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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.37</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00124</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Producción sostenible de rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>) con agua de reúso de un sistema Biofloc</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7511-3099</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Islas-Ojeda</surname>
						<given-names>Efraín</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5450-3197</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García-Munguía</surname>
						<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1379-0657</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chávez-González</surname>
						<given-names>Leticia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1417-3909</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>López-Gutiérrez</surname>
						<given-names>Mario</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8261-5129</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Valdivia</surname>
						<given-names>Emmanuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1645-9858</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García-Munguía</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. Av. Universidad 940, col. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 20131, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Aguascalientes</city>
					<state>Aguascalientes</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Guanajuato. Carretera Irapuato-Silao km 9, CP 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Guanajuato</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><sup>*</sup></label>
					<email>eislas69@gmail.com</email>, <email>almagamu@hotmail.com</email>, <email>lchavezglz@hotmail.com</email>, <email>malopez@correo.uaa.mx</email>, <email>ehdzv@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>cagamu@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			<elocation-id>e124</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>En México, la producción de rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>) se realiza en apenas 35 unidades de producción animal, siendo necesario realizar mejoras en su comercialización para aumentar la demanda. Frente a estos retos, surgen opciones tecnológicas innovadoras como Biofloc, que mejoran la eficiencia de la producción en pro de la sostenibilidad ambiental, económica y social. Siendo así que este estudio midió el efecto de la utilización de agua de reúso de un sistema de Biofloc de cultivo de tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) en la producción intensiva de rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>). Con un material biológico de 4,000 organismos (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>), se evaluaron los tratamientos: T1 (agua potable), T2 (30% de agua de reúso Biofloc), T3(60% de agua de reúso Biofloc) y T4 (90% de agua de reúso Biofloc); se midieron las variables Ganancia de Peso (GP), Tasa Específica de Crecimiento (TEC), Porcentaje de Sobrevivencia (%S), Tasa de Sobrevivencia (TS) y Conversión Alimenticia (CA). Los resultados fueron analizados en SPSS Statistic versión 27.0.0 con un ANOVA y prueba de esfericidad de Mauchly. Observando que es factible la producción intensiva de rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>) con agua de reúso de un sistema Biofloc del cultivo de tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>).</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras claves:</title>
				<kwd>producción</kwd>
				<kwd>sostenibilidad</kwd>
				<kwd>Biofloc</kwd>
				<kwd>Lithobates catesbeianus</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="34"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La producción pesquera mundial ha aumentado de forma constante en las últimas cinco décadas y el suministro de peces comestibles se ha incrementado a una tasa media anual del 3.2%, superando así la tasa de crecimiento de la población mundial del 1.6%. El consumo per cápita a nivel internacional aumentó de un promedio de 9.9 kg en 1960 a 19.2 kg en el año 2012 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">FAO, 2018</xref>). Específicamente en México, durante la última década el consumo de especies acuícolas y pesqueras ha ido en aumento. En la actualidad las principales especies de acuicultura en el país son el camarón (150 mil 76 toneladas), mojarra tilapia (149 mil 54 toneladas), ostión (45 mil 148 toneladas), carpa (30 mil 300 toneladas) y trucha (siete mil toneladas) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">CONAPESCA, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>En cuanto a la producción y mercado de rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>), las estadísticas son escasas. Aún así, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">FAO, 2018</xref>) reporta que en el año de 1980, se estimó que el 3% del mercado global de ranas (todas las especies) era abastecido por la acuicultura; mientras que la contribución para el año 2002 fue estimada en un 15% (tomando en cuenta la tasa calculada de crecimiento de la industria). Taiwán, Brasil y México como los principales países productores de ranas vivas (captura y acuicultura). Algunas estadísticas documentadas colocan a los Estados Unidos de América como el mayor consumidor de ranas, seguido por Francia y Canadá; con tres nichos principales de mercado: ancas de rana, ranas vivas y ranas para necesidades educativas y científicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">FAO, 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>En México, la producción de rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>) es liderada por el Estado de México, seguido de Sinaloa, Nayarit y Jalisco con 35 unidades de producción animal, con un promedio de 60 hectáreas de superficie utilizada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">INAPESCA, 2018</xref>). Los principales sistemas de producción acuícola utilizados en el país son extensivos (cultivo en embalses con mínima intervención humana después de la siembra y con bajos rendimientos), semi-intensivos (cultivo en estanques, corrales y cuerpos de agua) e intensivos (cultivo en sistemas controlados, estanques, jaulas, canales de corriente rápida o sistemas de recirculación y reacondicionamiento del agua) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">INAPESCA, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Si bien, la demanda de ranas vivas para alimento ha aumentado, se espera que la realización de investigaciones sobre nutrición, patología y reproducción den lugar a mejoras importantes que impulsen su producción. Así como un aumento en los precios del mercado, pues en la medida que se restringe el comercio y captura de ranas silvestres, aumenta su cultivo; no obstante, deben realizarse mejoras en la comercialización, pues la carne de rana y sus cualidades están lejos de ser extensamente conocidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">FAO, 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>Frente a estos retos, surgen opciones tecnológicas innovadoras que mejoran la eficiencia de la producción, en pro de la sostenibilidad ambiental, económica y social. Pues si bien sabemos que el agua dulce es un requisito fundamental para la acuicultura, es necesario reconocer que las reservas son finitas en las regiones áridas y el agua escasea, generando una competencia entre los sectores productivos por la distribución de los recursos hídricos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Neto &amp; Ostrensky, 2015</xref>). Por lo que el uso de recursos hídricos no convencionales en la acuicultura se identifica como un mecanismo potencial para mejorar el rendimiento de la producción de alimentos y al mismo tiempo preservar los recursos de agua dulce no renovables y renovables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Corner <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Como respuesta a esta problemática, surge la tecnología Biofloc como una alternativa de reúso de agua a niveles industriales, con una repercusión positiva en el medio ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Mancipe <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), pues su aplicación puede llevarse a cabo en sistemas productivos integrados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bossier &amp; Ekasari, 2017</xref>). En la producción de especies alternas acuícola, la implementación de un sistema Biofloc significa una reducción de más del 50% de la huella hídrica implicada en la producción; además de crear un efecto positivo en la sanidad animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bossier &amp; Ekasari, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>La implementación de dicha tecnología en el área acuícola está basada en la creación de un microbioma que reutiliza los desechos orgánicos de los peces y el alimento no utilizado; creando flóculos de agregados bacterianos suficientemente grandes para ser detectados por los peces y alimentarse ellos; estos agregados de microbiota suelen contener porcentajes de proteína de hasta el 27.5% y 7.5% de lípidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Ekasari <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Siendo así que estos niveles de proteína y energía pueden incluso compararse con la calidad del alimento comercial para peces de producción.</p>
			<p>Considerando que los microorganismos son parte esencial de los ecosistemas acuíferos, su rol en el reciclado de los nutrientes es esencial en la cadena trófica de los sistemas. Por décadas han sido utilizados como prebióticos e inmunoestimulantes, para el control de enfermedades, así como mejoradores de la calidad de agua de los estanques de producción acuícola (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Martínez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Los sistemas basados en microbios representan una de las estrategias más viables para lograr una acuicultura sostenible, pues estos sistemas se basan en la promoción de la proliferación microbiana; esperando que estos utilicen, reciclen y transformen el exceso de nutrientes de las heces, los organismos muertos, alimentos no consumidos y diversos metabolitos en biomasa; además de desplazar organismos patógenos en los sistemas de producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Huerta <italic>et al</italic>., 2019)</xref>.</p>
			<p>Además de tener en cuenta que la aplicación de un sistema Biofloc en la producción acuícola logra un proceso de nitrificación, esto sucede a través de la fuente de carbohidratos que se adiciona a los estanques, ya que permite que las bacterias y microorganismos conviertan los desechos orgánicos de las heces y el alimento desperdiciado; disminuyendo la cantidad de amonio, mejorando la calidad del agua y permitiendo que ésta prácticamente sea eterna en los estanques (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Wei <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue medir el efecto de la utilización de agua de reúso de un sistema de Biofloc de cultivo de tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) en la producción intensiva de rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>), como una alternativa de uso para las zonas áridas y semiáridas de México.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Zona de estudio:</bold> el estudio se realizó en el Centro de Reproducción,
				Investigación y Transferencia Tecnológica en Rana Toro el “El Chaveño” en convenio
				con la Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes; ubicado en Jesús María,
				Aguascalientes, México; con una temperatura media anual de 17ºC, precipitación media
				anual de 531 mm y localizado a 1,880 m.s.n.m. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"
					>INEGI, 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Material biológico:</bold> se utilizaron un total de 4,000 ranas toro
					(<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>), con un peso inicial promedio de 49.8
				gramos/organismo, distribuidas en 40 corrales con un sistema semi inundado de
				volumen efectivo de 400 L.</p>
			<p><bold>Diseño experimental: </bold>el experimento se estableció bajo un diseño completamente al
				azar de 4 tratamientos de 10 repeticiones, obteniendo un total de 40 unidades
				experimentales. Cada unidad experimental estuvo conformada por 100 ranas toro
					(<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>).</p>
			<p><bold>Tratamientos evaluados:</bold> los tratamientos evaluados fueron los siguientes; T1:
				sistema de cultivo con recambio semanal de agua potable del 100% y limpieza de
				fondo. T2: sistema de cultivo con 30% de agua de reúso de un sistema de Biofloc de
				tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) y 70% de agua potable, sin recambio
				de agua y con adición de azúcar no refinada como fuente de carbono en relación C:N
				de 15:1. T3: sistema de cultivo con 60% de agua de reúso de un sistema de Biofloc de
				tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) y 40 % de agua potable, sin
				recambio de agua y con adición de azúcar no refinada como fuente de carbono en
				relación C: N de 15:1. T4: sistema de cultivo con 90% de agua de reúso de un sistema
				de Biofloc de tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) y 10% de agua
				potable, sin recambio de agua y con adición de azúcar no refinada como fuente de
				carbono en relación C:N de 15:1.</p>
			<p><bold>Sistema de producción: </bold>el sistema de producción utilizado en el estudio fue de
				tipo semi inundado con superficies uniformes de confinamiento de 8 m<sup>2</sup>, la
				capacidad inundable de cada estanque fue de 0.4 m<sup>3</sup>, con un área seca de
				0.4 m<sup>2</sup> con alimentación en el área seca del piso. Con lámparas de luz
				distribuidas en la unidad de producción acuícola para mantener un fotoperiodo de 14
				hrs de luz (10 hrs de oscuridad), con una temperatura entre 28 - 42 °C en un ciclo
				de 24 hrs y una temperatura del agua constante entre 26-28 °C. La humedad ambiente
				se mantiene a 95-98% utilizando aspersores de agua. El tiempo de estudio fue de 15
				semanas, en el periodo de agosto - noviembre 2020.</p>
			<p><bold>Dietas y alimentación:</bold> se utilizó una dieta isoproteica e isocalórica (<xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rincón <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>), basada
				en alimento comercial para trucha (<italic>Salmo trutta</italic>) y bagre
					(<italic>Ictalurus punctatus</italic>) marca Nutripec Purina® con 40% proteína
				cruda y 9% de grasa para la etapa de desarrollo. La cantidad de ración se suministró
				una vez al día (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">SENASICA, 2016</xref>) y se calculó
				sobre la base de la biomasa a una tasa de alimentación del 6% mantenida durante el
				periodo experimental y se ajustó a los 20 días de iniciado el experimento a 3% de la
				biomasa. Para la determinación de la ganancia de peso se registró el peso del total
				de las ranas, estos registros se hicieron al inicio del experimento y de manera
				semanal con una balanza digital de sensibilidad de 0.1g (303D, DESEGO, México).</p>
			<p><bold>Parámetros zootécnicos evaluados:</bold> las variables evaluadas fueron: Ganancia de
				Peso (GP) con la fórmula GP= PFPI, donde PF es Peso Final y PI es Peso Inicial. Se
				calculó la Tasa Específica de Crecimiento (TEC) con la fórmula TCE (%) = (Ln)
				(Pf)-Ln (Pi)/tx100; donde: Pf y Pi son el Peso Final y Peso Inicial, t es el
					tiempo<sup>1</sup> y Ln es el logaritmo natural de los pesos. El porcentaje de
				Sobrevivencia (%S) al final del periodo se calculó con la fórmula %S=No final de
				organismos/No inicial de organismos x 100. Tasa de Sobrevivencia (TS) y Conversión
				Alimenticia (CA) obtenidas de la relación entre el alimento consumido y la biomasa
				al final del periodo experimental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gutiérrez
						<italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Calidad del agua:</bold> durante el estudio la calidad del agua se mantuvo dentro de los
				parámetros establecidos para la rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>)
				en producción intensiva (SENASICA, 2016). Los parámetros fisicoquímicos evaluados
				semanalmente fueron: temperatura (T °C), conductividad (μs), pH y amonio (mg/l);
				siendo tomados con multi sonda (556 MPS, YSI, EUA). Mientras que la dureza (mg/l
				CaCO3) y alcalinidad (mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub>) fueron tomadas con un kit de pruebas
				(FF-1A, HACH, Alemania), según lo descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"
					>Plazas &amp; Paz, (2019)</xref>.</p>
			<p><bold>Flóculos bacterianos:</bold> para el establecimiento de los flóculos bacterianos en el
				cultivo de tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>), se inoculó con
				lixiviado de cama de lombriz roja Californiana (<italic>Eisenia foetida</italic>);
				para lo cual se utilizó 3 L de lixiviado por cada 10m<sup>3</sup> de agua en los
				tanques 1L/10m3 de bacterias nitrificantes para peces de la marca PondPerfect 4in.
				Para el establecimiento del Biofloc se empleó azúcar no refinada a razón de 0.02 g/L
				para garantizar una fuente de C y 5 mg/L de cloruro de amonio (NH4Cl) como fuente de
				N; además de 2 g/L de sal marina y 50 g/L de bicarbonato de sodio (NaHCO3) para
				garantizar una fuente inicial de alcalinidad para las bacterias según la metodología
				de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Luo <italic>et al.,</italic> (2014)</xref>. El
				azúcar no refinada se continuó adicionando cada dos días de acuerdo al volumen del
				Biofloc medido en los conos Imhoff.</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico:</bold> se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS Statistic versión 27.0.0.
				En cada experiencia la hipótesis de “la reutilización de agua Biofloc afecta los
				parámetros productivos de rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>); se
				valoró por medio de un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) con un nivel de confianza del
				95% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Ducoing, 2019</xref>), aplicando una prueba de
				esfericidad de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mauchly, (1940)</xref>. Cuando esta
				hipótesis nula se rechazó, se utilizó una prueba de ajuste Greenhouse-Geisser o
				Huynh-Feldt (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bardera, 2019</xref>). Al encontrar
				efectos globales significativos se realizaron pruebas de efectos simples seguidas de
				pruebas post hoc. Los análisis post hoc se realizaron mediante la prueba de Tukey
				para analizar diferencias entre los tratamientos con diferente porcentaje de agua
				reutilizada de un sistema Biofloc y agua potable, utilizando las comparaciones por
				pares de Bonferroni para comprobar las diferencias entre los comportamientos
				analizados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bardera, 2019</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La media de los parámetros promedios de calidad del agua registrados durante la realización del estudio fue: temperatura 20°C, conductividad 0.4μs, pH 7.2, amonio 1.19 mg/l, dureza 46 mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub> y alcalinidad 40 mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
			<p>En cuanto a las variables de estudio, los resultados muestran diferencia estadística de medias entre tratamientos; sin embargo, la prueba de esfericidad de Mauchly es rechazada al no presentar significancia. Debido a la violación de la esfericidad, se aplicaron las correcciones de Greenhouse-Geisser o Huynh-Feldt; la cual muestra significancia entre los tratamientos en las variables peso de la biomasa, peso promedio y conversión alimenticia. A su vez, en la prueba de pos hoc, la diferencia entre tratamientos bajo la prueba de Bonferroni se muestran diferencias significativas para el uso de Biofloc 30, 60, y 90% en las variables peso de la biomasa, consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia respectivamente.</p>
			<p>El comportamiento de la Ganancia de Peso (GP) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref>) mostró ser mejor estadísticamente en los tratamientos a base de aguas residuales de un sistema Biofloc; sin embargo, esto puede estar relacionado con una mayor mortalidad observada en el T1 (agua potable). La estimación del peso promedio de medias marginales no muestra diferencias significativas, lo cual sugiere que el peso promedio de la rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>) no se altera con el uso de los distintos porcentajes de Biofloc en el agua, pues se estima que las velocidades de crecimiento y ganancia de peso son similares en los tratamientos.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label> Tabla</label>
					<caption>
						<title>1. Efecto de los diferentes tratamientos sobre la Ganancia de Peso (GP)</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col span="4"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="right" ></th>
								<th align="right" ></th>
								<th align="right" ></th>
								<th align="right" ></th>
								<th align="center"></th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Intervalo de confianza 95% </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"></th>
								<th align="left">Variable </th>
								<th align="center"></th>
								<th align="center">Diferencias entre Medias (I-J)</th>
								<th align="center">Error Estándar</th>
								<th align="center">Límite Inferior</th>
								<th align="center">Límite superior</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							
							
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">30% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-2.2900<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">.08809</td>
								<td align="left">-2.5965</td>
								<td align="center">-1.9836</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"></td>
								<td align="right">T1 (agua potable)</td>
								<td align="left">60% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-2.6011<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">.08809</td>
								<td align="left">-2.9076</td>
								<td align="center">-2.2947</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">90% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-2.3919<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">.08809</td>
								<td align="left">-2.6984</td>
								<td align="center">-2.0855</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Agua potable</td>
								<td align="left">2.2900<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">.08809</td>
								<td align="left">1.9836</td>
								<td align="center">2.5965</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">T2 (30% Biofloc)</td>
								<td align="left">60% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-.3111<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">.08809</td>
								<td align="left">-.6176</td>
								<td align="center">-.0047</td>
							</tr>
						
							<tr>
								
								
								<td align="left" rowspan="7">Ganancia de Peso</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">90% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-.1019</td>
								<td align="center">.08809</td>
								<td align="left">-.4084</td>
								<td align="center">.2046</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Agua potable</td>
								<td align="left">2.6011<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">.08809</td>
								<td align="left">2.2947</td>
								<td align="center">2.9076</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">T3 (60% Biofloc)</td>
								<td align="left">30% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">.3111<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">.08809</td>
								<td align="left">.0047</td>
								<td align="center">.6176</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">90% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">.2092</td>
								<td align="center">.08809</td>
								<td align="left">-.0973</td>
								<td align="center">.5157</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Agua potable</td>
								<td align="left">2.3919<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">.08809</td>
								<td align="left">2.0855</td>
								<td align="center">2.6984</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">T4 (90% Biofloc)</td>
								<td align="left">30% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">.1019</td>
								<td align="center">.08809</td>
								<td align="left">-.2046</td>
								<td align="center">.4084</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">60% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-.2092</td>
								<td align="center">.08809</td>
								<td align="left">-.5157</td>
								<td align="center">.0973</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>De acuerdo a las medias observadas, Error Cuadrático medio (Error) = .002.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>* Las diferencias entre medias muestran un nivel de significancia de 0.05</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El efecto en el consumo de alimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>) es mayor de forma significativa en los tratamientos con Biofloc, comparado con los organismos que recibieron solo agua potable; estos resultados se correlacionan con los obtenidos sobre conversión alimenticia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>), donde se observa un mejor efecto en los tratamientos a base de aguas residuales de Biofloc. Las estimaciones de medias marginales para el consumo de alimento muestran diferencias significativas en los T3 (60% Biofloc) y T4 (90% Biofloc), mostrando relación con la mayor ganancia de peso observada.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto de los tratamientos sobre el consumo de alimento</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col span="3"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left" colspan="2">Intervalo de confianza 95% </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"></th>
								<th align="left" >Variable </th>
								<th align="left"></th>
								<th align="left" >Diferencias entre Medias (I-J)</th>
								<th align="left">Error Estándar</th>
								<th align="left">Limite inferior </th>
								<th align="left">Límite superior</th>
							</tr>
							
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							
							<tr>
								
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">30% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-524.6222<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="right">44.71786</td>
								<td align="center">-680.1903</td>
								<td align="center">-369.0542</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right" >T1 (agua potable)</td>
								<td align="right">60% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-642.3333<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="right">44.71786</td>
								<td align="center">-797.9014</td>
								<td align="center">-486.7653</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">90% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-627.7778<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="right">44.71786</td>
								<td align="center">-783.3458</td>
								<td align="center">-472.2097</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">Agua potable</td>
								<td align="left">524.6222<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="right">44.71786</td>
								<td align="center">369.0542</td>
								<td align="center">680.1903</td>
							</tr>
						
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">T2 (30% Biofloc)</td>
								<td align="right">60% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-117.7111</td>
								<td align="right">44.71786</td>
								<td align="center">-273.2792</td>
								<td align="center">37.8569</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="left" rowspan="7">Consumo alimento</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">90% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-103.1556</td>
								<td align="right">44.71786</td>
								<td align="center">-258.7236</td>
								<td align="center">52.4125</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">Agua potable</td>
								<td align="left">642.3333<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="right">44.71786</td>
								<td align="center">486.7653</td>
								<td align="center">797.9014</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">T3 (60% Biofloc)</td>
								<td align="right">30% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">117.7111</td>
								<td align="right">44.71786</td>
								<td align="center">-37.8569</td>
								<td align="center">273.2792</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								
								<td align="right">90% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">14.5556</td>
								<td align="right">44.71786</td>
								<td align="center">-141.0125</td>
								<td align="center">170.1236</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								
								<td align="right">Agua potable</td>
								<td align="left">627.7778<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="right">44.71786</td>
								<td align="center">472.2097</td>
								<td align="center">783.3458</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">T4 (90% Biofloc)</td>
								<td align="right">30% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">103.1556</td>
								<td align="right">44.71786</td>
								<td align="center">-52.4125</td>
								<td align="center">258.7236</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								
								<td align="right">60% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-14.5556</td>
								<td align="right">44.71786</td>
								<td align="center">-170.1236</td>
								<td align="center">141.0125</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>De acuerdo a las medias observadas, Error Cuadrático medio (Error) = .002.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>* Las diferencias entre medias muestran un nivel de significancia de 0.05</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			
			<p>En cuanto a la conversión alimenticia, se observa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>) que los organismos del T1 (agua potable) muestran menor conversión alimenticia que los del T4 (90% Biofloc) durante las primeras semanas del estudio; sin embargo, después de la semana ocho las conversiones se igualan, terminando sin diferencias significativas para la semana quince del estudio. Siendo de importancia el resaltar que a partir de la semana 4 el consumo de alimento empieza a ser mayor en los T2 (30% Biofloc), T3 (60% Biofloc) y T4 (90% Biofloc); esto es efecto de la menor mortalidad y el mayor número de individuos sobrevivientes y mejor asimilación de nutrientes.</p>
			
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efecto de los tratamientos sobre la conversión alimenticia</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left" colspan="3"> 
									</th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Intervalo de confianza 95% </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left" >Diferencias entre Medias (I-J) </th>
									<th align="left" >Error Estándar</th>
									<th align="center">Límite Inferior </th>
									<th align="left">Límite superior</th>
								</tr>
								
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.2369<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">.1006</td>
									<td align="center">.3732</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T1 (agua potable)</td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.2462<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">.1099</td>
									<td align="center">.3825</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.2208<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">.0845</td>
									<td align="center">.3571</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">Agua potable</td>
									<td align="center">-.2369<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.3732</td>
									<td align="center">-.1006</td>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T2 (30% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.0093</td>
									<td align="center">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.1270</td>
									<td align="center">.1456</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Conversión alimenticia</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.0161</td>
									<td align="center">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.1524</td>
									<td align="center">.1202</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">Agua potable</td>
									<td align="center">-.2462<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.3825</td>
									<td align="center">-.1099</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T3 (60% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.0093</td>
									<td align="center">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.1456</td>
									<td align="center">.1270</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.0253</td>
									<td align="center">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.1616</td>
									<td align="center">.1110</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">Agua potable</td>
									<td align="center">-.2208<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.3571</td>
									<td align="center">-.0845</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="right">T4 (90% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.0161</td>
									<td align="center">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.1202</td>
									<td align="center">.1524</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.0253</td>
									<td align="center">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.1110</td>
									<td align="center">.1616</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>De acuerdo a las medias observadas, Error Cuadrático medio (Error) = .002.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>* Las diferencias entre medias muestran un nivel de significancia de 0.05</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comportamiento de la conversión alimenticia por tratamiento</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e124-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Diversos estudios han demostrado una dieta más eficiente y asimilación de nutrientes en sistemas donde se utiliza Biofloc (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Da Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, encuentran que la aplicación de la tecnología Biofloc en el cultivo intensivo de camarón blanco del Pacífico (<italic>Litopenaeus vannamei</italic>) mejora de forma considerable la eficiencia mejorada de utilización de N y P hasta un 70% y 66%, respectivamente, en relación con los sistemas de cultivo intensivo convencionales con intercambio regular de agua. Autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mercante <italic>et al</italic>., (2014)</xref> han descrito que niveles altos de fósforo y nitrógeno en el agua de los estanques de producción intensiva de rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>) disminuyen los parámetros de calidad de agua e interfieren con la productividad; estos mismos efectos se han encontrado en el uso de Biofloc en cultivos de tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Schveitzer <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Widanarni <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Mientras que en la tabla 4 se observa diferencia significativa entre medias en la tasa especifica de crecimiento en el T2 (30% Biofloc) con respecto al T1 (agua potable); de la misma manera se observa este efecto en el T3 (60% Biofloc). Con respecto al efecto de los tratamientos sobre la tasa de sobrevivencia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabla 5</xref>) se observan la diferencia entre medias de las variables T1 (agua potable), comparado con los organismos de los demás tratamientos.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label> Tabla</label>
					<caption>
						<title>4. Efecto de los tratamientos sobre la tasa específica de crecimiento</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left" rowspan="3"> </th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="3">Diferencias entre medias (I-J)</th>
								<th align="left" rowspan="3">Error Estándar</th>
								<th align="left" colspan="2">Intervalo de confianza 95% </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Variable</th>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Límite Inferior</th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">Límite superior</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">30% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-.1850<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="right">.02100</td>
								<td align="right">-.2581</td>
								<td align="center">-.1120</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">T1 (agua potable)</td>
								<td align="left">60% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-.2048<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="right">.02100</td>
								<td align="right">-.2778</td>
								<td align="center">-.1318</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">90% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-.1940<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="right">.02100</td>
								<td align="right">-.2670</td>
								<td align="center">-.1210</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Agua Potable</td>
								<td align="left">.1850<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="right">.02100</td>
								<td align="right">.1120</td>
								<td align="center">.2581</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">T2 (30% Biofloc)</td>
								<td align="left">60% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-.0198</td>
								<td align="right">.02100</td>
								<td align="right">-.0928</td>
								<td align="center">.0533</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Tasa específica de crecimiento por tratamiento</td>
								<td align="left">90% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-.0090</td>
								<td align="right">.02100</td>
								<td align="right">-.0820</td>
								<td align="center">.0641</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Agua Potable</td>
								<td align="left">.2048<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="right">.02100</td>
								<td align="right">.1318</td>
								<td align="center">.2778</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">T3 (60% Biofloc)</td>
								<td align="left">30% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">.0198</td>
								<td align="right">.02100</td>
								<td align="right">-.0533</td>
								<td align="center">.0928</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">90% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">.0108</td>
								<td align="right">.02100</td>
								<td align="right">-.0622</td>
								<td align="center">.0838</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">Agua Potable</td>
								<td align="left">.1940<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="right">.02100</td>
								<td align="right">.1210</td>
								<td align="center">.2670</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">T4 (90% Biofloc)</td>
								<td align="left">30% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">.0090</td>
								<td align="right">.02100</td>
								<td align="right">-.0641</td>
								<td align="center">.0820</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left">60% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="left">-.0108</td>
								<td align="right">.02100</td>
								<td align="right">-.0838</td>
								<td align="center">.0622</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p>De acuerdo a las medias observadas, Error Cuadrático medio (Error) = .002.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN8">
							<p>* Las diferencias entre medias muestran un nivel de significancia de 0.05</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Tabla 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto de los tratamientos sobre la tasa de sobrevivencia</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left" > Variable</th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center" >Diferencias entre medias (I-J)</th>
								<th align="left" > Error Estándar</th>
								<th align="left" colspan="2">Intervalo de confianza 95% </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"></th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left" >Límite Inferior</th>
								<th align="left">Límite Superior</th>
							</tr>
							
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="center">-11.3333</td>
								<td align="center">3.80058</td>
								<td align="center">-24.5551</td>
								<td align="center">1.8884</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">T1 (agua potable)</td>
								<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="center">-13.6667<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.80058</td>
								<td align="center">-26.8884</td>
								<td align="center">-.4449</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="center">-12.0000</td>
								<td align="center">3.80058</td>
								<td align="center">-25.2218</td>
								<td align="center">1.2218</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">Agua potable</td>
								<td align="center">11.3333</td>
								<td align="center">3.80058</td>
								<td align="center">-1.8884</td>
								<td align="center">24.5551</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="right">T2 (30% Biofloc)</td>
								<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="center">-2.3333</td>
								<td align="center">3.80058</td>
								<td align="center">-15.5551</td>
								<td align="center">10.8884</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="7">Tasa de sobrevivencia</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="center">-.6667</td>
								<td align="center">3.80058</td>
								<td align="center">-13.8884</td>
								<td align="center">12.5551</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">Agua potable</td>
								<td align="center">13.6667<sup>*</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.80058</td>
								<td align="center">.4449</td>
								<td align="center">26.8884</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">T3 (60% Biofloc)</td>
								<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="center">2.3333</td>
								<td align="center">3.80058</td>
								<td align="center">-10.8884</td>
								<td align="center">15.5551</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="center">1.6667</td>
								<td align="center">3.80058</td>
								<td align="center">-11.5551</td>
								<td align="center">14.8884</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">Agua potable</td>
								<td align="center">12.0000</td>
								<td align="center">3.80058</td>
								<td align="center">-1.2218</td>
								<td align="center">25.2218</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">T4 (90% Biofloc)</td>
								<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="center">.6667</td>
								<td align="center">3.80058</td>
								<td align="center">-12.5551</td>
								<td align="center">13.8884</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
								<td align="center">-1.6667</td>
								<td align="center">3.80058</td>
								<td align="center">-14.8884</td>
								<td align="center">11.5551</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN9">
							<p>De acuerdo a las medias observadas, Error Cuadrático medio (Error) = .002.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN10">
							<p>* Las diferencias entre medias muestran un nivel de significancia de 0.05</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>La tasa específica de crecimiento de los organismos de los T2 (30% Biofloc), T3 (60% Biofloc) y T4 (90% Biofloc) es mayor que en los organismos que recibieron agua potable; lo cual sugiere que la diversidad microbiana en el agua tiene un efecto benéfico en el crecimiento y desarrollo de esta especie en condiciones de producción intensiva; este efecto coincide con los resultados observados en la tasa de supervivencia de este estudio. Estos resultados sugieren que es factible la utilización del agua que proviene de la explotación intensiva de tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) para el reúso en la producción intensiva de rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>), pues la calidad microbiana existente en el medio beneficia las interacciones con los microorganismos patógenos, disminuyendo la mortalidad en las ranas que reciben el agua de reúso en diferentes proporciones como sucede en otras especies acuícolas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Vinatea <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Observándose que la sobrevivencia fue similar entre los tratamientos evaluados, destacando que en el T3 (60% de Biofloc) los organismos mostraron mejor tasa de sobrevivencia. Los resultados sugieren que la gran diversidad de organismos presentes en el agua reutilizada de un sistema Bioflc, ejercen una competencia con los microorganismos patógenos potenciales que atacan a las ranas; este efecto ha sido observado en los cultivos acuícolas que utilizan un sistema de Biofloc (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Martinez <italic>et</italic><italic>al</italic>.,2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Ekasari <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>). Sugiriendo que este efecto crea una competencia de los potenciales organismos patógenos, reduciendo su proliferación en los tanques experimentales, así como en el tracto digestivo de los peces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Manduca <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Estudios publicados demuestran que la microbiota autóctona de la piel y el tracto gastrointestinal podría verse afectada por muchos factores, como interacciones microbianas, flujos de agua, crianza, técnicas y desinfección; que podrían alterar el equilibrio de los ecosistemas microbianos. Estos aspectos, junto con el estrés producido por el hacinamiento, puede superar las barreras inmunes, provocando que los microorganismos microbianos ataquen, provocando brotes de enfermedades infecciosas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mauel <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>); al ofrecer a las ranas toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>) un medio microbiano rico en microorganismos benéficos y mejora el desempeño en los sistemas intensivos de producción. Se ha demostrado que diferentes cepas de bacterias lácticas Gram (+) así como otras Gram (-) aisladas a partir de cultivos de peces, se han utilizado para el control de bacterias que causan enfermedades en las ranas, tales como <italic>Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Pasteris <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por otra parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mayorga <italic>et al.</italic>, (2015)</xref>, encontraron que el Biofloc fue la principal fuente alimenticia consumida de manera preferente por la tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) versus alimento balanceado. Por lo anterior, es importante destacar que en México, dada la disponibilidad de alimento (Engorda Extruido, al 20 y 25%de proteína cruda el Pedregaly los Belenes), pueden ser utilizados en cultivo de Biofloc para minimizar el impacto del costo de la alimentación y aprovechar la preferencia de las tilapias (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>), por los bioflóculos; y de esta manera disminuir los costos de producción siguen siendo preponderantes.</p>
			<p>Existe una realidad científica que indica el alto contenido nutricional de los bioflóculos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ekasari y Maryam, 2012</xref>), aspecto que parece no aplicarse en México, ya que en su mayoría utilizan alimento balanceado con alto niveles de proteína 45/32/25 respectivamente. Cuando se podría eliminar el alimento al 32% y utilizar al 25% para favorecer al consumo de los flóculos microbianos que son preferidos por las tilapias. Por último, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> (2017)</xref>, argumentan que la evidencia global apoya la hipótesis de que uso de microorganismos como fuente directa de alimento en acuacultura, revolucionará la industria, cerrando la brecha hacia la sustentabilidad.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Es factible la producción intensiva de rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>) con agua de reúso de un sistema Biofloc del cultivo de tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>); pues las variables evaluadas, ganancia de peso, tasa específica de crecimiento y supervivencia; así como la conversión alimenticia en rana toro (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>), arrojaron una diferencia estadística positiva en relación a la producción acuícola con recambio de agua potable; siendo una opción para el uso eficiente del recurso hídrico en las zonas áridas y semi áridas de México.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Clave: e2021-40.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Sustainable production of bullfrogs (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>) with reused water from a Biofloc system</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>In Mexico, bullfrog (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>) production is carried out in only 35 animal production units, and improvements in its commercialization are necessary to increase demand. Faced with these challenges, innovative technological options such as Biofloc are emerging, which improve production efficiency in favor of environmental, economic and social sustainability. Thus, this study measured the effect of using reused water from a Biofloc system for tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus)</italic> culture in the intensive production of bullfrogs (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>). With a biological material of 4,000 organisms (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>), treatments were evaluated: T1 (drinking water), T2 (30% Biofloc reuse water), T3 (60% Biofloc reuse water) and T4 (90% Biofloc reuse water); the variables Weight Gain (WG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Survival Percentage (%S), Survival Rate (SR) and Feed Conversion (FC) were measured. The results were analyzed in SPSS Statistic version 27.0.0 with an ANOVA and Mauchly's test of sphericity. The results showed that intensive production of bullfrogs (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>) with reused water from a Biofloc system of tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) culture is feasible.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>production</kwd>
				<kwd>sustainability</kwd>
				<kwd>Biofloc</kwd>
				<kwd>Lithobates catesbeianus</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Global fish production has increased steadily over the past five decades and the supply of edible fish has increased at an average annual rate of 3.2%, thus outpacing the global population growth rate of 1.6%. Per capita consumption internationally increased from an average of 9.9 kg in 1960 to 19.2 kg in 2012 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">FAO, 2018</xref>). Specifically in Mexico, during the last decade the consumption of aquaculture and fishery species has been increasing. Currently, the main aquaculture species in the country are shrimp (150 thousand 76 tons), mojarra tilapia (149 thousand 54 tons), oyster (45 thousand 148 tons), carp (30 thousand 300 tons) and trout (7 thousand tons) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">CONAPESCA, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Regarding the production and market of bullfrog (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>), statistics are scarce. Even so, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">FAO, 2018</xref>) reports that in the year 1980, it was estimated that 3% of the global frog market (all species) was supplied by aquaculture; while the contribution for the year 2002 was estimated at 15% (taking into account the calculated growth rate of the industry). Taiwan, Brazil and Mexico are the main producers of live frogs (capture and aquaculture). Some documented statistics place the United States of America as the largest consumer of frogs, followed by France and Canada; with three main market niches: frog legs, live frogs and frogs for educational and scientific needs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">FAO, 2009</xref>)</p>
				<p>In Mexico, bullfrog (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>) production is led by the Mexico State of, followed by Sinaloa, Nayarit and Jalisco with 35 animal production units, with an average of 60 hectares of surface area used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">INAPESCA, 2018</xref>). The main aquaculture production systems used in the country are extensive (farming in reservoirs with minimal human intervention after planting and low yields), semi-intensive (farming in ponds, pens and bodies of water) and intensive (farming in controlled systems, ponds, cages, fast-flow channels or water recirculation and reconditioning systems) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">INAPESCA, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>While, the demand for live frogs for food has increased, it is expected that conducting research on nutrition, pathology and reproduction will lead to significant improvements that will boost their production. As well as an increase in market prices, because as the trade and capture of wild frogs is restricted, their cultivation increases; however, improvements must be made in marketing, since frog meat and its qualities are far from being widely known (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">FAO, 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>To face these challenges, innovative technological options are emerging that improve production efficiency, in favor of environmental, economic and social sustainability. For although we know that freshwater is a fundamental requirement for aquaculture, it is necessary to recognize that reserves are finite in arid regions and water is scarce, generating competition between productive sectors for the distribution of water resources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Neto &amp; Ostrensky, 2015</xref>). Thus, the use of non-conventional water resources in aquaculture is identified as a potential mechanism to improve food production yields while preserving non-renewable and renewable freshwater resources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Corner <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>In response to this problem, Biofloc technology emerges as an alternative for water reuse at industrial levels, with a positive impact on the environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Mancipe <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>) as its application can be carried out in integrated production systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bossier &amp; Ekasari, 2017</xref>). In the production of aquaculture alternative species, the implementation of a Biofloc system means a reduction of more than 50% of the water footprint involved in production; in addition to creating a positive effect on animal health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bossier &amp; Ekasari, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>The implementation of such technology in the aquaculture area is based on the creation of a microbiome that reuses organic fish waste and unused feed; creating flocs of bacterial aggregates large enough to be detected by fish and feed them; these microbiota aggregates usually contain protein percentages of up to 27.5% and 7.5% lipids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Ekasari <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Being so, these protein and energy levels can even be compared to the quality of commercial feed for production fish.</p>
				<p>Considering that microorganisms are an essential part of aquifer ecosystems, their role in nutrient recycling is essential in the trophic chain of systems. For decades they have been used as prebiotics and immunostimulants, for disease control, as well as water quality improvers in aquaculture production ponds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Martínez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Microbial-based systems represent one of the most viable strategies to achieve sustainable aquaculture, as these systems are based on the promotion of microbial proliferation; expecting these to use, recycle and transform excess nutrients from feces, dead organisms, uneaten food and various metabolites into biomass; in addition to displacing pathogenic organisms in production systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Martínez <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Huerta <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Besides taking into account that Biofloc system application in aquaculture production achieves a nitrification process, this happens through the carbohydrate source that is added to ponds, since it allows bacteria and microorganisms to convert organic waste from feces and wasted feed; decreasing the amount of ammonium, improving water quality and allowing it to be practically eternal in ponds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Wei <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the effect of using reuse water from a Biofloc system for tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) culture in the intensive production of bullfrogs (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>), as an alternative use for arid and semi-arid zones from Mexico.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>Study area: the study was conducted at the Bullfrog Reproduction, Research and Technology Transfer Center &quot;El Chaveño&quot; in agreement to the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes; located in Jesús María, Aguascalientes, Mexico; with an average annual temperature of 17 ºC, average annual rainfall of 531 mm and located at 1,880 m a.s.l. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">INEGI, 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>Biological material: a total of 4,000 bullfrogs (<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>), with an average initial weight of 49.8 grams/organism, distributed in 40 pens with a semi-flooded system with an effective volume of 400 L, were used.</p>
				<p>Experimental design: the experiment was established under a completely randomized design of 4 treatments with 10 replications, obtaining a total of 40 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of 100 bullfrogs (<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>).</p>
				<p>Treatments evaluated: the treatments evaluated were as follows: T1: culture system with weekly 100% fresh water replacement and bottom cleaning. T2: culture system with 30% reuse water from a tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) Biofloc system and 70% potable water, without water replacement and with the addition of unrefined sugar as a carbon source in a C:N ratio of 15:1. T3: culture system with 60% reuse water from a tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) Biofloc system and 40% potable water, without water exchange and with the addition of unrefined sugar as a carbon source at a C:N ratio of 15:1. T4: culture system with 90% reuse water from a tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) Biofloc system and 10% potable water, without water replacement and with the addition of unrefined sugar as a carbon source at a C:N ratio of 15:1.</p>
				<p>Production system: the production system used in the study was of the semi-flooded type with uniform confinement surfaces of 8 m<sup>2</sup>, the floodable capacity of each pond was 0.4 m<sup>3</sup>, with a dry area of 0.4 m<sup>2</sup> with feeding in the dry area of the floor. With light lamps distributed in the aquaculture production unit to maintain a photoperiod of 14 hours of light (10 hours of darkness), with a temperature between 28 - 42 °C in a 24 hours cycle and a constant water temperature between 26-28 °C. Ambient humidity was maintained at 95- 98% using water sprinklers. The study period was 15 weeks, August - November 2020.</p>
				<p>Diets and feeding: an isoproteic and isocaloric diet was used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rincón <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>), based on commercial feed for trout (<italic>Salmo trutta</italic>) and catfish (<italic>Ictalurus punctatus</italic>) Nutripec Purina<sup>®</sup> brand with 40% crude protein and 9% fat for the development stage. The amount of ration was supplied once a day (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">SENASICA, 2016</xref>) and it was calculated based on the biomass at a feeding rate of 6% maintained during the experimental period and adjusted 20 days after the experiment starting to 3% of the biomass. For the determination of weight gain, the total weight of bullfrogs was recorded at the beginning of the experiment and weekly with a digital scale with a sensitivity of 0.1g (303D, DESEGO, Mexico).</p>
				<p>Zootechnical parameters evaluated: the variables evaluated were: Weight Gain (WG) with the formula WG= FWIW, where FW is Final Weight and IW is Initial Weight. The Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was calculated with the formula SGR (%) = (Ln) (Fw)-Ln (Iw)/tx100; where: Fw and Iw are Final weight and Initial weight, t is time1 and Ln is the natural logarithm of weights. The percentage of Survival (%S) at the period end was calculated with the formula %S= final organism No/initial organism No x 100. Survival Rate (SR) and Feed Conversion (FC) obtained from the ratio between consumed feed and biomass at the end of the experimental period (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gutiérrez <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Water quality: during the study, water quality remained within parameters established for bullfrogs (<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>) in intensive production (SENASICA, 2016). The physicochemical parameters evaluated weekly were: temperature (T °C), conductivity (μs), pH and ammonium (mg/l); being taken with multiprobe (556 MPS, YSI, USA). While hardness (mg/l CaCO3) and alkalinity (mg/l CaCO3) were taken with a test kit (FF-1A, HACH, Germany), as described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Plazas &amp; Paz, (2019)</xref>.</p>
				<p>Bacterial flocs: for the establishment of bacterial flocs in tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) culture, it was inoculated with leachate from Californian red worm (<italic>Eisenia foetida</italic>) litter; for which 3 L of leachate was used for every 10m<sup>3</sup> of water in tanks 1L/10m<sup>3</sup> of nitrifying bacteria for fish of the PondPerfect 4in brand. For Biofloc establishment, unrefined sugar was used at a rate of 0.02 g/L to ensure a C source and 5 mg/L ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as an N source; in addition to 2 g/L sea salt and 50 g/L sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to ensure an initial source of alkalinity for the bacteria according to the methodology of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Luo <italic>et al.,</italic> (2014)</xref>. Unrefined sugar continued to be added every two days according to the Biofloc volume measured in the Imhoff cones.</p>
				<p>Statistical analysis: IBM SPSS Statistic version 27.0.0 was used. In each experience the hypothesis of &quot;the reuse of Biofloc water affects the productive parameters of bullfrog (<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>)&quot; was assessed by means of variance analysis (ANOVA) with a confidence level of 95% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Ducoing, 2019</xref>), applying a Mauchly's test of sphericity <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mauchly, (1940)</xref>. When this null hypothesis was rejected, a Greenhouse-Geisser or Huynh-Feldt test of adjustment was used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bardera, 2019</xref>). When significant overall effects were found, simple effects tests were performed followed by post hoc tests. Post hoc analyses were performed using Tukey's test to analyze differences between treatments with different percentage of reused water from a Biofloc system and drinking water, using Bonferroni pairwise comparisons to test for differences between the behaviors analyzed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bardera, 2019</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The mean of the average water quality parameters recorded during the study were: temperature 20°C, conductivity 0.4μs, pH 7.2, ammonium 1.19 mg/l, hardness 46 mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub> and alkalinity 40 mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
				<p>Regarding the study variables, results show statistical difference of means between treatments; however, Mauchly's test of sphericity is rejected as it does not show significance. Due to the violation of sphericity, the Greenhouse-Geisser or Huynh-Feldt corrections were applied; which shows significance among treatments in the variables biomass weight, average weight and feed conversion. In turn, in the post hoc test, the difference between treatments under the Bonferroni test showed significant differences for the use of Biofloc 30, 60, and 90% in the variables biomass weight, feed intake and feed conversion, respectively.</p>
				<p>Weight gain (WG) behavior (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>) showed to be statistically better in the wastewater- based treatments of a Biofloc system; however, this may be related to a higher mortality observed in T1 (drinking water). The estimation of the average weight of marginal means shows no significant differences, suggesting that the average weight of the bullfrog (<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>) is not altered with the use of different percentages of Biofloc in the water, as growth rates and weight gain are estimated to be similar in treatments.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of the different treatments on weight gain (WG).</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left" colspan="2"> 
 </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="left" colspan="2">Confidence Interval 95% </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="left">Variable </th>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="center" >Differences between means (I-J)</th>
									<th align="center">Standard Error</th>
									<th align="left">Inferior Limit</th>
									<th align="left">Superior Limit</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-2.2900<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.08809</td>
									<td align="center">-2.5965</td>
									<td align="center">-1.9836</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T1 (drinking water)</td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-2.6011<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.08809</td>
									<td align="center">-2.9076</td>
									<td align="center">-2.2947</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-2.3919<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.08809</td>
									<td align="center">-2.6984</td>
									<td align="center">-2.0855</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center" >Drinking water</td>
									<td align="center">2.2900<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.08809</td>
									<td align="center">1.9836</td>
									<td align="center">2.5965</td>
								</tr>
							
								
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T2 (30% Biofloc) </td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.3111<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.08809</td>
									<td align="center">-.6176</td>
									<td align="center">-.0047</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.1019</td>
									<td align="center">.08809</td>
									<td align="center">-.4084</td>
									<td align="center">.2046</td>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Weight Gain</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center" >Drinking water</td>
									<td align="center">2.6011<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.08809</td>
									<td align="center">2.2947</td>
									<td align="center">2.9076</td>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center" >T3 (60% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.3111<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.08809</td>
									<td align="center">.0047</td>
									<td align="center">.6176</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.2092</td>
									<td align="center">.08809</td>
									<td align="center">-.0973</td>
									<td align="center">.5157</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center" >Drinking water</td>
									<td align="center">2.3919<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.08809</td>
									<td align="center">2.0855</td>
									<td align="center">2.6984</td>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center" >T4 (90% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.1019</td>
									<td align="center">.08809</td>
									<td align="center">-.2046</td>
									<td align="center">.4084</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.2092</td>
									<td align="center">.08809</td>
									<td align="center">-.5157</td>
									<td align="center">.0973</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN11">
								<p>According to the observed means, Mean Squared Error (Error) = .002.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN12">
								<p>* Differences between means show a significance level of 0.05.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The effect on feed consumption (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>) is significantly higher in the Biofloc treatments, compared to organisms that received only drinking water; these results correlate with those obtained on feed conversion (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>), where a better effect is observed in the Biofloc wastewater-based treatments. The estimates of marginal means for feed consumption show significant differences in T3 (60% Biofloc) and T4 (90% Biofloc), showing a relationship with the higher weight gain observed.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label> Table</label>
						<caption>
							<title>2. Effect of treatments on feed intake</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="4"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" > </th>
									<th align="left" > </th>
									<th align="left" > </th>
									<th align="left" > </th>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="right" colspan="2">Confidence Interval 95% </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" > </th>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th align="left" > </th>
									<th align="center" >Diferences between means (I-J)</th>
									<th align="left" >Standard Error</th>
									
									<th align="center">Inferior Limit</th>
									<th align="left" > Superior Limit</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="left">-524.6222<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="right">44.71786</td>
									<td align="center">-680.1903</td>
									<td align="left">-369.0542</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T1 (drinking water)</td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-642.3333<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">44.71786</td>
									<td align="center">-797.9014</td>
									<td align="center">-486.7653</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-627.7778<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">44.71786</td>
									<td align="center">-783.3458</td>
									<td align="center">-472.2097</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">Drinking water</td>
									<td align="center">524.6222<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">44.71786</td>
									<td align="center">369.0542</td>
									<td align="center">680.1903</td>
								</tr>
							
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									
									<td align="center">T2 (30% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-117.7111</td>
									<td align="center">44.71786</td>
									<td align="center">-273.2792</td>
									<td align="center">37.8569</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Food consumption</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-103.1556</td>
									<td align="center">44.71786</td>
									<td align="center">-258.7236</td>
									<td align="center">52.4125</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">Drinking water</td>
									<td align="center">642.3333<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">44.71786</td>
									<td align="center">486.7653</td>
									<td align="center">797.9014</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T3 (60% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">117.7111</td>
									<td align="center">44.71786</td>
									<td align="center">-37.8569</td>
									<td align="center">273.2792</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">14.5556</td>
									<td align="center">44.71786</td>
									<td align="center">-141.0125</td>
									<td align="center">170.1236</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">Drinking water</td>
									<td align="center">627.7778<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">44.71786</td>
									<td align="center">472.2097</td>
									<td align="center">783.3458</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T4 (90% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">103.1556</td>
									<td align="center">44.71786</td>
									<td align="center">-52.4125</td>
									<td align="center">258.7236</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-14.5556</td>
									<td align="center">44.71786</td>
									<td align="center">-170.1236</td>
									<td align="center">141.0125</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN13">
								<p>According to the observed means, Mean Squared Error (Error) = .002.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN14">
								<p>* Differences between means show a significance level of 0.05.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding feed conversion, it is observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>) that the organisms of T1 (drinking water) show lower feed conversion than those of T4 (90% Biofloc) during the first weeks of the study; however, after week 8 the conversions are equalized, ending without significant differences by week 15 of the study. It is important to highlight that from week 4 onwards, feed consumption begins to be higher in T2 (30% Biofloc), T3 (60% Biofloc) and T4 (90% Biofloc); this is the effect of the lower mortality and the greater number of surviving individuals and better assimilation of nutrients.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of treatments on feed conversion</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left" colspan="2">Confidence Interval 95% </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left" > Differences between Means (I- J)</th>
									<th align="center" >Standard Error</th>
									<th align="left">Inferior Limit </th>
									<th align="left" >Superior Limit</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="left">.2369<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="left">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">.1006</td>
									<td align="center">.3732</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">T1 (Drinking water)</td>
									<td align="left">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="left">.2462<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="left">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">.1099</td>
									<td align="center">.3825</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="left">.2208<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="left">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">.0845</td>
									<td align="center">.3571</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left" >Drinking water</td>
									<td align="left">-.2369<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="left">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.3732</td>
									<td align="center">-.1006</td>
								</tr>
							
								
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">T2 (30% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="left">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="left">.0093</td>
									<td align="left">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.1270</td>
									<td align="center">.1456</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="left">-.0161</td>
									<td align="left">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.1524</td>
									<td align="center">.1202</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left" >Drinking water</td>
									<td align="left">-.2462<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="left">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.3825</td>
									<td align="center">-.1099</td>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Feed conversion</td>
									<td align="left" >T3 (60% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="left">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="left">-.0093</td>
									<td align="left">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.1456</td>
									<td align="center">.1270</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="left">-.0253</td>
									<td align="left">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.1616</td>
									<td align="center">.1110</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left" >Drinking water</td>
									<td align="left">-.2208<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="left">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.3571</td>
									<td align="center">-.0845</td>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left" >T4 (90% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="left">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="left">.0161</td>
									<td align="left">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.1202</td>
									<td align="center">.1524</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="left">.0253</td>
									<td align="left">.03918</td>
									<td align="center">-.1110</td>
									<td align="center">.1616</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN15">
								<p>According to the observed means, Mean Squared Error (Error) = .002.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN16">
								<p>* Differences between means show a significance level of 0.05.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Feed conversion performance by treatment</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e124-gf3.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Several studies have demonstrated more efficient diet and nutrient assimilation in systems where Biofloc is used (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure. 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Da Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref>, found that the application of Biofloc technology in the intensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (<italic>Litopenaeus vannamei</italic>) significantly improves the improved efficiency of N and P utilization by up to 70 and 66%, respectively, in relation to conventional intensive culture systems with regular water exchange. Authors such as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mercante <italic>et al</italic>., (2014)</xref> have described that high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen in the water of intensive bullfrog (<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>) production ponds decrease water quality parameters and interfere with productivity; these same effects have been found in the use of Biofloc in tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) culture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Schveitzer <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Widanarni <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>While <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref> shows a significant difference between means in the specific growth rate in T2 (30% Biofloc) with respect to T1 (drinking water); in the same way this effect is observed in T3 (60% Biofloc). With respect to the effect of treatments on the survival rate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>), the difference between means of the variables T1 (drinking water), compared to organisms of the other treatments, is observed.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label> Table</label>
						<caption>
							<title>4. Effect of treatments on specific growth rate</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center" > Variable</th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									<th align="center" >Differences between Means (I-J))</th>
									<th align="center" >Standard Error</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Confidence Interval 95% </th>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									
									<th align="center">Inferior Limit</th>
									<th align="center">Superior Limit</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.1850<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.02100</td>
									<td align="center">-.2581</td>
									<td align="center">-.1120</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T1 (drinking water)</td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.2048<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.02100</td>
									<td align="center">-.2778</td>
									<td align="center">-.1318</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.1940<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.02100</td>
									<td align="center">-.2670</td>
									<td align="center">-.1210</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">Drinking water</td>
									<td align="center">.1850<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.02100</td>
									<td align="center">.1120</td>
									<td align="center">.2581</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T2 (30% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.0198</td>
									<td align="center">.02100</td>
									<td align="center">-.0928</td>
									<td align="center">.0533</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" >Specific growth rate per treatment</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.0090</td>
									<td align="center">.02100</td>
									<td align="center">-.0820</td>
									<td align="center">.0641</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">Drinking water</td>
									<td align="center">.2048<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.02100</td>
									<td align="center">.1318</td>
									<td align="center">.2778</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T3 (60% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.0198</td>
									<td align="center">.02100</td>
									<td align="center">-.0533</td>
									<td align="center">.0928</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.0108</td>
									<td align="center">.02100</td>
									<td align="center">-.0622</td>
									<td align="center">.0838</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">Drinking water</td>
									<td align="center">.1940<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">.02100</td>
									<td align="center">.1210</td>
									<td align="center">.2670</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T4 (90% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.0090</td>
									<td align="center">.02100</td>
									<td align="center">-.0641</td>
									<td align="center">.0820</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.0108</td>
									<td align="center">.02100</td>
									<td align="center">-.0838</td>
									<td align="center">.0622</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN17">
								<p>According to the observed means, Mean Squared Error (Error) = .002.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN18">
								<p>* Differences between means show a significance level of 0.05.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of treatments on survival rate</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="center" >Differences between Means (I-J)</th>
									<th align="center" >Standard error</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Confidence Interval 95% </th>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Inferior Limit</th>
									<th align="center">Superior Limit</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center" > T1 (drinking water)</td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-11.3333</td>
									<td align="center">3.80058</td>
									<td align="center">-24.5551</td>
									<td align="center">1.8884</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-13.6667<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.80058</td>
									<td align="center">-26.8884</td>
									<td align="center">-.4449</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-12.0000</td>
									<td align="center">3.80058</td>
									<td align="center">-25.2218</td>
									<td align="center">1.2218</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">Drinking water</td>
									<td align="center">11.3333</td>
									<td align="center">3.80058</td>
									<td align="center">-1.8884</td>
									<td align="center">24.5551</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">T2 (30% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-2.3333</td>
									<td align="center">3.80058</td>
									<td align="center">-15.5551</td>
									<td align="center">10.8884</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-.6667</td>
									<td align="center">3.80058</td>
									<td align="center">-13.8884</td>
									<td align="center">12.5551</td>
								</tr>
								
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Survival rate</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">Drinking water</td>
									<td align="center">13.6667<sup>*</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.80058</td>
									<td align="center">.4449</td>
									<td align="center">26.8884</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"></td>
									<td align="center">T3 (60% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">2.3333</td>
									<td align="center">3.80058</td>
									<td align="center">-10.8884</td>
									<td align="center">15.5551</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"></td>
									<td align="center">90% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">1.6667</td>
									<td align="center">3.80058</td>
									<td align="center">-11.5551</td>
									<td align="center">14.8884</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"></td>
									<td align="center">Drinking water</td>
									<td align="center">12.0000</td>
									<td align="center">3.80058</td>
									<td align="center">-1.2218</td>
									<td align="center">25.2218</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"></td>
									<td align="center">T4 (90% Biofloc)</td>
									<td align="center">30% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">.6667</td>
									<td align="center">3.80058</td>
									<td align="center">-12.5551</td>
									<td align="center">13.8884</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"></td>
									<td align="center">60% Biofloc</td>
									<td align="center">-1.6667</td>
									<td align="center">3.80058</td>
									<td align="center">-14.8884</td>
									<td align="center">11.5551</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN19">
								<p>According to the observed means, Mean Squared Error (Error) = .002.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN20">
								<p>* Differences between means show a significance level of 0.05.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The specific growth rate of the organisms of T2 (30% Biofloc), T3 (60% Biofloc) and T4 (90% Biofloc) is higher than in the organisms that received drinking water, which suggests that the microbial diversity in the water has a beneficial effect on the growth and development of this species under intensive production conditions; this effect coincides with the results observed in the survival rate of this study. These results suggest that it is feasible to use water from intensive tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) farming for reuse in the intensive production of bullfrogs (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>), since the microbial quality existing in the medium benefits interactions with pathogenic microorganisms, decreasing mortality in frogs that receive reuse water in different proportions as happens in other aquaculture species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Vinatea <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>It was observed that survival was similar among treatments evaluated, highlighting that in T3 (60% Biofloc) the organisms showed a better survival rate. Results suggest that the great diversity of organisms present in the reused water of a Bioflc system, exert a competition with potential pathogenic microorganisms that attack frogs; this effect has been observed in aquaculture cultures using a Biofloc system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Martinez <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Ekasari <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>). Suggesting that this effect creates a competition of potential pathogenic organisms, reducing their proliferation in the experimental ponds as well as in the digestive tract of the fish (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Manduca <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>Published studies show that the autochthonous microbiota of the skin and gastrointestinal tract could be affected by many factors, such as microbial interactions, water flows, husbandry, techniques and disinfection; which could alter the balance of microbial ecosystems. These aspects, together with the stress produced by overcrowding, can overcome immune barriers, causing microbial microorganisms to attack, leading to outbreaks of infectious diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mauel <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>); providing bullfrogs (<italic>Lithobates catesbeiana</italic>) with a microbial environment rich in beneficial microorganisms improves performance in intensive production systems. It has been shown that different strains of Gram (+) as well as Gram (-) lactic acid bacteria isolated from fish cultures have been used for the control of disease-causing bacteria in frogs, such as <italic>Proteus vulgaris</italic>, <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> and <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Pasteris <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mayorga <italic>et al.</italic>, (2015)</xref>, found that Biofloc was the main food source consumed preferentially by tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) versus balanced feed. Therefore, it is important to highlight that in Mexico, given the availability of feed (Fattening extruded, at 20 and 25% crude protein El Pedregal and Los Belenes), they can be used in Biofloc culture to minimize the impact of feed cost and take advantage of the preference of tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>), for biofloc; and thus reduce production costs remain preponderant.</p>
				<p>There is a scientific reality that indicates the high nutritional content of bioflocs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ekasari &amp; Maryam, 2012</xref>), an aspect that does not seem to apply in Mexico, since most of them use balanced feed with high levels of protein 45/32/25 respectively. When the feed could be eliminated at 32% and used at 25% to favor the consumption of microbial flocs that are preferred by tilapia. Finally, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> (2017)</xref>, argue that global evidence supports the hypothesis that the use of microorganisms as a direct feed source in aquaculture will revolutionize the industry, closing the gap towards sustainability.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The intensive production of bullfrogs (<italic>Lithobates catesbeianus</italic>) with reuse water from a Biofloc system for tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) culture is feasible, since variables evaluated, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival; as well as feed conversion in bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus), showed a positive statistical difference in relation to aquaculture production with potable water reuse, being an option for the efficient use of water resources in arid and semi-arid zones of Mexico.</p>
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					<p>Code: e2021-40.</p>
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