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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.42</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00502</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos de revisión</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Importancia del espacio vital en la respuesta productiva y bienestar del ganado bovino productor de carne en confinamiento</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9424-3235</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romo-Valdez</surname>
						<given-names>Ana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3320-7097</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez-Linares</surname>
						<given-names>Cristina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6674-4318</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ríos-Rincón</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4893-7498</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Figueroa-Saavedra</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4610-8933</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barreras-Serrano</surname>
						<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1329-3768</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Castro-Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Isabel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Baja California</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Baja California</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Mexicali</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Culiacán</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Pérez-Linares Cristina. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Domicilio Conocido, Km 3.5 Carretera a San Felipe, Fraccionamiento Campestre, CP 21386, Mexicali BC. E-mail: <email>e.ana.romo@uas.edu.mx</email>, <email>cristinapl@yahoo.com</email>, <email>fgrios@uas.edu.mx</email>, <email>fernando_figueroa@uabc.edu.mx</email>, <email>abarreras@uabc.edu.mx</email>, <email>laisa_29@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			<elocation-id>e502</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>En el sistema de producción intensiva de carne bovina, el espacio vital asignado en el corral de engorda es fundamental para que los bovinos manifiesten su comportamiento natural, establezcan un orden jerárquico y expresen su potencial productivo. Si en el corral de engorda disminuye el espacio vital también se reduce el área disponible de sombra y comedero, se comprometen los indicadores productivos y se modifica el comportamiento del ganado, al incrementar la conducta agonista para definir las jerarquías dentro del corral. Para la asignación de espacio vital se necesitan considerar las condiciones climáticas de cada región, especialmente en áreas con mayor precipitación pluvial o de elevada temperatura ambiental y humedad relativa; por una parte, el exceso de lodo genera problemas en las extremidades, dificulta el desplazamiento de los bovinos dentro del corral y disminuye la conversión alimenticia, al disponer de mayor gasto energético para facilitar el desplazamiento. Al aumentar el espacio vital en el corral mejora el bienestar de los bovinos, disminuye la morbilidad y aumenta la ganancia de peso. Es por ello importante considerar el entorno medioambiental y las características físicas de los corrales para proveer condiciones óptimas de alojamiento.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras claves:</title>
				<kwd>espacio vital</kwd>
				<kwd>bovinos</kwd>
				<kwd>producción intensiva</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
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				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="49"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
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		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>En respuesta a la creciente demanda de proteína de origen animal, los sistemas productivos se han intensificado y en consecuencia se ha incrementado la producción intensiva de ganado bovino (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Miranda de la Lama, 2013</xref>); con ello se ha desplazado a los sistemas más tradicionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mota-Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). De acuerdo con el Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">USDA, 2020</xref>), la producción mundial de carne de bovino creció 1% en 2019, para ubicarse en 62.6 millones de toneladas; principalmente por el incremento de la producción de China. Con respecto al consumo, se estima que durante 2019 el consumo mundial de carne de bovino incrementó 0.8%, para ubicarse en 60.7 millones de toneladas. En México, el hato nacional de bovinos productores de carne, durante el periodo 2012 a 2017 la tasa anual creció 1%; pero mostró mayor crecimiento en el bienio 2016 a 2017, al incrementar en 2%. El registro de la producción durante 2020 en México, muestra que fue de 2 079 362 toneladas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">SIAP, 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Al afrontar el crecimiento de la demanda de carne bovina, el confinamiento de ganado en los corrales de finalización intensiva puede impactar de manera negativa en los indicadores de bienestar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mota-Rojas <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>), ya que se modifica el comportamiento natural de los bovinos, se reduce el espacio común tanto en bebederos, sombra y comederos y el rendimiento productivo puede resultar comprometido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Uno de los aspectos más importantes a considerar en la intensificación del sistema de producción de carne bovina en confinamiento es el espacio vital, el cual se define como la cantidad de metros cuadrados disponibles por individuo; dicho de otra manera, el espacio vital es la necesidad que tienen todos los organismos de poseer un hábitat; los animales, preferentemente en parejas o en grupos, ocupan un territorio y lo defienden contra otros animales o grupos, especialmente contra los de la misma especie. La extensión del espacio vital es un rasgo característico de cada especie y depende de la cantidad y calidad del alimento necesario, tamaño y sexo del animal, densidad poblacional y condiciones climáticas del área (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Landaeta-Hernández, 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>Al respetar el espacio vital de los animales de granja, se garantiza un mejor resultado productivo, por cuanto los animales se desarrollan y reproducen en condiciones adecuadas al reducirse la competitividad entre sus miembros; en tal sentido, se debe evitar el hacinamiento, que incrementa las agresiones; al respecto, si se toman medidas de protección física como el descornado en el ganado bovino y mantener al hato o rebaño homogéneo con respecto al desarrollo corporal, se garantiza atención especial a los animales más débiles, debido a que se reduce la competencia, principalmente en el comedero a la hora de servir el alimento. Es importante considerar que la superficie que ocupa físicamente un animal no necesariamente es el espacio real que necesita en la práctica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Landaeta-Hernández &amp; Drescher, 2012</xref>). En la actualidad la mayoría de los estudios acerca del bienestar de los bovinos se han realizado en ganado productor de leche; sin embargo, el ganado productor de carne no tiene el mismo comportamiento que el ganado lechero; así como también reciben un manejo completamente diferente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Schwartzkopf-Genswein <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por lo anterior, el objetivo de la presente investigación es documentar la importancia de la disponibilidad de espacio vital en los indicadores productivos y de bienestar de bovinos productores de carne en confinamiento intensivo.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Comportamiento del ganado bovino en pastoreo</title>
				<p>En un sistema de producción, ya sea en pastoreo o en confinamiento, el comportamiento del ganado bovino es determinado por el instinto, las percepciones sensoriales y la experiencia. El comportamiento instintivo se refiere al comportamiento naturalmente motivado, la percepción sensorial, es aquella que resulta de la interacción con el ambiente y del cual derivan situaciones desarrolladas con la experiencia adquirida, ya sea negativa o positiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Sowell <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>).</p>
				<p>Algunas de estas expresiones relativas al comportamiento incluyen a la capacidad de los animales para consumir alimento, descansar, interactuar socialmente y huir ante el peligro, entre otras. En este sentido, los bovinos en pastoreo tienden a utilizar el 95% de su tiempo diurno para realizar comportamientos principales como pastorear, descansar, rumiar y caminar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kilgour <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). Al respecto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Manning <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref>), establecieron que la proporción de tiempo destinado al pastoreo puede variar de 30 a 69% por día y ello depende de la disponibilidad de alimento en el agostadero y de la demanda nutricional que en un momento determinado tenga el rebaño. Por su parte <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><italic>Da Silva et al.</italic> (2013) </xref>, observaron en las regiones tropicales que el tiempo de pastoreo puede aumentar o disminuir dependiendo de la época del año, por lo que se entiende que en los meses de mayor intensidad luminosa disminuye la frecuencia de pastoreo. Se ha observado que en las regiones tropicales, los bovinos en pastoreo dedican una parte del tiempo a mitigar el efecto de la radiación solar intensa bajo la sombra de los árboles o de construcciones cercanas, esta situación ocurre naturalmente entre las 9:00 y las 14:00 horas (Da Silva <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010). Por su parte <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kilgour <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>, refieren que la mayor parte de los estudios orientados a dilucidar el comportamiento del ganado bovino en pastoreo, acusan que dada la naturaleza de este sistema de producción, intervienen e interfieren factores como: tamaño del rebaño, tipo racial del ganado, disponibilidad y tipo de pasto; asimismo complicaciones para observar a todo el rebaño, sin que se altere o modifique su patrón de comportamiento. Para hacer más objetivas estas mediciones e interpretarlas conforme a los factores determinantes de la conducta, se han propuesto tecnologías como el uso de GPS (Sistema de Posicionamiento Global) o del Sistema de Información Geográfica (GIS) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Turner <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref>), o por medio de UAVs (Vehículos Aéreos no Tripulados) y el análisis de imágenes fotogramétricas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Mufford <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>); así como el uso de drones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Rivas <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>) para monitorear el comportamiento del ganado en pastoreo. La observación y registro de pautas conductuales del ganado bovino en condiciones de pastoreo, mediante el uso de herramientas tecnológicas alternativas proveerá de nuevos elementos para entender y atender aspectos relacionados con la identificación de jerarquías, patrones de conducta social, agonista y reproductiva, patrones de alimentación, amenazas de depredadores, esquemas de sanidad e indicadores de producción.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Comportamiento del ganado bovino productor de carne en confinamiento</title>
				<p>Un tipo de comportamiento instintivo comúnmente observado en el ganado bovino, es la dominancia social que existe cuando el comportamiento de un animal es inhibido o alterado por la presencia o amenaza de otro animal, es reconocido que otros animales mantienen una dominancia jerárquica sobre otros individuos del mismo rebaño (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hubbard <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>). De tal manera que el establecimiento de jerarquías es un aspecto sustancial de la conducta de los bovinos y éste tiene consecuencias, tanto en los indicadores productivos como en los indicadores de bienestar, debido a que una de las particularidades de la jerarquía es evitar que se creen conflictos cada vez que se tenga que acceder a un recurso como el alimento, acceso al agua o lugar de descanso. Una de las expresiones jerárquicas en los hatos bovinos en los corrales de engorda intensiva se establece mediante peleas y montas, pero la continuidad y persistencia de estas expresiones conductuales y agonistas puede afectar de forma negativa a los indicadores productivos y en la calidad de la carne (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mota-Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>En el corral de engorda el comportamiento de dominio es importante, ya que los grupos de ganado bovino establecerán jerarquías sociales; por ejemplo, si un animal tiene una jerarquía alta en el grupo, no va a dejar que los de menor rango se alimenten de manera anticipada a los de mayor dominancia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bruno <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Jezierski <italic>et al.</italic> (1989)</xref>, refieren al genotipo como un factor que modifica el comportamiento tanto agonista como social del bovino y que mantiene una estrecha relación con su individualidad; así por ejemplo, las razas bovinas especializadas para la producción láctea tienden a manifestar un comportamiento homosexual y social mayormente expresado que en las razas cuya finalidad zootécnica es la producción cárnica; aunque cabe mencionar que la selección genética influyó en la docilidad que es un rasgo importante en el ganado, ya que tiene influencia en la seguridad humana y en el bienestar de los animales, y también de manera importante en la productividad de las empresas ganaderas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Norris <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). En contraparte, el comportamiento de dominio es un componente importante en el comportamiento social, ya que los animales establecen jerarquías, lo que puede reducir o aumentar el nivel de agresión a los individuos que integran el rebaño (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bruno <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Entre las conductas sociales que los bovinos desarrollan, el acicalamiento se realiza para cumplir tres funciones específicas: efecto de limpieza, efecto de reducción de la tensión grupal y efecto de unión entre sus semejantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Sato <italic>et al.,</italic> 1991</xref>). Otro tipo de conductas son las agonistas, entre ellas se presentan las conductas sexuales, que se manifiestan mediante el acoso físico y la monta entre bovinos del mismo sexo. En esta conducta pueden estar involucrados dos o más animales, de manera que un bovino llega a ser montado por uno o más en diversas ocasiones, o varios bovinos pueden ser montados; este comportamiento a pesar de ser agonista, se presenta frecuentemente para determinar el orden de jerarquías dentro de la manada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Blackshaw <italic>et al.,</italic> 1997</xref>).</p>
				<p>El confinamiento de bovinos en corrales de engorda intensiva puede llegar a alterar o modificar el comportamiento conductual innato que los bovinos muestran en condiciones naturales o a campo abierto en el agostadero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Ratnakaran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Al estar en confinamiento los bovinos pueden mostrar estereotipias, tales como enrollar y desenrollar la lengua repetidamente, o incluso manipular objetos del corral con la lengua (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Schneider <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Romo-Valdez <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, indican que los bovinos productores de carne en confinamiento manifiestan expresión conductual con variación diurna que obedece a sus ritmos biológicos. Sin embargo, otro aspecto a resaltar es que la organización social en grupos del mismo sexo, formados artificialmente en los sistemas de producción intensiva incrementa el nivel de agresión, en comparación con los rumiantes que se desarrollan en sistemas semi intensivos y extensivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Park <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Šárová <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, afirman que la dominancia jerárquica en grupos sociales de hembras bovinas productoras de carne puede ser basada en asimetrías, que son importantes en las interacciones agonistas, tales como la masa corporal y la edad; que son respetados a pesar de tener poca relación con las habilidades de pelea entre los animales.</p>
				<p>Dentro de la manada, los miembros pueden definir su posición y espacio sin necesidad de llegar a enfrentamiento; en tal sentido, el orden se establece por amenazas sutiles mediante señales corporales, en una suerte de lucha simbólica, tras la cual los animales dominados ceden ante el dominante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Sowell <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>).</p>
				<p>Otro patrón de comportamiento que se ve afectado debido al confinamiento del ganado bovino, es la facilitación social; ésta se entiende como la ruptura en la sincronización social conductual provocada por la falta de espacio y en consecuencia por el incremento en la agresión, aumenta el rango de variación individual en los patrones de conductas de mantenimiento: comer, desplazarse, descansar y acicalarse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hubbard <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Importancia del espacio vital en la producción de carne bovina</title>
				<p>Se denomina espacio vital al espacio necesario por el animal para estar en confort y libre de tensión social, el cual es importante tomar en cuenta para el diseño de las instalaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Landaeta-Hernández &amp; Drescher, 2012</xref>). Desafortunadamente existe una tendencia mundial a disminuir el espacio vital de los animales de producción intensiva, esto con la finalidad de aumentar la rentabilidad de la unidad de producción; sin embargo, la reducción del espacio vital afecta tanto el medio ambiente del corral, como el comportamiento del ganado y su salud, generando estrés y disminuyendo gravemente su bienestar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Macitelli <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). El espacio individual para cada miembro de la misma especie es de suma importancia, ya que esto le favorece delimitar el contacto social con otro miembro. Este espacio puede variar en ciertas circunstancias, con peleas producidas entre machos dominantes por la defensa de su territorio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">García, 2000</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los bovinos confinados para producción de carne requieren de un espacio vital predeterminado conforme a factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos, donde puedan expresar su comportamiento innato, mientras se mantienen dentro del corral de engorda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gasque, 2008</xref>); esto es importante puesto que su disponibilidad puede variar, dependiendo del tipo racial, o incluso del rango social dentro de la manada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Landaeta-Hernández &amp; Drescher, 2012</xref>); por lo tanto, el número de animales alojados por corral dependerá del espacio disponible.</p>
				<p>En un corral de engorda es importante considerar la densidad y el tamaño del corral para definir la suficiencia de espacio vital para los bovinos durante el periodo de alimentación, ya que esto puede tener un efecto sobre las condiciones microclimáticas del corral de engorda; además, una densidad adecuada permite mantener el equilibrio de la humedad en la superficie del mismo, el cual no debe ser ni demasiado seca, pero tampoco muy húmeda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Watts <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). Para proporcionar mejores condiciones de hábitat durante la permanencia del ganado en el corral de engorda, se debe considerar la cantidad de metros cuadrados a proporcionar por cada bovino, desde el inicio hasta el finalizar el ciclo de producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Macitelli <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>De acuerdo al espacio requerido por los bovinos productores de carne durante su permanencia en el corral de engorda existen diversas fuentes, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lagos <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>, afirman que son necesarios 18.5 m<sup>2</sup> / cabeza, para proporcionar condiciones idóneas de espacio vital, el cual puede ser ajustado al peso del ganado, ya que bovinos de 300 kg o menos requieren 15 m<sup>2</sup> y bovinos de 400 kg o más necesitan 20 m<sup>2</sup>; mientras que en México, el Manual de Buenas Prácticas de Producción publicado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">SAGARPA (2014)</xref>, indica que de 12 a 12.5 m<sup>2</sup> por bovino, son suficientes para que puedan desarrollar su comportamiento natural. Sin embargo, al diseñar y construir corrales para el confinamiento de ganado bovino productor de carne, se tienen que considerar otros aspectos, ya que en la propuesta de SAGARPA, hoy SADER, no se toma en cuenta que los animales aumentarán de peso durante su estancia en el corral de engorda y a medida que transcurra el tiempo se incrementa la masa corporal de los bovinos, y que eventualmente necesitarán mayor disponibilidad de espacio; por lo que para su correcta determinación se deben tomar en cuenta aspectos importantes como el peso con el que se finalizarán los bovinos, tipo racial y las condiciones climáticas del entorno macro ambiental; así como el área y el tipo de sombra al proporcionar aspectos que benefician en suma a los indicadores productivos y de bienestar de los bovinos.</p>
				<p>Al respecto, en una encuesta realizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Simroth <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref>, a 43 engordas en los estados de Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Nuevo México y Colorado en los Estados Unidos de América, se describe que 10 % de los corrales de engorda proveen de 4.7 a 9.3 m<sup>2</sup> / animal de espacio vital; 66 % de los corrales proveen de 9.4 a 23.2 m<sup>2</sup> de espacio vital y el 24 % restante proporciona más de 23.2 m<sup>2</sup> / animal. En relación con este tema, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lee <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>), diseñaron un experimento para alojar 1, 2, 3 y 4 novillos por corral y proporcionar 32, 16, 10.6 y 8 m<sup>2</sup>/cabeza, respectivamente. Los autores refieren que los bovinos alojados en corrales con menor densidad, es decir mayor espacio vital, el crecimiento fue más rápido (P&lt;0.05) y presentaron mayor área del ojo de la costilla (P&lt;0.01), pero sin diferencias en la calidad de la carne (P&gt;0.01). Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ha <italic>et al</italic>. (2018) </xref>, desarrollaron un estudio con el objetivo de valorar la densidad en el corral de engorda bovina; para ello, utilizaron 3, 4 y 5 novillos por corral para proporcionar 16.7, 12.6 y 10 m<sup>2</sup>/cabeza, respectivamente. Los autores registraron que al disminuir la densidad en el corral se mejoró la calidad de la canal y los indicadores de bienestar, así como el comportamiento conductual del ganado. Sin embargo, estos estudios no se realizaron con densidades similares a las condiciones de una engorda comercial, por lo que los resultados pueden no deberse a la densidad del corral o al tamaño del grupo. Por otro lado, en una comparación de espacio vital se observó que al otorgar un espacio vital reducido (&lt;2.5m<sup>2</sup> / cabeza) el impacto es negativo en el bienestar de los animales, pero por lo contrario, al proporcionar un espacio mayor se genera un impacto positivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Park <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Relación entre el espacio vital y las condiciones físicas del corral</title>
				<p>La asignación de espacio vital por cabeza de ganado bovino durante el periodo de engorda, dependerá de la zona geográfica donde se ubiquen los corrales de finalización, porque la mayor o menor precipitación pluvial puede influir en la saturación de humedad en el piso de los corrales. Bajo este razonamiento, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Macitelli <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>, asignaron 6, 12 y 24 m<sup>2</sup> / cabeza, tanto en época de lluvia como en la época seca del año. Se determinó que en época de lluvia los bovinos asignados a 6 y 12 m<sup>2</sup> / cabeza, visitaron en menor frecuencia el comedero a comparación con la época seca; pero cuando se proporcionaron 24 m<sup>2</sup> no se observó diferencia.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Watts <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, inicialmente otorgaron 10 m<sup>2</sup> / cabeza con el objetivo de determinar que este espacio por bovino era el más recomendable para zonas donde la precipitación pluvial es baja (&lt;500 mm/año); sin embargo, en bovinos con peso corporal superior a 752 kg y alojados en corrales donde la proporción de espacio vital es de 10 m<sup>2</sup> / cabeza, se pueden generar 3.3 mm de humedad diariamente; esto implica mayor concentración de humedad en el piso de los corrales. En el mismo tenor, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mader (2011)</xref>, evaluó la profundidad de lodo en diferente espacio vital en los corrales de engorda y observó que al aumentar el espacio vital de 14 m<sup>2</sup> a 23 y 32.5 m<sup>2</sup> en condiciones de bajas temperaturas en latitudes donde se presentan nevadas, se disminuye la proporción de lodo en el corral. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Munilla <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, mencionan que en corrales donde hay abundante presencia de lodo, los bovinos registran menores ganancias de peso que los que están alojados en corrales con piso seco. El principal inconveniente productivo bajo estas condiciones se refleja en menor conversión alimenticia, ya que el bovino utiliza parte de la energía suministrada en la dieta para desplazarse entre el lodo; con ello incrementa el gasto energético más que en piso seco; además, el exceso de lodo en los corrales de engorda implica pérdida de bienestar de los bovinos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Grandin, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Respecto a la concentración de polvo en los corrales de engorda <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Henry <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>), observaron que disminuye durante la temporada seca del año al asignar 27.8 m<sup>2</sup> / cabeza; sin embargo, recomiendan que en climas secos el espacio asignado por cabeza puede variar dentro de 18.6 a 23.2 m<sup>2</sup>. Los autores sugieren esta última cifra con la función de reducir el polvo dentro de los corrales. En un estudio conducido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Macitelli <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>, observaron que al aumentar el espacio vital de 6 a 24 m<sup>2</sup> se reduce la concentración de polvo durante la época seca. De igual manera <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">West (2011)</xref>, menciona que una de las formas para reducir las emisiones de polvo en los corrales de engorda abiertos es la utilización de aspersores de agua para inhibir la trayectoria de partículas finas de polvo en el aire. Por otro lado, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Grandin (2016)</xref>, menciona que una adecuada densidad de población dentro del corral de engorda, ayuda a mantener al ganado limpio, puesto que éste aporta humedad al suelo a través de la orina y las heces excretadas.</p>
				<p>En la definición de espacio vital a proporcionar en el corral de engorda, también se deben considerar algunas variables climáticas como la abundancia y estacionalidad de la precipitación pluvial, temperatura ambiental, humedad relativa, velocidad y dirección de los vientos dominantes; así como la cantidad de polvo generado por el movimiento del ganado dentro de los corrales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Landaeta-Hernández &amp; Drescher, 2012</xref>). En caso opuesto, en regiones lluviosas, es necesario precisar que el lodo dentro del corral es un factor que impacta en la salud y en el bienestar de los bovinos, ya que las cojeras y lesiones en las extremidades, se asocian a las condiciones resbaladizas, debidas al exceso de lodo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Schwartzkopf-Genswein <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no existe un estudio que explique a suficiencia la razón por la cual los bovinos desarrollan intensas actividades vespertinas que ocasionan enormes cantidades de polvo en los corrales de engorda.</p>
				<p>En condiciones de estrés calórico, el efecto de mayor importancia es la disminución en el consumo de alimento y en consecuencia de la eficiencia alimenticia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Sullivan <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>), por lo que es necesario reducir la densidad animal por corral para evitar aglomeraciones de animales en el comedero cuando el espacio es limitado, pero se intensifica aún más bajo un sistema de producción intensiva en confinamiento (Vásquez-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Requena <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Diversos factores afectan el nivel de respuesta productiva de bovinos en confinamiento dado que tendrán que adaptarse a un entorno particular; entre estos factores de susceptibilidad se incluyen el color del pelaje, sexo, especie (<italic>Bos indicus</italic>, <italic>Bos taurus</italic>), temperamento, estado de salud y exposición previa; así como la condición corporal y la edad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Brown-Brandl, 2018</xref>). En los corrales de finalización intensiva de ganado bovino, el espacio limitado y las características del suelo pueden afectar negativamente al rendimiento, salud y el bienestar de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cortese <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Entre los diferentes tipos de instalaciones para engordar ganado bovino, en México se utiliza principalmente un solo diseño de corral dentro de la variedad existente, estos diseños pueden ser corrales abiertos con cortaviento, corrales abiertos con cobertizo, corrales con camas y corrales con pozo profundo; dependiendo del diseño del corral se proporciona el espacio vital para los bovinos. En el diseño del corral abierto con cortaviento se asigna un espacio de 14 m<sup>2</sup> por cabeza, en el caso del corral abierto con cobertizo se proporcionan 2.3 m<sup>2</sup> / cabeza dentro del cobertizo y 11.6 m<sup>2</sup> / cabeza en la parte exterior del corral, en el caso de los corrales con cama se les asignaran 3.7 m<sup>2</sup> / cabeza; por último en el caso de los corrales con pozo profundo solo se les proporcionan de 2 a 2.3 m<sup>2</sup> / cabeza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Euken <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Al evaluar diferentes densidades durante la engorda de novillos <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ha <italic>et al.</italic> (2018</xref>), observaron que cuando el periodo de engorda se extendió, en consecuencia, se redujo el espacio vital que disminuyó las actividades de los bovinos. Por otra parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Montelli <italic>et al</italic>. (2019)</xref>, evaluaron económicamente la asignación de 6, 12 y 24 m<sup>2</sup> por bovino, en corrales de ganado de engorda al aire libre; mediante los resultados del estudio se determinó que al aumentar la disponibilidad de espacio vital se elevan los costos fijos por animal; sin embargo, se mejora la rentabilidad de unidad de producción y se disminuye la pérdida financiera puesto en los corrales con mayor espacio vital en los bovinos enfermos disminuyeron y las canales obtenidas al finalizar el periodo de engorda resultaron más pesadas. En el mismo sentido, en los bovinos alojados en espacios de 12 y 24 m<sup>2</sup> disminuyó la frecuencia de estornudos en época seca, en comparación con bovinos alojados en 6 m<sup>2</sup> / cabeza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Macitelli <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>Las consecuencias de confinar ganado bovino en corrales con alta densidad, se manifiestan en el incremento del consumo de alimento, debido a la competencia que ocurre entre ellos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Watts <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); y si a esto se suman las condiciones de estrés calórico por efecto medio ambiental, se manifiestan cambios en los requerimientos nutricionales, lo que reduce considerablemente el consumo de materia seca y aumenta el consumo de agua como mecanismo termorregulador (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mader <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mitlöhner <italic>et al</italic>. (2002)</xref>, afirma que la reducción en el consumo de alimento afecta el desempeño de los bovinos en el corral de engorda. Con todo lo anteriormente descrito se justifica la importancia de proporcionar suficiente espacio vital para asegurar el bienestar y mejorar la productividad del ganado bovino en confinamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rind &amp; Phillips 1999</xref>)</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>En la producción intensiva de carne en ganado bovino se requiere considerar el espacio vital a proporcionar, para asegurar que la expresión del comportamiento del ganado durante su permanencia impacte de manera positiva en los indicadores productivos y de bienestar; en ello es importante que se consideren el entorno medioambiental y las características físicas de los corrales para proveer condiciones óptimas del alojamiento.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				
				<p>Clave: e2021-17</p>
			</fn>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Literature review</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Importance of living space in the productive response and welfare of beef cattle in feedlot</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>In the intensive beef production system, the living space allocated in the feedlot is fundamental for cattle to show their natural behavior, establish a hierarchical order and express their productive potential. If living space in the feedlot is reduced, the available area for shade and feeders is also reduced, compromising productive indicators and modifying cattle behavior by increasing agonistic behavior to define hierarchies within the pen. For the allocation of living space, it is necessary to consider climatic conditions of each region, especially in areas with high rainfall, or high environmental temperature and relative humidity; on the one hand, the excess of mud generates problems in the extremities, hinders the displacement of cattle inside the corral and decreases the feed conversion, as it requires more energy expenditure to facilitate the displacement. Increasing the living space in the pen improves cattle welfare, decreases morbidity and increases weight gain. It is therefore important to consider the environmental setting and the physical characteristics of the pens to provide optimal housing conditions.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>living space</kwd>
				<kwd>bovines</kwd>
				<kwd>intensive production</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>In response to the growing demand for animal protein, production systems have intensified and, consequently, intensive beef cattle production has increased (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Miranda de la Lama, 2013</xref>), thus displacing more traditional systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mota-Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). According to the United States Department of Agriculture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">USDA, 2020</xref>), world beef production grew 1% in 2019, to stand at 62.6 million tons; mainly due to increased production in China. With respect to consumption, it is estimated that during 2019, world beef consumption increased 0.8%, to 60.7 million tons. In Mexico, the national herd of beef cattle producers, during the period 2012 to 2017 the annual rate grew 1%; but showed higher growth in the biennium 2016 to 2017, by increasing by 2%. The production record during 2020 in Mexico shows that it was 2 079 362 tons (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">SIAP, 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>When faced with the growth in beef demand, confinement of cattle in intensive finishing pens can negatively impact welfare indicators (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mota-Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), as cattle's natural behavior is modified, common space is reduced in both waterers, shade and feeders, and productive performance can be compromised (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>One of the most important aspects to consider in the intensification of the confinement beef production system is living space, which is defined as the amount of square meters available per individual; in other words, living space is the need of all organisms to have a habitat; animals, preferably in pairs or groups, occupy a territory and defend it against other animals or groups, especially against those of the same species. The extension of the living space is a characteristic feature of each species and depends on the quantity and quality of food needed, size and sex of the animal, population density and climatic conditions of the area (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Landaeta-Hernández, 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>By respecting the living space of farm animals, a better productive result is guaranteed, since the animals develop and reproduce in adequate conditions by reducing competition among their members; in this sense, overcrowding, which increases aggression, should be avoided; in this regard, if physical protection measures are taken, such as dehorning cattle and keeping the herd or flock homogeneous with respect to body development, special attention is guaranteed to the weakest animals, since competition is reduced, mainly at the feeding trough when serving feed. It is important to consider that the area physically occupied by an animal is not necessarily the actual space it needs in practice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Landaeta-Hernández &amp; Drescher, 2012</xref>). Currently most of the studies about cattle welfare have been conducted on dairy cattle; however, beef cattle do not have the same behavior as dairy cattle; as well as they receive a completely different management (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Schwartzkopf-Genswein <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Therefore, the objective of this research is to document the importance of living space availability on productive and welfare indicators of beef cattle in intensive confinement.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Cattle grazing performance</title>
					<p>In a production system, whether grazing or confinement, cattle behavior is determined by instinct, sensory perceptions and experience. Instinctive behavior refers to naturally motivated behavior; sensory perception is that which results from interaction with the environment and from which situations developed with acquired experience, either negative or positive, derive (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Sowell <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>).</p>
					<p>Some of these behavioral expressions include the capacity of animals to consume food, rest, interact socially and flee in the face of danger, among others. In this sense, grazing cattle tend to use 95% of their diurnal time to perform major behaviors such as grazing, resting, ruminating and walking (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kilgour <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). In this regard <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Manning <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref>, established that the proportion of time allocated to grazing can vary from 30 to 69% per day and this depends on the availability of feed in the pasture and the nutritional demand that at a given time the herd has. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Da Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> observed that in tropical regions, grazing time can increase or decrease depending on the year time, so it is understood that in months of greater light intensity, grazing frequency decreases. It has been observed that in tropical regions, grazing cattle spend part of the time grazing to mitigate the effect of intense solar radiation under the shade of trees or nearby buildings, this situation occurs naturally between 9:00 and 14:00 hours (Da Silva <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kilgour <italic>et al. (2012)</italic></xref>, refer that most of the studies aimed at elucidating the behavior of cattle in grazing, point out that given the nature of this production system, factors such as herd size, breed type of cattle, availability and type of pasture intervene and interfere, as well as complications to observe the entire herd, without altering or modifying its behavioral pattern. To make these measurements more objective and interpret them according to behavioral determinants, technologies such as the use of GPS (Global Positioning System) or Geographic Information System (GIS) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Turner <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref>), or by means of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and the analysis of photogrammetric images (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Mufford <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>); as well as the use of drones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Rivas <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>) to monitor the behavior of grazing cattle have been proposed. The observation and recording of behavioral patterns of cattle under grazing conditions, through the use of alternative technological tools will provide new elements to understand and address aspects related to the identification of hierarchies, social, agonistic and reproductive behavior patterns, feeding patterns, predator threats, health schemes and production indicators.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Behavior of beef cattle in confinement</title>
					<p>One type of instinctive behavior commonly observed in cattle is social dominance, which exists when the behavior of one animal is inhibited or altered by the presence or threat of another animal, it is recognized that other animals maintain a hierarchical dominance over other individuals in the same herd (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hubbard <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>). Thus, the establishment of hierarchies is a substantial aspect of bovine behavior and has consequences, both in productive indicators and welfare indicators, since one of hierarchy particularities is to avoid the creation of conflicts every time a resource such as feed, access to water or resting place has to be accessed. One of the hierarchical expressions in cattle herds in intensive feedlots is established through fights and mating, but the continuity and persistence of these behavioral and agonistic expressions can negatively affect productive indicators and meat quality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mota-Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>In the feedlot, dominance behavior is important, since groups of cattle will establish social hierarchies; for example, if an animal has a high hierarchy in the group, it is not going to let those of lower rank feed in anticipation of those of higher dominance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bruno <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Jezierski <italic>et al.</italic> (1989)</xref>, refer to genotype as a factor that modifies both agonistic and social behavior of cattle and that maintains a close relationship with their individuality; thus, for example, cattle breeds specialized for dairy production tend to manifest a homosexual and social behavior more expressed than in breeds whose zootechnical purpose is meat production; although it is worth mentioning that genetic selection influenced docility, which is an important trait in cattle, since it influences human safety and animal welfare, and also has an important influence on the productivity of livestock enterprises (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Norris <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
					<p>In contrast, dominance behavior is an important component in social behavior, as animals establish hierarchies, which can reduce or increase the level of aggression to individuals that integrate the herd (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bruno <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p>Among the social behaviors that cattle develop, grooming is performed to fulfill three specific functions: cleaning effect, group tension reduction effect and bonding effect among their peers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Sato <italic>et al.,</italic> 1991</xref>). Another type of behavior is agonistic, including sexual behavior, which is manifested by physical harassment and mating between bovines of the same sex. This behavior may involve two or more animals, so that one bovine may be mounted by one or more on several occasions, or several bovines may be mounted; although this behavior is agonistic, it is frequently used to determine the order of hierarchy within the herd (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Blackshaw <italic>et al.,</italic> 1997</xref>).</p>
					<p>The confinement of cattle in intensive feedlots can alter or modify the innate behavioral behavior that cattle exhibit under natural conditions or in the open range (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Ratnakaran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). When in confinement, cattle may show stereotypies, such as repeatedly rolling and unrolling their tongues, or even manipulating objects in the pen with their tongues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Schneider <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Romo-Valdez <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, indicate that beef cattle in confinement show behavioral expression with diurnal variation that obeys their biological rhythms. However, another aspect to highlight is that social organization in same-sex groups, artificially formed in intensive production systems increases the level of aggression, compared to ruminants that develop in semi-intensive and extensive systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Park <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Šárová <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, state that hierarchical dominance in social groups of beef-producing female cattle can be based on asymmetries, which are important in agonistic interactions, such as body mass and age; which are respected despite having little relation to fighting abilities among animals.</p>
					<p>Within the herd, members can define their position and space without the need for confrontation; in this sense, order is established by subtle threats through body signals, in a sort of symbolic struggle, after which the dominated animals yield to the dominant one (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Sowell <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>).</p>
					<p>Another behavioral pattern that is affected by the cattle confinement is social facilitation; this is understood as the rupture in social behavioral synchronization caused by the lack of space and consequently by the increase in aggression, increasing the range of individual variation in patterns of maintenance behaviors: eating, moving, resting and grooming (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hubbard <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>).</p>
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					<title>Importance of living space in beef production</title>
					<p>Living space is the space necessary for the animal to be in comfort and free of social stress, which is important to take into account in the design of facilities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Landaeta- Hernández &amp; Drescher, 2012</xref>). Unfortunately, there is a worldwide tendency to reduce the living space of intensive production animals in order to increase the profitability of the production unit; however, the reduction of living space affects both the environment of the pen and the behavior of the cattle and their health, generating stress and seriously reducing their welfare (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Macitelli <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Individual space for each member of the same species is of utmost importance, as this favors them to delimit social contact with another member. This space can vary in certain circumstances, with fights between dominant males for the defense of their territory (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">García, 2000</xref>).</p>
					<p>Cattle confined for meat production require a predetermined living space according to intrinsic and extrinsic factors, where they can express their innate behavior, while they are kept inside the feedlot (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gasque, 2008</xref>); this is important since their availability may vary, depending on the breed type, or even the social rank within the herd (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Landaeta- Hernández &amp; Drescher, 2012</xref>); therefore, the number of animals housed per pen will depend on the available space.</p>
					<p>In a feedlot, it is important to consider the density and size of the pen to define the sufficiency of living space for cattle during the feeding period, as this can have an effect on the microclimatic conditions of the feedlot; in addition, an adequate density allows maintaining the moisture balance on the feedlot surface, which should be neither too dry, but not too wet either (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Watts et al., 2016</xref>). In order to provide better habitat conditions during the cattle's stay in the feedlot, the amount of square meters to be provided for each cattle, from the beginning to the end of the production cycle, should be considered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Macitelli <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
					<p>According to the space required by beef cattle during their stay in the feedlot there are several sources, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lagos et al. (2014</xref>), state that 18. 5 m<sup>2</sup>/head, to provide ideal living space conditions, which can be adjusted to the weight of the cattle, since cattle of 300 kg or less require 15 m<sup>2</sup> and cattle of 400 kg or more need 20 m<sup>2</sup>; while in Mexico, the Manual of Good Production Practices published by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">SAGARPA (2014)</xref>, indicates that 12 to 12.5 m<sup>2</sup> per cattle, they are sufficient for them to develop their natural behavior. However, when designing and building pens for the confinement of beef cattle, other aspects must be considered, since the proposal of SAGARPA, today SADER, does not take into account that animals will gain weight during their stay in the feedlot and as time goes by the body mass of the cattle increases, and that eventually they will need more space availability; Therefore, for its correct determination, important aspects must be taken into account, such as the weight at which the cattle will finish, racial type and the climatic conditions of the macro-environmental environment, as well as the area and type of shade, since they provide aspects that benefit in sum the productive and welfare indicators of the cattle.</p>
					<p>In this regard, in a survey conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Simroth <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref>, to 43 feedlots in Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, New Mexico and Colorado states in the United States of America, it is described that 10 % of feedlots provide from 4.7 to 9.3 m<sup>2</sup>/animal of living space; 66 % of pens provide from 9.4 to 23.2 m<sup>2</sup> of living space and the remaining 24 % provide more than 23.2 m<sup>2</sup>/animal. Related to this issue, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lee <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>, designed an experiment to house 1, 2, 3 and 4 steers per pen and provide 32, 16, 10.6, 10.6 and 8 m<sup>2</sup>/head, respectively. The authors report that cattle housed in pens with lower density,</p>
					<p>i.e. greater living space, grew faster (P&lt;0.05) and presented greater rib eye area (P&lt;0.01), but without differences in meat quality (P&gt;0.01). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ha <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref>), developed a study with the objective of assessing the density in the bovine feedlot; for this, they used 3, 4 and 5 steers per pen to provide 16.7, 12.6 and 10 m<sup>2</sup>/head, respectively. The authors recorded that decreasing the density in the pen improved carcass quality and welfare indicators, as well as the behavioral behavior of the cattle. However, these studies were not conducted at densities similar to commercial feedlot conditions, so the results may not be due to pen density or group size.</p>
					<p>On the other hand, in a comparison of living space, it was observed that providing reduced living space (&lt;2.5m2 / head) has a negative impact on animal welfare, but conversely, providing more space has a positive impact (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Park <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
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					<title>Relationship between living space and physical conditions of the pen</title>
					<p>The allocation of living space per head of cattle during the fattening period will depend on the geographical area where the finishing pens are located, because the higher or lower rainfall can influence the moisture saturation on pens´ floor. Under this reasoning, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Macitelli <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>, assigned 6, 12 and 24 m<sup>2</sup> /head, both in rainy and dry seasons of the year. It was determined that in the rainy season the cattle assigned to 6 and 12 m<sup>2</sup>/head, visited the feeder less frequently compared to the dry season; but when 24 m<sup>2</sup> were provided, no difference was observed.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Watts et al. (2016)</xref>, initially provided 10 m<sup>2</sup>/head with the objective of determining that this space per cattle was the most advisable for areas where rainfall is low (&lt;500 mm/year); however, in cattle with body weight greater than 752 kg and housed in pens where the proportion of living space is 10 m<sup>2</sup>/head, 3.3 mm of moisture can be generated daily; this implies greater concentration of moisture on pens´ floor. In the same vein, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mader (2011)</xref>, evaluated the depth of mud in different living space in feedlots and observed that increasing the living space from 14 m<sup>2</sup> to 23 and 32.5 m2 in low temperature conditions in latitudes where snowfall occurs, decreases the proportion of mud in the pen. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Munilla <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, mention that in pens where there is abundant presence of mud, cattle register lower weight gains than those housed in pens with dry floor. The main productive disadvantage under these conditions is reflected in lower feed conversion, since cattle use part of the energy supplied in the diet to move through the mud; thus increasing energy expenditure more than in dry floor; in addition, the excess of mud in feedlots implies a loss of cattle welfare (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Grandin, 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>Regarding dust concentration in feedlots <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Henry <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>, observed that it decreases during the dry season of the year by allocating 27.8 m<sup>2</sup>/head; however, they recommend that in dry climates the space allocated per head can vary within 18.6 to 23.2 m<sup>2</sup>. The authors suggest the latter figure with the function of reducing dust inside the pens. In a study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Macitelli <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>, they observed that increasing the living space from 6 to 24 m<sup>2</sup> reduces dust concentration during the dry season. Similarly <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">West (2011)</xref>, mentions that one of the ways to reduce dust emissions in open feedlots is the use of water sprinklers to inhibit the trajectory of fine dust particles in the air. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Grandin (2016)</xref>, mentions that an adequate stocking density inside the feedlot helps to keep cattle clean, since they contribute moisture to the soil through urine and excreted feces.</p>
					<p>In the definition of living space to be provided in the feedlot, some climatic variables must also be considered, such as the abundance and seasonality of rainfall, ambient temperature, relative humidity, speed and direction of prevailing winds, as well as the amount of dust generated by the movement of cattle inside pens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Landaeta-Hernández &amp; Drescher, 2012</xref>). On the other hand, in rainy regions, it is necessary to point out that mud inside the pen is a factor that impacts the health and welfare of cattle, since lameness and limb injuries are associated with slippery conditions due to excessive mud (Schwartzkopf- Genswein <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012). However, to date, there is no study that sufficiently explains why cattle engage in intense evening activities that cause enormous amounts of dust in feedlots.</p>
					<p>Under heat stress conditions, the most important effect is the decrease in feed intake and consequently feed efficiency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Sullivan <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>), so it is necessary to reduce animal density per pen to avoid crowding of animals in the feedlot when space is limited, but it is further intensified under an intensive confinement production system (Vásquez-Requena <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Several factors affect the level of productive response of cattle in confinement given that they will have to adapt to a particular environment; these susceptibility factors include coat color, sex, species (<italic>Bos indicus</italic>, <italic>Bos taurus</italic>), temperament, health status, and previous exposure; as well as body condition and age (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Brown-Brandl, 2018</xref>). In intensive beef cattle finishing pens, limited space and floor characteristics can negatively affect animal performance, health, and welfare (Cortese <italic>et</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><italic>al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
					<p>Among the different types of cattle fattening facilities, in Mexico mainly one single pen design is used within the existing variety, these designs can be open pens with windbreaks, open pens with sheds, pens with beds and pens with deep pit; depending on the pen design the living space for the cattle is provided. In the open pen design with windbreak a space of 14 m<sup>2</sup> per head is allocated, in the case of the open pen with shed 2.3 m<sup>2</sup>/head are provided inside the shed and 11.6 m<sup>2</sup>/head on the outside of the pen, in the case of pens with bedding they will be allocated 3.7 m<sup>2</sup>/head; finally in the case of the pens with deep well only 2 to 2.3 m<sup>2</sup>/head are provided (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Euken <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
					<p>When evaluating different densities during the fattening of steers <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ha <italic>et al.</italic> (2018</xref>), observed that when the fattening period was extended, consequently, the living space was reduced which decreased the activities of cattle. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Montelli <italic>et al</italic>. (2019)</xref>, economically evaluated the allocation of 6, 12 and 24 m<sup>2</sup> per bovine, in outdoor feedlots for fattening cattle; through study results, it was determined that by increasing the availability of living space, fixed costs per animal rise; however, the profitability of production unit is improved and the financial loss is decreased since in pens with more living space in sick cattle decreased and the carcasses obtained at the end of the fattening period resulted heavier. In the same sense, in cattle housed in 12 and 24 m<sup>2</sup> spaces, the frequency of sneezing in dry season decreased, compared to cattle housed in 6 m<sup>2</sup>/head (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Macitelli <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
					<p>The consequences of confining cattle in pens with high density, are manifested in the increase of feed consumption, due to the competition that occurs between them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Watts et al., 2016</xref>); and if to this are added the conditions of heat stress due to environmental effect, changes in nutritional requirements are manifested, which considerably reduces the consumption of dry matter and increases the consumption of water as a thermoregulatory mechanism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mader <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mitlöhner <italic>et al</italic>. (2002)</xref>, affirms that the reduction in feed intake affects the performance of cattle in the feedlot. All of the above justifies the importance of providing sufficient living space to ensure the welfare and improve the productivity of cattle in confinement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rind &amp; Phillips 1999</xref>).</p>
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				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>In intensive beef cattle production, it is necessary to consider the living space to be provided, to ensure that the expression of cattle behavior during their stay has a positive impact on productive and welfare indicators; it is important to consider the environmental setting and the physical characteristics of the pens to provide optimal housing conditions.</p>
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					<p>Code: e2021-17.</p>
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