de Michoacán. Diez yeguas tratadas intramuscularmente y distribuidas en un Grupo control (GC; n=5) 1 ml de agua destilada como placebo y el grupo experimental (GD; n= 5) 1.5 mg del acetato de deslorelina. Cuando el folículo alcanzó los 35 mm de diámetro, las yeguas se trataron en función del grupo asignado. La actividad ovárica fue monitoreada cada 24 h, y se determinó la incidencia (%) de folículos hemorrágicos anovulatorios (HAFs), tasa de ovulación (%), crecimiento folicular por día (mm), diámetro folicular a la ovulación (mm), y tiempo a la ovulación (h). La incidencia de HAFs fue superior (X<sup>2</sup>=3.83) en el GC que en GD (25.58% <italic>vs.</italic> 5.8%, respectivamente). La tasa de ovulación fue superior (X<sup>2</sup>= 4.76) en GD que en GC (94.11% <italic>vs</italic> 74.41%, respectivamente). La administración de la hormona, no afecto (p&gt;0.05) el crecimiento folicular por día ni el diámetro folicular, pero la ovulación se presentó (p&lt;0.01) a las 39.45±2.95 h y 89.47±3.62 h en el GD y GC, respectivamente. El acetato de deslorelina redujo la incidencia de HAFs e incrementó la tasa de ovulación.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>yeguas criollas</kwd>
				<kwd>acetato de deslorelina</kwd>
				<kwd>folículos hemorrágicos anovulatorios</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="32"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La anovulación es una de las principales causas de infertilidad en diferentes hembras de animales domésticos, dado que retrasa la oportunidad de que la hembra quede gestante. Uno de los tipos de disfunción observados en yeguas es la presencia de folículos anovulatorios persistentes (FAP, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">McCue &amp; Squires, 2002</xref>), folículos hemorrágicos anovulatorios (HAFs; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cuervo-Arango &amp; Newcombe, 2012</xref>),o también llamados folículos luteinizados (LUF, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bashir <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Estas estructuras se presentan cuando un folículo preovulatorio que tuvo un desarrollo normal, no logra romperse u ovular y el antro folicular se llena de sangre, proveniente del rompimiento de vénulas y arteriolas que irrigan las células de la granulosa. La presencia de HAFs/LUF, es la forma más común de anovulaciones en la yegua. Estudios previos han reportado una incidencia de 22.2 % en yeguas en el Reino Unido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lefranc &amp; Allen, 2003</xref>), y de 24 % durante la temporada reproductiva en yeguas cuarto de milla en Estados Unido de América (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ginther <italic>et al</italic>., 2008)</xref>; no obstante, también se ha reportado la presencia de HAFs durante la época de transición; es este sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">McCue &amp; Squires (2002)</xref> determinaron, una incidencia de 8.2% de HAFs, en 1845 ciclos estrales registrados durante un periodo de 5 años en la Universidad de Colorado, USA.</p>
			<p>Una yegua con presencia de HAFs manifiesta signos típicos del estro de manera repetida y prolongada; sin embargo; no logra liberar el ovocito, por lo cual no existirá gestación. Se ha reportado que dichos folículos anovulatorios afectan negativamente la tasa de ovulación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gerard &amp; Robin, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Adicionalmente, un HAF, por lo general sufrirá un proceso de luteinización, es decir, desarrolla de tejido lúteo vascularizado ante la ausencia de ovulación, el antro folicular se llena de sangre, el cual se aprecia con focos ecogénicos y hebras o coágulos que dan la apariencia de fibrina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jacob <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>La presencia de HAFs, se ha asociado con algunos factores de riesgo, tales como el momento en la temporada reproductiva, edad y la utilización de sustancias exógenas y hormonales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ginther <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los HAFs generalmente deben identificarse mediante la ecografía, y se han utilizado hormonas para incrementar la liberación o concentración de hormona luteizante, entre ellas se encuentran la Gonadotropina Coriónica humana (hCG), con resultados de 88.3% de ovulación dentro de las primeras 48 horas de aplicada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">McCue <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>) y el Acetato de deslorelina, un análogo de la (GnRH), el cual ha presentado una efectividad de 90.1% de ovulación durante las primeras 48 horas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">McCue <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). En este mismo sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Finan <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, determinaron que la utilización de deslorelina en folículos de tamaño ≥30 mm mostraron una respuesta significativa con un 93.75% de ovulación. En México se han realizado pocos estudios para determinar la incidencia fallas anovulatorias en las yeguas. Es posible que ante su presencia el técnico administre en algunos casos hormonas exógenas para su tratamiento, y en otros casos se dejen pasar hasta que la yegua por sí sola presenta una ovulación efectiva.</p>
			<p>El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la respuesta reproductiva en yeguas criollas tratadas con acetato de deslorelina.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Área de estudio:</bold> el presente estudio se realizó durante los meses de abril-agosto
				de 2020, en la comunidad de Santa Clara de Valladares del municipio de Tocumbo,
				Michoacán, México; localizado al Oeste del estado a 10231´19´´ de Longitud Oeste y
				1942´10´´de Latitud Norte, a una altitud de 1604 msnm, precipitación pluvial
				promedio de 800-1300 mm por año, con clima subhúmedo con lluvias en verano y una
				temperatura que oscila entre los 16-26°C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">INEGI,
					2009</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Animales:</bold> se utilizaron 10 yeguas criollas, con una edad entre 3 y 11 años, peso
				vivo entre 350 a 450 kilogramos, alzada a la cruz entre de 1.55-1.65 metros y una
				condición corporal de 4 a 6 puntos en la escala de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"
					>Henneke (1984)</xref>; ninguna de ellas estaba amamantando y tampoco tenían
				historial de problemas reproductivos previos. Las yeguas fueron alimentadas con una
				misma dieta, tomando como base el 8 % del peso vivo de la hembra, considerando una
				concentración de 80:20 de forraje y concentrado, respectivamente. El forraje fue
				heno de avena y el alimento comercial como concentrado. El agua para bebida estuvo
				disponible <italic>ad libitum.</italic></p>
			<p><bold>Tratamientos hormonales: </bold>previo al inicio del experimento las yeguas fueron
				sometidas a una revisión ecográfica diagnóstica con un equipo de ultrasonido
				transrectal de 7.5 MHz, para conocer su estado reproductivo, ovárico y uterino.
				Todas las hembras fueron tratadas con una dosis de 5 mg de prostaglandina F2α
				(PGF2α, Dinoprost, Lutalyse, Zoetis NZ<sup>®</sup>), para sincronizar el ciclo
				estral mediante la lisis del cuerpo lúteo, e iniciar el desarrollo de la fase
				folicular en un mismo tiempo y obtener condiciones ováricas homogéneas.</p>
			<p>Posteriormente las yeguas fueron distribuidas en dos grupos: Grupo control (GC; n=5), el cual recibió la aplicación por vía intramuscular (im) de 1 ml de agua destilada como placebo, y el grupo experimental (GD; n=5), el cual recibió la aplicación, im, de 1.5 mg de la hormona clorhidrato de deslorelina. En ambos grupos la aplicación del placebo o la hormona se realizó cuando el folículo dominante alcanzó un diámetro ≥35 mm. En total se registraron 77 ciclos estrales, 43 en el GC y 34 en el GD.</p>
			<p>Las yeguas que presentaron ovulación y desarrollo de un cuerpo lúteo funcional alrededor del día 9 del ciclo estral recibieron una dosis de 5 mg (im) de PGF2α (Dinoprost, Lutalyse, Zoetis NZ<sup>®</sup>) con la intención de reiniciar la dinámica folicular.</p>
			<p><bold>Revisión ovárica:</bold> la revisión ovárica de las yeguas de ambos grupos se realizó
				con un ultrasonido (US) de 7.5 Mhz (Sonoescape S23, USA<sup>®</sup>), a intervalos
				de 24 h para determinar la tasa de crecimiento folicular por día y previo al momento
				de la ovulación, la revisión ovárica se realizó a intervalos de 6 h.</p>
			<p>La incidencia (%) de folículos hemorrágicos anovulatorios, se estableció cuando a la observación con el US un folículo mostraba signos de hemorragia interna formando el estigma folicular, pero sin que la ovulación tuviera lugar.</p>
			<p>Para evaluar la eficiencia reproductiva se incluyeron los siguientes parámetros: el crecimiento folicular por día, diámetro folicular a la ovulación, tiempo a la ovulación después de la aplicación de la hormona y la tasa de ovulación.</p>
			<p>El crecimiento folicular por día (mm), se evaluó colocando el cursor del US en forma de cruz desde los bordes superior e inferior y derecho e izquierdo de cada folículo  35 mm, para registrar el diámetro promedio en cada día de evaluación; el crecimiento folicular por día se calculó restando el diámetro actual al del día previo.</p>
			<p>Una vez que se observó el estigma en el folículo de Graff, la revisión ecográfica se realizó a intervalos de 6 h, registrando el diámetro a la ovulación (mm) y el tiempo de ovulación (h), el cual fue considerado como el tiempo transcurrido entre la aplicación de la hormona hasta el rompimiento folicular, y se confirmó mediante la observación de la fosa ovulatoria hemorrágica y con la aparición de uno o más cuerpos lúteos.</p>
			<p>Por otra parte, la tasa de ovulación (%) fue considerada como número total de folículos que lograron la ovulación en cada uno de los ciclos estrales evaluados en las yeguas de ambos grupos, multiplicado por 100 y dividido entre el número de folículos dominantes que desarrollaron sobre la superficie del ovario.</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico:</bold> los resultados obtenidos de las variables incidencia (%) de
				folículos anovulatorios y tasa de ovulación (%), fueron sometidos a una prueba de
					X<sup>2</sup>, en un cuadro de contingencia 2x2. El crecimiento folicular por
				día (mm), diámetro folicular a la ovulación (mm) y tiempo (h) a la ovulación, fueron
				evaluados mediante una prueba de medidas repetidas en un modelo mixto, donde la
				yegua fue el efecto aleatorio, el tratamiento el efecto fijo y el ciclo estral de
				cada yegua como medida repetida. La comparación entre tratamientos se realizó
				mediante la prueba de mínimos cuadrados. El valor de significancia considerado fue
				p&lt;0.05 y todos los análisis se realizaron en el paquete estadístico SAS (<xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">SAS, 2013</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>La incidencia de folículos anovulatorios fue de 25.58% (11/43 estros observados) en yeguas del GC; mientras que en el GD fue de 5.8% (2/34 estros tratados). Las diferencias observadas entre ambos grupos fueron estadísticamente significativas (X<sup>2</sup>=3.83).</p>
			<p>El crecimiento folicular por día en yeguas criollas del estado de Michoacán no mostró diferencias (p&gt;0.05) entre los grupos de yeguas, observando un crecimiento diario de 2.15±0.19 mm para el GC y de 2.42±0.16 mm en el GD.</p>
			<p>El diámetro folicular a la ovulación no mostró diferencias significativas (p&gt;0.05) entre los grupos estudiados, observando un promedio folicular de 44.08±0.63 mm y 44.94±0.78 mm en yeguas del GD y GC, respectivamente.</p>
			<p>El tiempo (h) a la ovulación fue de 39.45±2.95 h para el GD, mientras que para el GC fue de 89.47±3.62 h. Las diferencias observadas entre ambos grupos fueron estadísticamente significativas (p&lt;0.01) y represento una diferencia de 50 h a favor del GD.</p>
			<p>La tasa de ovulación fue de 74.41% (32/43 ciclos estrales observados) y de 94.11% (32/34 ciclos estrales), en el GC y GD respectivamente; lo que indica un efecto favorable del acetato de deslorelina (X<sup>2</sup>=4.76).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La incidencia de HAFs observada en el presente estudio fue similar a lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ginther <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</xref>, quienes observaron un 24% durante la temporada reproductiva en yeguas cuarto de milla. En el mismo sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lefranc y Allen (2003)</xref>, reportaron una incidencia de HAFs 22.2 % en yeguas. Por el contrario, otros autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">McCue y Squires, 2002</xref>) observaron una incidencia de HAFs menor al 10%, durante la temporada de transición.</p>
			<p>Otros estudios, como los realizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cuervo-Arango &amp; Newcombe (2010)</xref>, observaron un efecto de la edad sobre la incidencia de HAFs de 13.1% en yeguas de 6-10 años; mientras que en yeguas mayores de 10 años, la incidencia fue del 24%, lo que indica que la temporada reproductiva y edad de la yegua, pueden ser factores predisponentes a la formación de folículos hemorrágicos anovulatorios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ginther <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). Estudios previos en México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">López <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>), reportaron la presencia de folículos anovulatorios; sin embargo, no se indica la incidencia observada.</p>
			<p>La yegua es una especie con reproducción estacional y tiene un periodo de transición ovárica en primavera, entre el anestro de invierno y la renovación de su ciclicidad durante la estación reproductiva. Durante la transición de primavera las concentraciones de LH son bajas, posiblemente causadas por el efecto de la melatonina bloqueando la hormona liberadora de gonadotropinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Satue &amp; Gordon, 2020</xref>). Lo anterior explica por que las yeguas pueden presentar ondas foliculares anovulatorias, que pueden incluso, alcanzar el tamaño de los folículos preovulatorios y convertirse en HAFs con mayor predisposición (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Watson &amp; Al-Zi’abi, 2002</xref>).</p>
			<p>Con respecto a la edad, en la yegua como en los demás animales domésticos existen cambios degenerativos asociados con los HAFs, se da a partir de la alteración en la síntesis de la enzima glutatión peroxidasa y enzima encargada de la eliminación de especies reactivas a oxígeno; si esta hormona se encuentra restringida, los ovocitos y las células de la pared del folículo pierden su capacidad para responder a la colagenasa, limitando el efecto de la hormona LH sobre las células de la teca interna, permitiendo que solo adelgace las paredes del folículo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ginther &amp; Beg, 2011</xref>), hecho que aún con el efecto físico de la ovulación no es capaz de romper la pared folicular y liberar el material genético, dando origen así al folículo anovulatorio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Morel <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>).</p>
			<p>El uso de agentes exógenos y hormonales con intención de inducir a la ovulación como la LH o análogos del GnRH, han tenido como resultado alteraciones ovulatorias y/o formación de HAFs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cuervo-Arango &amp; Newcombe, 2010</xref>). Estudios previos realizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Schauer <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref>, planteaban que la hormona LH no interrumpía los patrones de crecimiento folicular ni la ovulación; sin embargo, sí alteró los factores del fluido folicular que podrían interrumpir la maduración de los ovocitos o folículos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Burden <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). La hormona LH permite que a través de la activación de la matriz de las metaloproteinasas y la activación de plasminógenos, se presente la remodelación tisular del folículo, ya que a mayor concentración de E2 y LH se incrementa la colagenasa III en el estroma ovárico y disminuye la colagenasa I en la periferia del folículo dominante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Smok &amp; Rojas, 2010</xref>). Esta hormona también tiene una participación estrecha con las prostaglandinas que se encargan de provocar la ovulación con las COX II (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cuervo- Arango &amp; Martínez-Boví, 2016</xref>). La producción de LH, previo a la ovulación es la encargada de luteinizar estos folículos, permitiendo que haya una infiltración de células grasas a través de la pared del folículo ,y de esta manera se luteiniza, hecho que bloquea la salida del ovocito.</p>
			<p>En el presente estudio, la aplicación del acetato de deslorelina, fue eficaz para reducir la incidencia de HAFs en yeguas criollas en el estado de Michoacán; es posible que su efectividad se debió a su efecto promotor en la amplitud y frecuencia de los pulsos de liberación de la LH hipofisiaria, provocando la activación de la colagenasa y por ende desencadeno la ovulación, evitando la formación de HAFs. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Squires <italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>).</p>
			<p>Respecto al crecimiento folicular por día, los resultados encontrados en este estudio son similares a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Donadeu &amp; Pedersen (2008</xref>); no obstante, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">McCue (2007a)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">McCue (2007b)</xref>, quienes observaron un crecimiento folicular diario que oscilo de 2.1 a 4.3 mm por día. Las alteraciones en dicho crecimiento implican que el momento preciso de la ovulación no sea estimado con certeza, ya que su comportamiento es impredecible y pueden ovular de manera espontánea, por lo cual requieren de una mayor atención con respecto al momento de la ovulación, debiendo ser monitoreadas ecográficamente de manera frecuente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dordas-Perpinyà <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Uno de los factores frecuentemente utilizados como un criterio práctico para predecir la ovulación en la yegua, es el diámetro folicular, dado que es un método simple y relativamente fácil de monitorear cuando se cuenta con la experiencia en el uso del ultrasonido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cuervo-Arango &amp; Newcombe, 2008</xref>). Los trabajos realizados han evidenciado un rango de 34 a 70 mm en el diámetro de folículos preovulatorios 24 h previas a la ovulación, donde la raza de la yegua, condición corporal y la época del año, juegan un papel importante; por ello se hace uso de tratamientos hormonales y poder predecir el momento oportuno para dar servicio a la yegua e incrementar la eficiencia reproductiva.</p>
			<p>Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cuervo-Arango &amp; Newcombe (2008)</xref> encontraron que el diámetro del folículo preovulatorio disminuye cuando se aplica un tratamiento hormonal respecto al diámetro folicular de ovulación espontánea o natural. Estos autores reportaron un diámetro folicular de 38.82±0.83 y 44.18±1.22, tratadas con 1500 UI de hCG en yeguas con ovulación espontánea, respectivamente. También observaron un diámetro folicular menor en yeguas tratadas con PGF2 (39.42±1.77 <italic>vs</italic> 47.77±2.00) con un implante de 2.6 mg de deslorelina (34.25±0.65 <italic>vs</italic> 40.92±1.38) con respecto a la ovulación natural.</p>
			<p>El uso de los diferentes compuestos hormonales ha supuesto un diámetro folicular al momento de la ovulación similar al observado en el presente estudio. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dolezel <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>, reportaron un diámetro folicular entre 44 y 48 mm. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dordas-Perpinyà <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>, no reportaron diferencias significativas en el diámetro folicular de yeguas tratadas con acetato de buserelina (6 mg) o con eCG (1500 UI); éstas alcanzaron un diámetro folicular promedio de 40.98±0.55 mm y de 41.45±0.59 mm, respectivamente. En este mismo estudio se realizó el tratamiento de yeguas con 3 o 6 mg de acetato de buserelina y tampoco se reportaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos, encontrando un diámetro folicular de 41.64±3.63 mm y 41.95±3.79 mm, respectivamente.</p>
			<p>De igual manera <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dordas-Perpinyà <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>, evaluaron la eficacia de diferentes tratamientos hormonales en yeguas e incluyeron 0.1 mg de triptorelina, 1500 UI de hCG, 3, 2 y 1 mg de acetato de buserelina y observaron el diámetro folicular por tratamiento a la ovulación de 42.1±2.8, 43.1±4.2, 42.5±2.9, 42.6±2.8, 43.7±3.8 mm, respectivamente; siendo diferentes (p&lt;0.01) con respecto al diámetro folicular en ovulación espontánea, el cual fue de 45.6±5.3 mm, media superior a los tratamientos hormonales e incluso ligeramente superior a lo observado en nuestro estudio.</p>
			<p>Algunos autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cuervo-Arango &amp; Newcombe, 2008</xref>) han señalado que los tratamientos hormonales para inducir a la ovulación disminuyen el tamaño del folículo preovulatorio, en comparación con la ovulación natural; y aunque existe poca información al respecto, es posible que el incremento en la concentración de LH, ya sea por la administración de agonistas de GnRH como deslorelina, buserelina u otros, o bien por análogos como hCG, provocan una disminución de la actividad hipofisiaria para la producción de hormona folículo estimulante, limitando el crecimiento folicular, permitiendo la ovulación más temprana que cuando se mantiene el crecimiento folicular natural.</p>
			<p>El tiempo transcurrido desde la aplicación de la hormona deslorelina y otros análogos del GnRH reducen significativamente el tiempo de ovulación. Estudios previos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Miki <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), con yeguas con un diámetro folicular igual o mayor que 35 mm, han reportado un incremento en los niveles de LH dentro de las primeras 6 a 24 h de aplicación en yeguas de tiro pesado, en contraste con los picos de LH reportados 1 a 2 días después de la ovulación, según los patrones normales reportados para yeguas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Meinecke <italic>et al</italic>., 1987</xref>). La liberación anticipada de LH disminuye la posibilidad de luteinizar el folículo preovulatorio e infiere positivamente en la disminución de folículos anovulatorios.</p>
			<p>Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio para la tasa de ovulación son similares a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Finan <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, quienes trabajaron con yeguas nativas de Australia, observando un 93.7% de ovulación, utilizando un implante subcutáneo de 1.25 mg de deslorelina.</p>
			<p>Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio con respecto a la ovulación, son similares a los obtenidos en diferente posición geográfica y raza de las yeguas, hecho que podía predecirse, ya que la hormona y sus análogos demostraron resultados positivos, comprobando su respuesta terapéutica sobre los gonadótrofos por su efecto análogo de la LH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">D’Oliveira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La administración de la hormona acetato de deslorelina mejoró la respuesta reproductiva en yeguas criollas del estado de Michoacán, al reducir la incidencia de HAFs, incrementar la tasa de ovulación y reducir el tiempo a la ovulación.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				
				<p>Clave: e2021-64 </p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Short communication</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Reproductive response in creole mares treated with deslorelin acetate</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The deslorelin acetate effect on reproductive response was evaluated in creole mares in Michoacán State. Ten mares were treated intramuscularly and distributed in a Control group (CG; n = 5) 1 ml of distilled water as a placebo and the experimental group (DG; n = 5) 1.5 mg of deslorelin acetate. When the follicle reached 35 mm in diameter, the mares were treated according to the assigned group. The ovarian activity was monitored every 24 h. The incidence (%) of anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles (AHFs), ovulation rate (%), follicular growth per day (mm), follicular diameter at ovulation (mm), and time to ovulation (h) were determined. The incidence of AHFs was higher (X<sup>2</sup> = 3.83) in the CG than in DG (25.58% vs. 5.8%, respectively). The ovulation rate was higher (X<sup>2</sup> = 4.76) in DG than in CG (94.11% vs. 74.41%, respectively). The hormone administration did not affect (p&gt; 0.05) the follicular growth per day or the follicular diameter, still, ovulation occurred (p &lt;0.01) at 39.45 ± 2.95 h and 89.47 ± 3.62 h in the DG and CG, respectively. deslorelin acetate reduced the incidence of HAFs and increased the ovulation rate.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>creole mares</kwd>
				<kwd>deslorelin acetate</kwd>
				<kwd>anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Anovulation is one of the main causes of infertility in different domestic animal females, since it delays the opportunity for the female to become pregnant. One of the types of dysfunction observed in mares is the presence of persistent anovulatory follicles (PAF, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">McCue &amp; Squires, 2002</xref>), hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles (AHFs; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cuervo-Arango &amp; Newcombe, 2012</xref>), or also called luteinized follicles (LUF, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bashir <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). These structures occur when a preovulatory follicle that had a normal development, fails to rupture or ovulate and the follicular antrum fills with blood, coming from the rupture of venules and arterioles that irrigate granulosa cells. The presence of AHFs/LUF is the most common form of anovulation in the mare. Previous studies have reported an incidence of</p>
				<p>22.2 % in mares in the United Kingdom (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lefranc &amp; Allen, 2003</xref>), and 24% during the breeding season in quarter mares in the United States of America (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ginther <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>); however, the presence of AHFs has also been reported during the transition season; in this sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">McCue &amp; Squires (2002)</xref> determined an incidence of 8.2% of AHFs in 1845 estrous cycles recorded during a 5-year period at the University of Colorado, USA.</p>
				<p>A mare with AHFs manifests typical signs of estrus repeatedly and prolonged; however, she fails to release the oocyte, so there will be no gestation. Such anovulatory follicles have been reported to negatively affect ovulation rate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gerard &amp; Robin, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Additionally, an AHF will usually undergo a process of luteinization, i.e. development of vascularized luteal tissue in the ovulation absence, the follicular antrum fills with blood, which is seen with echogenic foci and strands or clots that give the appearance of fibrin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Jacob <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>The presence of AHFs has been associated with some risk factors, such as the timing of the reproductive season, age and the use of exogenous and hormonal substances (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ginther <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>AHFs should generally be identified by ultrasound, and hormones have been used to increase the release or concentration of luteinizing hormone, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), with results of 88.3% ovulation within the first 48 hours of application (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">McCue <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>) and deslorelin acetate, a GnRH analogue, which has shown an effectiveness of 90.1% ovulation during the first 48 hours (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">McCue <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). In this same sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Finan <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, determined that the use of deslorelin in follicles of size</p>
				<p>≥30 mm showed a significant response with 93.75% ovulation. Few studies have been conducted in Mexico to determine the incidence of anovulatory failures in mares. It is possible that in some cases the technician administers exogenous hormones for their treatment, and in other cases they are left to pass until the mare presents an effective ovulation on her own.</p>
				<p>The objective of the present study was to evaluate the reproductive response in Creole mares treated with deslorelin acetate.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p><bold>Study area: </bold>The present study was carried out during the months of April-August
					2020, in Santa Clara de Valladares community in Tocumbo municipality, Michoacán,
					Mexico; located in the west of the state at 10231'19'' West Longitude and
					1942'10'' North Latitude, at an altitude of 1604 m a.s.l, average rainfall of
					800-1300 mm per year, with a sub-humid climate with summer rains and a
					temperature ranging between 16-26°C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">INEGI,
						2009</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Animals:</bold> 10 Creole mares were used, with an age between 3 and 11 years, live
					weight between 350 and 450 kilograms, height at withers between 1.55-1.65 meters
					and a body condition of 4 to 6 points on the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"
						>Henneke (1984)</xref>; none of them were lactating and none of them had a
					history of previous reproductive problems. The mares were fed the same diet,
					based on 8% of the live weight of the female, considering a concentration of
					80:20 of forage and concentrate, respectively. Forage was oat hay and commercial
					feed as concentrate. Drinking water was available <italic>ad
					libitum</italic>.</p>
				<p><bold>Hormonal treatments: </bold>prior to the start of the experiment, the mares were
					subjected to a diagnostic ultrasound examination with a 7.5 MHz transrectal
					ultrasound equipment to determine their reproductive, ovarian and uterine
					status. All the mares were treated with a dose of 5 mg of prostaglandin F2α
					(PGF2α, Dinoprost, Lutalyse, Zoetis NZ<sup>®</sup>), to synchronize the estrous
					cycle by lysis of the corpus luteum, and to initiate the development of the
					follicular phase at the same time and obtain homogeneous ovarian conditions.</p>
				<p>Subsequently, the mares were distributed in two groups: control group (CG; n=5), which received the intramuscular (im) application of 1 ml of distilled water as placebo, and the experimental group (GD; n=5), which received the application, im, of 1.5 mg of the hormone deslorelin hydrochloride. In both groups the application of placebo or hormone was performed when the dominant follicle reached a diameter ≥35 mm. A total of 77 estrous cycles were recorded, 43 in the CG and 34 in the GD.</p>
				<p>Mares that exhibited ovulation and development of a functional corpus luteum around day 9 of the estrous cycle received a 5 mg (im) dose of PGF2α (Dinoprost, Lutalyse, Zoetis NZ<sup>®</sup>) with the intention of restarting follicular dynamics.</p>
				<p><bold>Ovarian check-up:</bold> ovarian check-up of mares in both groups was performed with a
					7.5 Mhz ultrasound (US) (Sonoescape S23, USA<sup>®</sup>), at 24 h intervals to
					determine the follicular growth rate per day and prior to the time of ovulation,
					ovarian check-up was performed at 6 h intervals.</p>
				<p>The incidence (%) of anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles was established when upon observation with the US a follicle showed signs of internal hemorrhage forming the follicular stigma, but without ovulation taking place.</p>
				<p>To evaluate reproductive efficiency, the following parameters were included: follicular growth per day, follicular diameter at ovulation, time to ovulation after hormone application and ovulation rate.</p>
				<p>Follicular growth per day (mm), was evaluated by placing the US cursor crosswise from the top and bottom and right and left edges of each follicle 35 mm, to record the average diameter on each day of evaluation; follicular growth per day was calculated by subtracting the current diameter from that of the previous day.</p>
				<p>Once the stigma was observed in the Graff follicle, the ultrasound review was performed at 6-h intervals, recording the diameter at ovulation (mm) and the ovulation time (h), which was considered as the time elapsed between the application of the hormone until follicular rupture, and was confirmed by observation of the hemorrhagic ovulatory fossa and with the appearance of one or more corpora lutea.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, the ovulation rate (%) was considered as the total number of follicles that achieved ovulation in each of the estrous cycles evaluated in the mares of both groups, multiplied by 100 and divided by the number of dominant follicles that developed on the surface of the ovary.</p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis:</bold> the results obtained for the variables incidence (%) of
					anovulatory follicles and ovulation rate (%) were subjected to an X<sup>2</sup>
					test, in a 2x2 contingency table. Follicular growth per day (mm), follicular
					diameter at ovulation (mm) and time (h) to ovulation were evaluated by a
					repeated measures test in a mixed model, where the mare was the random effect,
					the treatment the fixed effect and the estrous cycle of each mare as a repeated
					measure. The comparison between treatments was performed using the least squares
					test. The significance value considered was p&lt;0.05 and all analyses were
					performed in the SAS statistical package (SAS, 2013).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>The incidence of anovulatory follicles was 25.58% (11/43 observed estrus) in CG mares; while in DG it was 5.8% (2/34 treated estrus). The differences observed between both groups were statistically significant (X<sup>2</sup>=3.83).</p>
				<p>Follicular growth per day in Creole mares from the state of Michoacán showed no differences (p&gt;0.05) between the groups of mares, observing a daily growth of 2.15±0.19 mm for the CG and 2.42±0.16 mm in the GD.</p>
				<p>Follicular diameter at ovulation showed no significant differences (p&gt;0.05) between the groups studied, observing an average follicular diameter of 44.08±0.63 mm and 44.94±0.78 mm in mares of the GD and CG, respectively.</p>
				<p>The time (h) to ovulation was 39.45±2.95 h for the GD, while for the CG it was 89.47±3.62</p>
				<p>h. The differences observed between both groups were statistically significant (p&lt;0.01) and represented a difference of 50 h in favor of the GD.</p>
				<p>The ovulation rate was 74.41% (32/43 estrous cycles observed) and 94.11% (32/34 estrous cycles), in the CG and GD respectively; indicating a favorable effect of deslorelin acetate (X<sup>2</sup>=4.76).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The incidence of AHFs observed in the present study was similar to that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ginther <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</xref>, who observed 24% during the breeding season in quarter mares. In the same sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lefranc y Allen (2003</xref>), reported an incidence of AHFs 22.2 % in mares. On the contrary, other authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">McCue y Squires, 2002</xref>) observed an incidence of AHFs of less than 10% during the transition season.</p>
				<p>Other studies, such as those conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cuervo-Arango &amp; Newcombe (2010)</xref>, observed an effect of age on the incidence of AHFs of 13.1% in mares aged 6-10 years; while in mares older than 10 years, the incidence was 24%, indicating that the reproductive season and age of the mare may be predisposing factors to the formation of anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ginther <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). Previous studies in Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">López <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>), reported the presence of anovulatory follicles; however, the observed incidence is not indicated.</p>
				<p>The mare is a species with seasonal reproduction and has an ovarian transition period in spring, between the winter anestrus and the renewal of its cyclicity during the reproductive season. During the spring transition, LH concentrations are low, possibly caused by the effect of melatonin blocking gonadotropin-releasing hormone (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Satue &amp; Gordon, 2020</xref>). This explains why mares can present anovulatory follicular waves, which can even reach the size of preovulatory follicles and become more predisposed AHFs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Watson &amp; Al-Zi’abi, 2002</xref>).</p>
				<p>With respect to age, in the mare as in other domestic animals, there are degenerative changes associated with AHFs, starting from the alteration in the synthesis of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme and the enzyme responsible for the elimination of reactive oxygen species; If this hormone is restricted, oocytes and follicle wall cells lose their ability to respond to collagenase, limiting the effect of LH hormone on the cells of the internal theca, allowing it to only thin the follicle walls (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ginther &amp; Beg, 2011</xref>), a fact that even with the physical effect of ovulation is not able to break the follicular wall and release the genetic material, thus giving rise to the anovulatory follicle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Morel <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>The use of exogenous and hormonal agents intended to induce ovulation, such as LH or GnRH analogues, have resulted in ovulatory alterations and/or AHF formation (Cuervo- Arango &amp; Newcombe, 2010). Previous studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Schauer <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref>, posited that LH hormone did not disrupt follicular growth patterns or ovulation; however, it did alter follicular fluid factors that could disrupt oocyte or follicle maturation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Burden <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). LH hormone allows through activation of matrix metalloproteinases and activation of plasminogens, tissue remodeling of the follicle to occur, since the higher the concentration of E2 and LH, the more collagenase III increases in the ovarian stroma and collagenase I decreases in the periphery of the dominant follicle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Smok &amp; Rojas, 2010</xref>). This hormone also has a close involvement with prostaglandins that are responsible for triggering ovulation with COX II (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cuervo-Arango &amp; Martínez-Boví, 2016</xref>). LH production, prior to ovulation is responsible for luteinizing these follicles, allowing there to be an infiltration of fat cells through the follicle wall ,and in this way it luteinizes, a fact that blocks the exit of the oocyte.</p>
				<p>In the present study, the application of deslorelin acetate was effective in reducing the incidence of AHFs in Creole mares in the state of Michoacán; it is possible that its effectiveness was due to its promoting effect on the amplitude and frequency of the hypophyseal LH release pulses, provoking the activation of collagenase and thus triggering ovulation, avoiding the formation of AHFs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Squires <italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>).</p>
				<p>Regarding follicular growth per day, the results found in this study are similar to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Donadeu &amp; Pedersen (2008)</xref>; however, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">McCue (2007a)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">McCue (2007b)</xref>, who observed daily follicular growth ranging from 2.1 to 4.3 mm per day. The alterations in this growth imply that the precise moment of ovulation cannot be estimated with certainty, since their behavior is unpredictable and they can ovulate spontaneously, which is why they require greater attention with respect to the moment of ovulation and should be monitored frequently by ultrasound (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dordas-Perpinyà <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>One of the factors frequently used as a practical criterion for predicting ovulation in the mare is follicular diameter, since it is a simple and relatively easy method to monitor when experienced in the use of ultrasound (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cuervo-Arango &amp; Newcombe, 2008</xref>). Studies have shown a range of 34 to 70 mm in the diameter of preovulatory follicles 24 h prior to ovulation, where the mare's breed, body condition and the time of year play an important role; therefore, hormonal treatments are used to predict the opportune moment to service the mare and increase reproductive efficiency.</p>
				<p>In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cuervo-Arango &amp; Newcombe (2008)</xref> found that the diameter of the preovulatory follicle decreases when a hormonal treatment is applied with respect to the follicular diameter of spontaneous or natural ovulation. These authors reported a follicular diameter of 38.82±0.83 and 44.18±1.22, treated with 1500 IU of hCG in spontaneously ovulating mares, respectively. They also observed a smaller follicular diameter in mares treated with PGF2a (39.42±1.77 vs 47.77±2.00) with an implant of 2.6 mg deslorelin (34.25±0.65 vs 40.92±1.38) with respect to natural ovulation.</p>
				<p>The use of different hormonal compounds resulted in a follicular diameter at ovulation similar to that observed in the present study. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dolezel <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>, reported a follicular diameter between 44 and 48 mm. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dordas-Perpinyà <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>, reported no significant differences in the follicular diameter of mares treated with buserelin acetate (6 mg) or eCG (1500 IU); they reached an average follicular diameter of 40.98±0.55 mm and 41.45±0.59 mm, respectively. In this same study, mares were treated with 3 or 6 mg of buserelin acetate and no significant differences were reported between both groups, finding a follicular diameter of 41.64±3.63 mm and 41.95±3.79 mm, respectively.</p>
				<p>Similarly <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dordas-Perpinyà <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>, evaluated the efficacy of different hormonal treatments in mares and included 0.1 mg triptorelin, 1500 IU hCG, 3, 2 and 1 mg buserelin acetate and observed follicular diameter per treatment at ovulation of 42.1±2.8, 43. 1±4.2, 42.5±2.9, 42.6±2.8, 43.7±3.8 mm, respectively; being different (p&lt;0.01) with respect to the follicular diameter at spontaneous ovulation, which was 45.6±5.3 mm, higher mean than the hormonal treatments and even slightly higher than that observed in our study.</p>
				<p>Some authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cuervo-Arango &amp; Newcombe, 2008</xref>) have pointed out that hormonal treatments to induce ovulation decrease the size of the preovulatory follicle, compared to natural ovulation; and although there is little information on this subject, it is possible that the increase in LH concentration, either by the administration of GnRH agonists such as deslorelin, buserelin or others, or by analogues such as hCG, cause a decrease in pituitary activity for the production of follicle stimulating hormone, limiting follicular growth, allowing earlier ovulation than when natural follicular growth is maintained.</p>
				<p>The time elapsed since the application of deslorelin hormone and other GnRH analogues significantly reduces ovulation time. Previous studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Miki <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), with mares with follicular diameter equal to or greater than 35 mm, have reported an increase in LH levels within the first 6 to 24 h of application in heavy draft mares, in contrast to LH peaks reported 1 to 2 days after ovulation, according to normal patterns reported for mares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Meinecke <italic>et al</italic>., 1987</xref>). The early release of LH decreases the possibility of luteinizing the preovulatory follicle and positively influences the decrease of anovulatory follicles.</p>
				<p>The results obtained in the present study for ovulation rate are similar to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Finan <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, who worked with Australian native mares, observing 93.7% ovulation, using a subcutaneous implant of 1.25 mg deslorelin 1.25 mg.</p>
				<p>The results obtained in the present study with respect to ovulation, are similar to those obtained in different geographical position and breed of mares, a fact that could be predicted, since the hormone and its analogs showed positive results, proving its therapeutic response on gonadotrophs due to its LH analog effect (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">D’Oliveira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The administration of the hormone deslorelin acetate improved the reproductive response in Creole mares from the state of Michoacán, by reducing the incidence of AHFs, increasing the ovulation rate and reducing the time to ovulation.</p>
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					<p>Code: e2021-64.</p>
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