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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.33</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00122</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos riginales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Características del hábitat de la rata nopalera (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) del Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1969-0107</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Juárez</surname>
						<given-names>Alma</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7662-1319</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tarango-Arámbula</surname>
						<given-names>Luis</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1964-8950</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Espinosa-Reyes</surname>
						<given-names>Guillermo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7213-9034</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cortez-Romero</surname>
						<given-names>César</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0841-211X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ugalde-Lezama</surname>
						<given-names>Saúl</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3917-8415</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Olmos-Oropeza</surname>
						<given-names>Genaro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Posgrado de Innovación en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus San Luis Potosí, Iturbide 73, Colonia Centro, CP. 78620. Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí. S.L.P. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Posgrado de Innovación en Manejo de Recursos Naturales</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>San Luis Potosí. S.L.P</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud de la Facultad de Medicina-CIACYT, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Av. Sierra Leona No. 550, Col. Lomas 2a, CP. 78210 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina-CIACYT</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>San Luis Potosí</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de suelos. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, CP. 56230 Chapingo, Estado de México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Chapingo</city>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><sup>*</sup></label>Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Genaro Olmos Oropeza. <email>delia_@msn.com,</email>
					<email>ltarango@colpos.mx</email>, <email>guillermo.espinosa@uaslp.mx,</email>
					<email>ccortez@colpos.mx</email>, <email>biologo_ugalde@hotmail.com,</email>
					<email>olmosg@colpos.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			<elocation-id>e122</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>La rata nopalera (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) habita las zonas áridas del centro-norte de México y es importante para las comunidades rurales como alimento e ingreso económico. El objetivo fue caracterizar el hábitat de la rata nopalera en el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano. En 44 sitios con madrigueras y 44 aleatorios, se registró la altitud, la pendiente, exposición de la pendiente, la cobertura del suelo: arbustivas, gramíneas, roca, material leñoso y suelo desnudo, así como la densidad de nopal, maguey, arbustos y palmas. Asimismo, se encuestaron 21 cazadores-recolectores (C-R) acerca de las condiciones del hábitat de la rata. Ésta construyó sus madrigueras en maguey (40.4 %) y el 47.6 % de los C-R aseguran que la rata es más frecuente en los nopales. El 90 % de las madrigueras se ubicaron en terrenos con pendientes bajas (≤ 4 %) donde la densidad y la cobertura de arbustivas fueron dominantes (2085.6 ± 1825 ha -1, 36.1 ± 17.5%, respectivamente). Las madrigueras de rata se asocian con arbustos y nopales, ya que les brindan alimento y protección contra depredadores. Los C-R consideran que para conservar la rata es necesario dejar que se reproduzcan, establecer temporadas de caza y mantener la vegetación.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Cobertura de suelo</kwd>
				<kwd>conocimiento local</kwd>
				<kwd>densidad</kwd>
				<kwd>madrigueras</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="36"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Los roedores conforman al grupo de mamíferos más grande del mundo, en México se conocen alrededor de 245 especies de ellos. El género <italic>Neotoma</italic> está compuesto por cuatro subgéneros (<italic>Teonopus, Hodomys, Teonoma</italic> y <italic>Neotoma</italic>), este último consta de cuatro especies (<italic>albigula, floridana, lepida</italic> y <italic>mexicana)</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hall, 1982</xref>) y más recientemente <italic>N. leucodon,</italic> la cual, mediante la secuenciación del citocromo-b fue separada del grupo de <italic>N. albigula</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Edwards <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las especies que se distribuyen en el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano son <italic>N. leucodon</italic> y <italic>N. mexicana.</italic> La distribución de <italic>N. leucodon</italic> se distribuye desde el sudeste de Colorado, el este de Nuevo México, el oeste de Oklahoma y Texas (E.E. U.U.). Hacia el sur a través de Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Querétaro y hasta el centro de México, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ceballos, 2010a</xref>), mientras que la distribución de <italic>N. mexicana</italic> inicia desde el sureste de Utah y el centro de Colorado, E.E.U.U., desde el sur a oeste y el interior de México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ceballos, 2010b</xref>).</p>
			<p>La rata nopalera además de desempeñar un papel importante en la dinámica de la comunidad, son presas de algunas aves y mamíferos, incluido el ser humano. En el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano esta especie es aprovechada por la población rural como fuente de alimento y para comercio local (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Márquez-Olivas, 2002</xref>). Los habitantes de esta zona le atribuyen diversas propiedades alimenticias y la consideran un alimento inocuo, pues su alimentación la basa en el consumo de plantas. Sin embargo, sus preferencias de hábitat se desconocen.</p>
			<p>La rata nopalera es territorial, y al igual que el resto de los roedores es ecológicamente importante, pues dispersa semillas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Schupp <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>) y favorece la regeneración de las comunidades vegetales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Nathan &amp; Muller-Landau, 2000</xref>); asimismo, las comunidades vegetales permiten el establecimiento de diversas poblaciones de roedores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Riojas-López, 2012</xref>). Además, las madrigueras de la rata mejoran la infiltración de agua, permiten la mineralización del nitrógeno y son el refugio de artrópodos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Whitford &amp; Steinberger, 2010</xref>). <italic>N. albigula</italic> es generalista y se alimenta de <italic>Opuntia</italic> spp., <italic>Yucca</italic> spp., <italic>Prosopis</italic> spp. y <italic>Agave</italic> spp. (92%), frutos de cactáceas e insectos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Sorensen <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>); no obstante; poco se conoce acerca de la influencia de la vegetación sobre los asentamientos de sus poblaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Edwards &amp; Bradley, 2002</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se ha mencionado que <italic>N. leucodon</italic> se asocia a matorrales desérticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Edwards <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>); sin embargo, otro estudio demostró que <italic>N. leucodon</italic> y <italic>N. mexicana</italic> no prefieren algún tipo de vegetación en específico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Villanueva-Hernández <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). A diferencia de otras especies del mismo género tal como, <italic>N. lepida</italic>, la cual requiere hábitats rocosos para su termo regulación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Murray &amp; Smith, 2012</xref>). Ante tales diferencias, se requiere complementar el conocimiento relacionado con la selección de la vegetación por las especies de fauna silvestre. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: 1) caracterizar el hábitat de la rata nopalera (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) en sitios con madrigueras y sitios aleatorios; 2) determinar las variables del hábitat con las que mayormente la presencia de la rata nopalera se asocia y 3) complementar la información sobre las características de hábitat con el conocimiento local. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento del género <italic>Neotoma</italic>, sus resultados pueden ser considerados para mejorar las condiciones del hábitat y establecer planes de manejo para esta especie.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Área de estudio</bold>. Este estudio se realizó durante el periodo de septiembre a
				diciembre de 2017 en el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano en los estados de San Luis
				Potosí, Zacatecas y Guanajuato (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). El
				Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano se localiza en la región fisiográfica planicie central
				del Altiplano Mexicano, dentro de las altiplanicies del centro y sur de San Luis
				Potosí y sureste de Zacatecas e incluye Aguascalientes y regiones adyacentes de
				Guanajuato y Jalisco. El área de estudio se ubica en las coordenadas 21°30´a 23°30´
				LN y de 100°45´a 102°45´ LO. Esta zona se caracteriza por la presencia de serranías,
				lomeríos y llanuras, con altitudes de 1 000 a 2 600 m de altitud. Predomina el clima
				seco templado (BS0 kw) con lluvias en el verano y una precipitación invernal entre 5
				y 10.2 % del total anual, presenta temperaturas medias del mes más cálido entre 12 y
				18 °C y el mes más frío entre - 3 y 18 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">INEGI,
					2021</xref>). En las comunidades vegetales es común encontrar matorrales
				crasicaules, rosetófilos y micrófilos.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Estados y municipios en que se caracterizó el hábitat de la rata nopalera (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) en el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e122-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Las especies vegetales que predominan en el matorral crasicaule son del género <italic>Opuntia</italic>, entre ellas: <italic>O. leucotricha, O. streptacantha</italic>, y especies de arbustos como: <italic>Dalea tuberculata, Jatropha dioica, Mimosa aculeaticarpa</italic>. En el matorral desértico micrófilo se encuentra, <italic>Larrea tridentata, Parthenium incanum, Prosopis laevigata, Zinnia acerosa</italic>. El matorral rosetófilo está dominado por <italic>Agave lechuguilla</italic>, <italic>Dasylirion acotriche</italic>, <italic>Yucca carnerosana</italic>, <italic>Y. filifera</italic>, y <italic>Salvia ballotaeflora</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Giménez &amp; González, 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Caracterización del hábitat.</bold> El hábitat de la rata nopalera se caracterizó en
				parcelas circulares de 20 m de diámetro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Solís &amp;
					Gutiérrez, 1990</xref>), considerando las madrigueras activas como centro y en
				sitios aleatorios. Las madrigueras se localizaron con el apoyo de cazadores locales
				mediante recorridos de campo y se consideró como una madriguera activa aquellas
				donde el material de construcción se encontró acomodado, con corredores libres de
				vegetación, presencia de nopal y maguey roído. El muestreo de madrigueras activas
				consistió en seleccionar aquellas que mantuvieran una distancia de al menos 50 m
				entre una y otra. Se evaluó una parcela aleatoria por cada parcela establecida en
				las madrigueras activas, éstas se establecieron a 50, 100, 150 ó 200 m y en
				dirección Norte, Sur, Este, Oeste, considerando el ámbito hogareño cuya distancia
				mayor fue de 50 m para <italic>N. magister</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"
					>Hornsby, 2005</xref>) y el área de actividad de <italic>N. Fuscipes,</italic>
				la cual de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Innes <italic>et al</italic>.
					(2009)</xref> se restringe al área central de su madriguera. Asimismo, <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cranford (1977)</xref> reportó que el ámbito hogareño
				de los machos y hembras de <italic>N. Fuscipes</italic> fue de 2 289 m2 y 1 924 m2,
				respectivamente.</p>
			<p>Los sitios con madrigueras y aleatorios fueron georreferenciados con un Sistema de Posición Global (GPS Garmin Etrex 10) y en ellos se evaluaron las siguientes variables:a) elevación, b) pendiente (%) (clinómetro Suunto PM-5/360 PC), c) exposición de la pendiente (brújula Brunton 5007), d) sustrato (planta en donde se construye la madriguera), e) número de nopales (<italic>Opuntia</italic> spp.), cardenches (<italic>Cylindropuntia</italic> spp.), magueyes (<italic>Agave</italic> spp.), palmas (<italic>Yucca</italic> spp.) y arbustos, así como la cobertura de suelo. Para cuantificar la cobertura del suelo en las categorías de arbustivas, gramíneas, herbáceas, suelo desnudo, material leñoso y roca, se usaron dos líneas Canfield de 20 m, cada una de ellas dividida en 40 secciones de intersección (cada 50 cm).</p>
			<p><bold>Conocimiento local acerca de la rata nopalera.</bold> Para conocer la percepción de los
				cazadores-recolectores (C-R) acerca del uso del hábitat por la rata nopalera, de su
				alimento y algunas acciones que ellos consideran llevar a cabo para conservar sus
				poblaciones, se les aplicaron encuestas mediante la metodología bola de nieve, la
				cual consiste en que a cada persona que ha sido encuestada se le solicita que
				recomiende a otras personas para ser entrevistadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"
					>Ledesma <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadísticos.</bold> Se obtuvieron las estadísticas descriptivas (media y
				desviaciones estándar) de las variables del hábitat de la rata nopalera (cobertura
				del suelo y densidad de vegetación). Asimismo, para comparar la información de las
				variables de los sitios con madrigueras y aleatorios se realizó una prueba no
				paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis en el software JMP v.13.10 (2016). Para disminuir la
				varianza en el conjunto de variables independientes (Categorías de la cobertura de
				suelo, densidad de plantas, elevación, pendiente, exposición de la pendiente) se
				realizó un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) en el software R v. 3.4.3 (R
				Core Team, 2013). La asociación gráfica de la presencia de las madrigueras con las
				variables que resultaron del ACP, se obtuvo con un Análisis de Correspondencia
				Simple (ACS) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Ledesma, 2008</xref>) en el software
				Statistica v.13.3 (2017); para ello, las variables ordi nales se convirtieron a
				variables nominales y se categorizaron. En todos los casos se consideró un intervalo
				de confianza del 95 % y un α = 0.05. Finalmente, las frecuencias y porcentajes de
				las variables incluidas en las encuestas se obtuvieron en Microsoft Excel
				(2016).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Las madrigueras de la rata nopalera se localizaron a una altitud promedio de 2105 ± 87.38 m en pendientes bajas (4 %) y solo una se ubicó en un sitio con pendiente de 11 %. La exposición de la pendiente no representó un componente clave del hábitat para el establecimiento de las madrigueras por <italic>N. leucodon</italic>, puesto que no hubo preferencia por alguna exposición; sin embargo, 12 y 10 madrigueras se encontraron en exposiciones Noreste (NE) y Noroeste (NO), respectivamente.</p>
			<p>En campo se identificó que la mayoría de las madrigueras se construyeron en la base de magueyes (40.9 %) y nopales (36.4 %), mientras que el 47.6 % de los C-R mencionaron que la rata nopalera construye sus madrigueras en el nopal y el 33.3 % de ellos mencionan que en el maguey. Sin embargo, el 42.8 % de los C-R aseguran que las ratas son más grandes cuando se encuentran en el maguey. Las madrigueras de la rata nopalera se encontraron donde hubo mayor densidad de arbustos y maguey (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Medias y desviaciones estándar de la densidad de plantas (individuos ha<sup>-1</sup>) en sitios con madrigueras y aleatorios en el hábitat de la rata nopalera (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) del Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Sitio</td>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">Madriguera (n = 44)</td>
								<td align="justify">Aleatorio (n = 44)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Maguey</td>
								<td align="justify">740.1 ± 899</td>
								<td align="justify">263.3 ± 362.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Nopal</td>
								<td align="justify">590.3 ± 473.1</td>
								<td align="justify">413 ± 563.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cardenche</td>
								<td align="justify">102 ± 133.9</td>
								<td align="justify">122.2 ± 154.7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Arbustivas</td>
								<td align="justify">2085.6 ± 1825</td>
								<td align="justify">2156.6 ± 2004.9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Palmas</td>
								<td align="justify">28.9 ± 67.9</td>
								<td align="left">20.3 ± 47.1</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En los sitios con madrigueras y aleatorios, las variables densidad de plantas y cobertura de suelo no mostraron diferencias significativas (α = 0.05), aun cuando en los sitios con madrigueras se encontró una mayor densidad de maguey y nopal, así como porcentajes mayores de cobertura por arbustivas y material leñoso, mientras que los sitios aleatorios fueron más propensos a contener roca, herbáceas y gramíneas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabla 2</xref>). El ACP sugiere que, de las 14 variables evaluadas, seis explican en mayor proporción el fenómeno bajo estudio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Medias y desviaciones estándar de los porcentajes de cobertura de suelo de los sitios con madrigueras y aleatorios en el hábitat de la rata nopalera (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) del Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr><td align="left"></td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Sitio</td></tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Cobertura de suelo (%)</td>
								<td align="left">Madriguera (n = 44)</td>
								
								<td align="left">Aleatorio (n = 44)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Arbustivas</td>
								<td align="left">36.1 ± 17.5</td>
								
								<td align="left">23.1 ± 16</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Suelo desnudo</td>
								<td align="left">18.6 ± 16.1</td>
								
								<td align="left">19.3 ± 19</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Roca</td>
								<td align="left">13.6 ± 13.2</td>
								
								<td align="left">23.2 ± 22.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Material leñoso</td>
								<td align="left">8.4 ± 5.6</td>
								
								<td align="left">1.5 ± 2.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Gramíneas</td>
								<td align="left">13.4 ± 13.7</td>
								
								<td align="left">18.6 ± 18</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Herbáceas</td>
								<td align="left">9.9 ± 15</td>
								
								<td align="left">14.2 ± 19.3</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resultado del ACP de las variables del hábitat de los sitios con madrigueras (44 sitios) y aleatorios (44 sitios) en el hábitat de la rata nopalera (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) del Altiplano Potosino- Zacatecano</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Variable</th>
								<th align="left">Comp. 1</th>
								<th align="left">Comp. 2</th>
								<th align="left">Comp. 3</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">ALTITUD</td>
								<td align="left">0.3044</td>
								<td align="left">0.2360</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.1649</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">COB.ARBU</td>
								<td align="left">0.0639</td>
								<td align="left">- <italic>0.5350</italic></td>
								<td align="left">0.2142</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">COB.GRAMIN</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.0031</td>
								<td align="left">0.2899</td>
								<td align="left">0.4895</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">COB.MATLE</td>
								<td align="left">0.0610</td>
								<td align="left">-0.3566</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.294</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">COB.PAST</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.0846</td>
								<td align="left">0.2016</td>
								<td align="left">- <italic>0.5663</italic></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">COB.ROCA</td>
								<td align="left">- <italic>0.4076</italic></td>
								<td align="left">0.2375</td>
								<td align="left">0.0086</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">COB.SUELDES</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>0.4437</italic></td>
								<td align="left">- 0.0717</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.0969</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DENS.ARBU</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>0.4095</italic></td>
								<td align="left">- 0.0596</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.1404</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DENS.CARDE</td>
								<td align="left">0.3586</td>
								<td align="left">0.1626</td>
								<td align="left">0.1045</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DENS.MAGUEY</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.2506</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.3536</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.0717</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DENS.NOPAL</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.0257</td>
								<td align="left">- <italic>0.3696</italic></td>
								<td align="left">0.3121</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DENS.PALMAS</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.1699</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.2079</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.3700</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">PENDIENTE</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.3746</td>
								<td align="left">0.0977</td>
								<td align="left">- 0.0047</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Importancia de los componentes</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center"><bold>Comp. 1</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>Comp. 2</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>Comp. 3</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Desviación estándar</td>
								<td align="left">1.7429231</td>
								<td align="left">1.5177777</td>
								<td align="left">1.2400455</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Proporción de la varianza</td>
								<td align="left">0.2336755</td>
								<td align="left">0.1772038</td>
								<td align="left">0.1182856</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Proporción acumulada</td>
								<td align="left">0.2336755</td>
								<td align="left">0.4108792</td>
								<td align="left">0.5291649</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>COB.ARBU = Cobertura de arbustos (%), COB.GRAMIN = Cobertura de gramíneas (%), COB.MATLE = Cobertura de material leñoso (%), COB.PAST = Cobertura de pasto (%), COB.ROCA = Cobertura de roca (%), COB.SUELDES = Cobertura de suelo desnudo (%), DENS.ARBU = Densidad de arbustos ha <sup>-1</sup>, DENS.CARDE = Densidad de cardenches ha <sup>-1</sup>, DENS.MAGUEY = Densidad de maguey ha <sup>-1</sup>, DENS.NOPAL = Densidad de nopal ha <sup>-1</sup>, DENS.PALMAS = Densidad de palmas ha<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El análisis de correspondencia simple mostró una asociación gráfica de las variables que resultaron del ACP con la presencia de las madrigueras de la rata nopalera en el área de estudio, éste identificó la conformación de tres grupos que se relacionan con una inercia que explica el 37.5 % (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Los grupos uno y tres demuestran que la rata nopalera tiene una preferencia por la densidad de nopales, cobertura y densidad de arbustivas, cobertura de roca, cobertura de gramíneas y suelo desnudo.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title><bold>Representación dimensional del ACS para presencia de rata nopalera (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) y las variables categóricas del hábitat en el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano. °</bold> Sitios con madrigueras y □ variables del hábitat; DArbMB= densidad arbustiva ha<sup>-1</sup> muy baja, DArbBaj= densidad arbustiva ha<sup>-1</sup> baja, DArbMed= densidad arbustiva ha<sup>-1</sup> media, DArbAlt= densidad arbustiva ha<sup>-1</sup>alta, ArbMed= cobertura arbustiva media, ArbBaj= cobertura arbustiva baja, ArbAlt= cobertura arbustiva alta, RoBaj= cobertura de roca baja, RoMed= cobertura de roca media, RoAlt= cobertura de roca alta, PasBaj= cobertura de gramíneas baja, PasMed= cobertura de gramíneas media, PasAlt= cobertura de gramíneas alta, NopBaj= densidad de nopal ha<sup>-1</sup> baja, NopMed= densidad de nopal ha<sup>-1</sup> media ,SDBaj= cobertura de suelo desnudo bajo, SDMed= cobertura de suelo desnudo medio, SDAlt= cobertura de suelo desnudo alto.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e122-gf2.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>El 66.7 % de los encuestados mencionan que la rata nopalera basa su alimentación en la ingesta de nopal rastrero (<italic>O. rastrera</italic>), nopal cardón (<italic>O. streptacantha</italic>) y maguey (<italic>Agave</italic> spp.); por ello, es considerada como un alimento saludable y libre de contaminantes. El 36 % de los C-R, aseguran que la rata se puede cazar durante todo el año; no obstante, esta actividad ha diezmado sus poblaciones, así lo aseguró el 42.8 % de los C-R, el 38 % mencionan que su abundancia se ha mantenido y sólo el 23.8 % hizo referencia a que ha aumentado. Sin embargo, la abundancia de la rata en el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano aún se desconoce, así como su nivel de consumo e índice de aprovechamiento por la población local.</p>
			<p>El 71.4 % de los C-R mencionaron que existe una rata por madriguera y el resto mencionan que cuando las hembras están lactando este número se incrementa. Por ello, los C-R mencionan que, para mantener una abundancia adecuada a través del tiempo, es importante dejarlas que se reproduzcan, mantener la vegetación y establecer temporadas de caza (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Aspectos que la población local considera importantes para conservar las poblaciones de rata nopalera (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) en el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e122-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Es importante mencionar que los C-R consideran que la caza de la rata nopalera no es un deporte, la hacen por necesidad y porque la consideran de uso medicinal. Los C-R mencionan que, aun cuando a la rata la pueden aprovechar durante todo el año, ellos las extraen cuando las encargan para algún enfermo o cuando desean consumirla.</p>
			<p>En algunos sitios, la caza de la rata provoca daños a la vegetación, esto sucede cuando las ratas están muy escondidas y es necesario cavar profundo hasta encontrarlas. Sin embargo, los cazadores conscientes del impacto de esta actividad, cuando cortan las pencas del nopal para buscar y recolectar las ratas, se aseguran de cubrirlas con tierra, lo que consideran como una reforestación. Asimismo, en los recorridos de campo que se realizaron, la mayoría de las madrigueras se localizaron en magueyes secos en donde es más fácil obtenerlas. Por otra parte, los C-R no destruyen la madriguera por completo, ya que en ésta anidará otra rata; por ello, la mayoría de las veces cazan a las ratas en los ejidos de su localidad.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La rata selecciona pendientes relativamente bajas (4 %) para la construcción de sus madrigueras, a diferencia de otras especies del mismo género, por ejemplo, <italic>N. fuscipes</italic> construye sus madrigueras en pendientes de hasta 35 % y a medida que aumenta, la probabilidad de encontrar una madriguera es de 15 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Innes <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>), quizá porque la inclinación le permite un mejor drenaje. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que las madrigueras que se encuentran en pendientes pronunciadas sufren mayor daño por clima y depredadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Slowik, 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>La construcción de madrigueras en la base de sus principales fuentes de alimento (O<italic>puntia</italic> spp. y <italic>Agave</italic> spp.) le garantiza una cercanía a su alimento y le evita encuentros antagónicos intraespecíficos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">De Haro &amp; Martínez-Gutiérrez, 2017</xref>); además, le brinda protección durante el forrajeo y el gasto energético por desplazamiento es menor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Atsatt &amp; Ingram, 1983</xref>). Otra estrategia de sobrevivencia de esta especie es proteger la entrada de sus madrigueras, pues en ellas anidan, descansan, almacenan alimentos y sirven de refugio para otras especies de invertebrados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Innes <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Whitford &amp; Steinberger, 2010</xref>). La protección de la entrada de la madriguera consiste en formar montículos de material vegetal seco, ramas de arbustos y cactus con espinas, lo que les permite mantener alejados a los depredadores, este comportamiento es característico también de <italic>N. lepida</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Murray &amp; Smith, 2012</xref>)). En otras ocasiones <italic>N. magister, N. lepida</italic> y <italic>N. cinerea,</italic> seleccionan afloramientos rocosos para construir sus madrigueras, pues le implica menos trabajo proteger su madriguera y le brinda diversas formas de escape (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lombardi <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>La densidad de arbustos y nopales, en el matorral desértico, resultaron un componente importante en el hábitat de la rata nopalera. El nopal es una fuente de alimento y agua para la rata nopalera, mientras que los arbustos le proporcionan material de construcción y una diversidad de alimento. En Arizona, <italic>N. albigula</italic> alcanzó sus poblaciones más altas en sitios donde los nopales abundan, aun cuando no hubo cobertura de arbustos e incluso en praderas abiertas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Eldridge <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). A diferencia de <italic>N. leucodon, N. albigula</italic> no se asocia con nopales, pero si con arbustos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Turkowski &amp; Watkins, 1976</xref>) al igual que <italic>N. fuscipes riparia</italic>, la cual se correlaciona positivamente con la densidad de plantas, ya que construye sus madrigueras bajo la cubierta de matorrales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Schooley <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Por el contrario, en California se ha reportado que aun cuando la densidad de arbustos es un componente importante del microhábitat, esta no determina la ubicación de <italic>N. fuscipes</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Innes <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>La cobertura de arbustos, gramíneas, roca y la presencia de suelo desnudo fueron componentes importantes en el hábitat de la rata nopalera. La cobertura de arbustos no sólo brinda protección contra la depredación, sino que mejora las condiciones de humedad y temperatura para la supervivencia de la especie (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Slowik, 2015</xref>). De manera similar, <italic>N. cinerea</italic> se relaciona con coberturas provenientes de coníferas y troncos sobre la superficie del suelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Lehmkuhl <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>) a diferencia de otros estudios que mencionan que <italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic> no muestra una asociación con la cobertura de plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Markovchick-Nicholls <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). Sin embargo, para determinar la preferencia de hábitat por la rata nopalera, es necesario incrementar el esfuerzo de muestreo, identificar las especies de arbustos y nopales, así como determinar su índice de valor de importancia. La cobertura de gramíneas es importante, pues ante una escasez de alimento, estas funcionan como sustituto alimenticio de la rata nopalera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Eldridge <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). La cobertura de suelo desnudo, quizá no esté relacionada estrechamente con la presencia de rata nopalera en el hábitat; sin embargo, esta variable podría ser un indicador de las perturbaciones humanas como la ganadería y de los efectos erosivos provocados por el viento y la lluvia. Es muy probable que la asociación de la rata nopalera con la cobertura de gramíneas y arbustos, sea una estrategia para evitar encuentros antagónicos y competencia en su nicho.</p>
			<p>Una reducción significativa de la rata nopalera se reportó en el centro norte de México, donde el aprovechamiento excesivo disminuyó sus poblaciones a tal grado que los pobladores locales la creyeron extinta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Martínez-Calderas <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). Sin embargo, en el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano, la abundancia de la rata aún se desconoce y no se cuenta con información sobre el nivel de aprovechamiento por parte de la población local. Aunque a nivel internacional, <italic>N. leucodon</italic> y <italic>N. mexicana</italic> se encuentran en la categoría de preocupación menor, debido a su amplia distribución y su presunta gran población (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">IUCN, 2016a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">2016b</xref>), en México estas especies no están enlistadas en la NOM-059- SEMARNAT-2001 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">SEMARNAT, 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Aun cuando la rata nopalera no se encuentra en ningún estatus de protección, para evitar su sobreexplotación, es necesario establecer planes de manejo para su aprovechamiento sustentable, establecer la temporada de aprovechamiento y estandarizar los métodos de caza. En referencia a las recomendaciones de los C-R para mantener a la rata nopalera, se debiera establecer un Sistema de Unidades de Manejo para la Conservación de la Vida Silvestre y centros de reproducción y pie de cría con fines de reintroducción en hábitats como los reportados en el presente estudio.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>El conocimiento local sobre las condiciones de hábitat de la rata nopalera y la investigación realizada en campo, demuestran que la presencia de nopales y arbustos (huizaches, gobernadora y rama blanca) son un componente clave en el hábitat de la rata nopalera<italic>,</italic> pues de estos depende su alimentación. Asimismo, el nopal le brinda el sustrato para la construcción de su madriguera y los arbustos el material, así como protección contra depredadores y temperaturas altas. Aun cuando en esta investigación el maguey fue el principal sustrato donde la rata nopalera construyó sus madrigueras, éste no fue un componente importante según el ACP y el ACS.</p>
			<p>Sin duda, el éxito de supervivencia de la rata nopalera se debe a su gama alimenticia, a su adaptabilidad a ecosistemas diversos y a la habilidad para construir sus madrigueras con los materiales disponibles en su hábitat. Los resultados de esta investigación y las consideraciones de los cazadores-recolectores, sugieren mantener la vegetación en el hábitat de la rata nopalera, así como elaborar planes de manejo para un aprovechamiento sustentable de la especie en el Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Al Colegio de Postgraduados Campus San Luis Potosí, por el financiamiento para realizar la investigación, al CONACyT por otorgar los recursos financieros para la beca de maestría de la primera autora, al Biólogo Alfredo Esparza Orozco por su apoyo y a los cazadores-recolectores del Altiplano Potosino-Zacatecano por su apoyo en campo y por su colaboración en responder las encuestas.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>LITERATURA CITADA</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Atsatt PR, Ingram T. 1983. Adaptation to oak and other fibrous, phenolic-rich foliage by a small mammal, <italic>Neotoma fuscipes</italic>. <italic>Oecologia</italic>. 60:135-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379333</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Atsatt</surname>
							<given-names>PR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ingram</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1983</year>
					<article-title>Adaptation to oak and other fibrous, phenolic-rich foliage by a small mammal</article-title>
					<source>Neotoma fuscipes. Oecologia</source>
					<volume>60</volume>
					<fpage>135</fpage>
					<lpage>142</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF00379333</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
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						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López-González</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Habitat selection by rodents at the transition between the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Mexican Plateau, México</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Mammalogy</source>
					<volume>98</volume>
					<fpage>293</fpage>
					<lpage>301</lpage>
					<issn>0022-2372</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jmammal/gyw173</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B36">
				<mixed-citation>Whitford WG, Steinberger Y. 2010. Pack rats (<italic>Neotoma</italic> spp.): Keystone ecological engineers? <italic>Journal of Arid Environments</italic>. 74:1450-1455. ISSN:0140-1963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.05.025</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Whitford</surname>
							<given-names>WG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Steinberger</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Pack rats (Neotoma spp.): Keystone ecological engineers</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Arid Environments</source>
					<volume>74</volume>
					<fpage>1450</fpage>
					<lpage>1455</lpage>
					<issn>0140-1963</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.05.025</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Clave: e2021-18.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Habitat characteristics of the white-toothed woodrat (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) in the Potosino-Zacatecan plateau</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The white-toothed woodrat (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) inhabits the arid zones of north-central Mexico and it is important for rural communities for food and economic income. The objective was to characterize the habitat of the white-toothed <italic>woodrat</italic> in the Potosino-Zacatecano Plateau. In 44 sites with burrows and 44 random sites, the altitude, slope, slope exposure, ground cover: shrubs, grasses, rock, woody material and bare soil, as well as the density of prickly pear cactus, agave, shrubs and palms were recorded. In addition, 21 hunter-gatherers (H-G) were surveyed about woodrat habitat conditions. The <italic>woodrat</italic> builds its burrows in agaves (40.4 %) and 47.6 % of the H-Gs stated that the woodrat was more frequent in prickly pear cactus. Ninety % of the burrows were located on terrain with low slopes (≤ 4 %), where shrub density and cover were dominant (2085.6 ± 1825 ha <sup>-1</sup>, 36.1 ± 17.5%, respectively). Rat burrows are associated with shrubs and cactus, as they provide them with food and protection from predators. The H-G consider that in order to conserve the woodrat it is necessary to allow them to reproduce, establish hunting seasons and maintain the vegetation.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Soil cover</kwd>
				<kwd>local knowledge</kwd>
				<kwd>density</kwd>
				<kwd>burrow</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Rodents are the largest group of mammals in the world; in Mexico there are about 245 known species of rodents. The genus <italic>Neotoma</italic> is composed of four subgenera (Teonopus, Hodomys, Teonoma and Neotoma), the latter consisting of four species (<italic>albigula</italic>, <italic>floridana</italic>, <italic>lepida</italic> and <italic>mexicana</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hall, 1982</xref>) and more recently <italic>N. leucodon</italic>, which, through cytochrome-b sequencing was separated from the <italic>N. albigula</italic> group (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Edwards <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>).</p>
				<p>The species distributed in the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau are <italic>N. leucodon</italic> and <italic>N. mexicana</italic>. The distribution of <italic>N. leucodon</italic> ranges from southeastern Colorado, eastern New Mexico, western Oklahoma and Texas (USA). Southward through Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Querétaro and into central Mexico, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ceballos, 2010a</xref>), while the distribution of <italic>N. mexicana</italic> starts from southeastern Utah and central Colorado, U.S.A., south to western and interior Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Ceballos, 2010b</xref>).</p>
				<p>White-toothed woodrats, in addition to playing an important role in community dynamics, are prey for some birds and mammals, including humans. In the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau, this species is used by the rural population as a source of food and for local trade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Márquez-Olivas, 2002</xref>). Inhabitants of this area attribute various nutritional properties to this species and consider it to be a safe food, since their diet is based on plant consumption. However, its habitat preferences are unknown.</p>
				<p>White-toothed woodrat is territorial, and like other rodents is ecologically important, as it disperses seeds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Schupp <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>) and enhances the regeneration of plant communities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Nathan &amp; Muller-Landau, 2000</xref>); likewise, plant communities allow the establishment of diverse rodent populations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Riojas-López, 2012</xref>). In addition, rat burrows enhance water infiltration, allow for nitrogen mineralization, and they are refugia for arthropods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Whitford &amp; Steinberger, 2010</xref>). <italic>N. albigula</italic> is a generalist and feeds on <italic>Opuntia</italic> spp, <italic>Yucca</italic> spp, <italic>Prosopis</italic> spp and <italic>Agave</italic> spp. (92%), cactus fruits and insects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Sorensen <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>); however, little is known about the vegetation influence on the settlement of its populations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Edwards &amp; Bradley, 2002</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>N. leucodon</italic> is associated with desert scrub (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Edwards <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>); however, another study showed that <italic>N. leucodon</italic> and <italic>N</italic>. <italic>mexicana</italic> do not prefer any specific vegetation type (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Villanueva-Hernández <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Unlike other species of the same genus such as, <italic>N. lepida</italic>, which requires rocky habitats for thermoregulation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Murray &amp; Smith, 2012</xref>). Given such differences, it is required to complement the knowledge related to the vegetation selection by wildlife species. The objectives of this work were: 1) to characterize the white-toothed woodrat habitat (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) in sites with burrows and random sites; 2) to determine the habitat variables with which the presence of the white-toothed woodrat is mostly associated and 3) to complement the information on habitat characteristics with local knowledge. This study contributes to the knowledge of the genus <italic>Neotoma</italic>, and its results can be considered to improve habitat conditions and establish management plans for this species.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>Study area. This study was conducted during the period from September to December 2017 in the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau in San Luis Potosí, Zacatecas and Guanajuato states (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). The Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau is located in the central plain physiographic region of the Mexican high plateau, within the high plateau of central and southern San Luis Potosí and southeastern Zacatecas and includes Aguascalientes and adjacent regions of Guanajuato and Jalisco. The study area is located at coordinates 21°30' to 23°30' NL and 100°45'to 102°45' WL. This zone is characterized by the presence of mountain ranges, hills and plains, with altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 2,600 m. The climate is predominantly dry and temperate. The climate is predominantly dry temperate (BS0 kw) with rainfall in the summer and winter precipitation between 5 and 10.2% of the annual total, with average temperatures in the warmest month between 12 and 18 °C and the coldest month between -3 and 18 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">INEGI, 2021</xref>). In the plant communities it is common to find succulent, rosetophyllous and microphyllous scrub.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>States and municipalities in which the habitat of the white-toothed woodrat (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) was characterized in the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e122-gf4.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The predominant plant species in the succulent scrub are of the <italic>Opuntia</italic> genus, including:<italic>O. leucotricha</italic>, <italic>O. streptacantha</italic>, and shrub species such as: <italic>Dalea tuberculata</italic>, <italic>Jatropha dioica</italic>, <italic>Mimosa aculeaticarpa</italic>. In the microphyllous desert scrub, <italic>Larrea tridentata</italic>, <italic>Parthenium incanum</italic>, <italic>Prosopis laevigata</italic>, <italic>Zinnia acerosa</italic>. The rosetophyllous scrub is dominated by <italic>Agave lechuguilla</italic>, <italic>Dasylirion acotriche</italic>, <italic>Yucca carnerosana</italic>, Y<italic>. filifera</italic>, and <italic>Salvia ballotaeflora</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Giménez &amp; González, 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Habitat characterization.</bold> The white-toothed woodrat habitat was characterized in
					circular plots of 20 m diameter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Solís &amp;
						Gutiérrez, 1990</xref>), considering active burrows as the center and in
					random sites. Burrows were located with the support of local hunters by means of
					field trips and active burrows were considered to be those where the
					construction material was found arranged, with corridors free of vegetation,
					presence of cactus and gnawed maguey. The sampling of active burrows consisted
					of selecting those that maintained a distance of at least 50 m between one
					burrow and another. A random plot was evaluated for each plot established in the
					active burrows, these were established at 50, 100, 150 or 200 m and in a north,
					south, east and west direction, considering the home range, whose greatest
					distance was 50 m for <italic>N. magister</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B11">Hornsby, 2005</xref>) and the activity area of <italic>N.
						fuscipes</italic>, which according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Innes
							<italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> is restricted to the central area
					of its burrow. Likewise, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cranford (1977)</xref>
					reported that the home range of males and females of <italic>N</italic>.
					fuscipes was 2 289 m<sup>2</sup> and 1 924 m<sup>2</sup>, respectively.</p>
				<p>Burrowed and random sites were georeferenced with a Global Positioning System (GPS Garmin Etrex 10) and the following variables were evaluated: a) elevation, b) slope (%) (Suunto PM-5/360 PC clinometer), c) slope exposure (Brunton 5007 compass), d) substrate (plant where the burrow is built), e) number of prickly pear cactus (<italic>Opuntia</italic> spp.), cardenches (<italic>Cylindropuntia</italic> spp.), magueys (<italic>Agave</italic> spp.), palms (<italic>Yucca</italic> spp.) and shrubs, as well as ground cover. To quantify ground cover in the categories of shrubs, grasses, herbaceous, bare soil, woody material and rock, two 20 m Canfield lines were used, each divided into 40 intersecting sections (every 50 cm).</p>
				<p><bold>Local knowledge about the white-toothed woodrat.</bold> In order to know the perception
					of hunter-gatherers (H-G) about the use of the habitat by the white-toothed
					woodrat, its food and some actions that they consider taking to conserve their
					populations, surveys were applied using the snowball methodology, which consists
					of asking each person who has been surveyed to recommend other people to be
					interviewed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Ledesma <italic>et al</italic>.,
						2002</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis. </bold>Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviations) were
					obtained for the white-toothed woodrat habitat variables (ground cover and
					vegetation density). Also, to compare variables´ information of burrowed and
					random sites, a Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was performed in JMP v.13.10
					software (2016). To decrease the variance in the set of independent variables
					(Ground cover categories, plant density, elevation, slope, slope exposure) a
					Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed in R software v. 3.4.3 (R Core
					Team, 2013). The graphical association of the presence of burrows with the
					variables that resulted from the PCA was obtained with a Simple Correspondence
					Analysis (SCA) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Ledesma, 2008</xref>) in
					Statistica v. 13.3 software (2017); for this, ordinal variables were converted
					to nominal variables and categorized. In all cases, a 95 % confidence interval
					and α = 0.05 were considered. Finally, frequencies and percentages of the
					variables included in surveys were obtained in Microsoft Excel (2016).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>The white-toothed woodrat burrows were located at an average altitude of 2105 ± 87.38 m on low slopes (4 %) and only one was located on a site with a slope of 11 %. Slope exposure did not represent a key habitat component for burrow establishment by <italic>N. leucodon</italic>, as there was no preference for any exposure; however, 12 and 10 burrows were found on northeast (NE) and northwest (NW) exposures, respectively.</p>
				<p>In the field it was identified that most of the burrows were built at maguey base (40.9 %) and prickly pear cactus (36.4 %), while 47.6 % of the H-G mentioned that white-toothed woodrats build their burrows in the prickly pear cactus and 33.3 % of them mentioned that in the maguey. However, 42.8% of the H-G said that the rats are bigger when they are in the maguey. The white-toothed woodrat burrows were found where there was a higher density of shrubs and maguey (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Means and standard deviations of plant density (individual ha<sup>-1</sup>) in burrowed and random sites in the white-toothed woodrat (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) habitat of the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Site </td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Burrow (n = 44)</td>
									<td align="justify">Ramdom (n = 44)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Maguey</td>
									<td align="justify">740.1 ± 899</td>
									<td align="justify">263.3 ± 362.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Prickly pear cactus</td>
									<td align="justify">590.3 ± 473.1</td>
									<td align="justify">413 ± 563.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cardenche</td>
									<td align="justify">102 ± 133.9</td>
									<td align="justify">122.2 ± 154.7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Shrubs</td>
									<td align="justify">2085.6 ± 1825</td>
									<td align="justify">2156.6 ± 2004.9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Palms</td>
									<td align="justify">28.9 ± 67.9</td>
									<td align="justify">20.3 ± 47.1</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In the burrowed and random sites, the plant density and ground cover variables did not show significant differences (α = 0.05), even though in the burrowed sites a higher density of maguey and prickly pear cactus was found, as well as higher percentages of cover by shrubs and woody material, while random sites were more likely to contain rock, herbaceous and grasses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). The PCA suggests that, of the 14 variables evaluated, six explain in greater proportion the phenomenon under study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Means and standard deviations of ground cover percentages of burrowed and random sites in the white-toothed woodrat (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) habitat of the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Site </td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ground cover (%)</td>
									<td align="justify">Burrow (n = 44)</td>
									<td align="justify">Ramdom (n = 44)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Shrubs</td>
									<td align="justify">36.1 ± 17.5</td>
									<td align="justify">23.1 ± 16</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Bare soil</td>
									<td align="justify">18.6 ± 16.1</td>
									<td align="justify">19.3 ± 19</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Rock</td>
									<td align="justify">13.6 ± 13.2</td>
									<td align="justify">23.2 ± 22.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Woody material</td>
									<td align="justify">8.4 ± 5.6</td>
									<td align="justify">1.5 ± 2.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Grasses</td>
									<td align="justify">13.4 ± 13.7</td>
									<td align="justify">18.6 ± 18</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Herbaceous</td>
									<td align="justify">9.9 ± 15</td>
									<td align="justify">14.2 ± 19.3</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>PCA results for habitat variables of burrowing (44 sites) and random (44 sites) sites in the habitat of the white-toothed woodrat (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) in the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Variable</th>
									<th align="justify">Comp. 1</th>
									<th align="justify">Comp. 2</th>
									<th align="justify">Comp. 3</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">ALTITUDE</td>
									<td align="justify">0.3044</td>
									<td align="justify">0.2360</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.1649</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">SHR COVER</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0639</td>
									<td align="justify">- <italic>0.5350</italic></td>
									<td align="justify">0.2142</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">GR COVER</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.0031</td>
									<td align="justify">0.2899</td>
									<td align="justify">0.4895</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">WOODMC</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0610</td>
									<td align="justify">-0.3566</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.294</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">FOR COV</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.0846</td>
									<td align="justify">0.2016</td>
									<td align="justify">- <italic>0.5663</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">ROCK COV.</td>
									<td align="justify">- <italic>0.4076</italic></td>
									<td align="justify">0.2375</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0086</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">BS COV</td>
									<td align="justify"><italic>0.4437</italic></td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.0717</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.0969</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">SHR DENS</td>
									<td align="justify"><italic>0.4095</italic></td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.0596</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.1404</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CARDE DENS</td>
									<td align="justify">0.3586</td>
									<td align="justify">0.1626</td>
									<td align="justify">0.1045</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">MAGUEY DENS</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.2506</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.3536</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.0717</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">PPEAR DENS</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.0257</td>
									<td align="justify">- <italic>0.3696</italic></td>
									<td align="justify">0.3121</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">PALMS DENS.</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.1699</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.2079</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.3700</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">SLOPE</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.3746</td>
									<td align="justify">0.0977</td>
									<td align="justify">- 0.0047</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Importance of components</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Comp. 1</td>
									<td align="justify">Comp. 2</td>
									<td align="justify">Comp. 3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Standard deviation</td>
									<td align="justify">1.7429231</td>
									<td align="justify">1.5177777</td>
									<td align="justify">1.2400455</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Proportion of variance</td>
									<td align="justify">0.2336755</td>
									<td align="justify">0.1772038</td>
									<td align="justify">0.1182856</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cumulative proportion</td>
									<td align="justify">0.2336755</td>
									<td align="justify">0.4108792</td>
									<td align="justify">0.5291649</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>SH COVER= Shrub cover (%), GRA COVER = Grass cover (%), WOODMC = Woody material cover (%), FOR COVER. = forage cover (%), ROCK COV. = Rock cover (%), BS COV = Bare soil cover (%), SHR DENS = Density of shrubs ha <sup>-1</sup>, CARDE DENS = Density of cardenches ha <sup>-1</sup>, MAGUEY DENS = Density of maguey ha <sup>-1</sup>, PPEAR DENS = Density of prickly pear cactus ha <sup>-1</sup>, PALMS DENS = Density of palms ha<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The simple correspondence analysis showed a graphic association of variables that resulted from the PCA with the presence of white-toothed woodrat burrows in the study area, which identified the conformation of three groups that are related with an inertia that explains 37.5% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>). Groups one and three show that the white-toothed woodrat a preference for prickly pear cactus density, shrub cover and density, rock cover, grass cover and bare ground.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title><bold>Dimensional representation of the SCA for white-toothed woodrat (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) presence and categorical habitat variables in the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau. °</bold> Sites with burrows and <sup>□</sup> habitat variables; DArbMB= shrub density ha<sup>-1</sup> very low, DArbBaj= shrub density ha<sup>-1</sup> low, DArbMed= shrub density ha<sup>-1</sup> medium, DArbAlt= shrub density ha<sup>-1</sup>high, ArbMed= shrub cover medium, ArbBaj= shrub cover low, ArbAlt= shrub cover high, RoBaj= rock cover low, RoMed= rock cover medium, RoAlt= high rock cover, PasBaj= low grass cover, PasMed= medium grass cover, PasAlt= high grass cover, NopBaj= low cactus density ha<sup>-1</sup>, NopMed= medium cactus density ha<sup>-1</sup> ,SDBaj= low bare soil cover, SDMed= medium bare soil cover, SDAlt= high bare soil cover. </title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e122-gf5.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>66.7 % of respondents mentioned that the white-toothed woodrat bases its diet on the intake of creeping cactus (<italic>O. rastrera</italic>), cardon cactus (<italic>O. streptacantha</italic>) and maguey (<italic>Agave</italic> spp.); therefore, it is considered as a healthy food free of contaminants. Thirty-six percent of the H-Gs stated that the rat can be hunted throughout the year; however, this activity has decimated its populations, as 42.8 % of the H-Gs stated, 38% mentioned that its abundance has remained the same and only 23.8% mentioned that it has increased. However, the abundance of this rat in the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau is still unknown, as well as its level of consumption and rate of utilization by the local population.</p>
				<p>71.4% of the H-G mentioned that there is one rat per burrow and the rest mentioned that when females are lactating this number increases. Therefore, the H-G mentioned that, in order to maintain an adequate abundance over time, it is important to let them reproduce, maintain the vegetation and establish hunting seasons (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>). time they hunt the rats in their local common lands.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title><bold>Aspects considered important by the local population to conserve populations of the white-toothed woodrat (<italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic>) in the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau</bold></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e122-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>It is important to mention that the H-G consider that hunting the white-toothed woodrat is not a sport; they do it out of necessity and because they consider it for medicinal use. The H-G mention that, even though the rats can be used throughout the year, they extract them when they order them for a sick person or when they wish to consume them.</p>
				<p>In some places, rat hunting causes damage to vegetation; this happens when the rats are much hidden and it is necessary to dig deep to find them. However, hunters, aware of the impact of this activity, when they cut the cactus stalks to search for and collect rats, make sure to cover them with soil, which they consider to be reforestation. Likewise, in the field visits that were conducted, most of burrows were located in dry maguey where it is easier to obtain them. On the other hand, the H-G do not destroy the burrow completely, since another rat will nest in it; therefore, most of of the time they hunt the rats in their local common lands. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The construction of burrows at the base of its main food sources (Opuntia spp. and Agave spp.) guarantees proximity to its food and avoids antagonistic intraspecific encounters (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">De Haro &amp; Martínez-Gutiérrez, 2017</xref>); in addition, it provides protection during foraging and the energy expenditure for displacement is lower (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Atsatt &amp; Ingram, 1983</xref>). Another survival strategy of this species is to protect the entrance of their burrows, as they nest, rest, store food and serve as shelter for other invertebrate species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Innes <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Whitford &amp; Steinberger, 2010</xref>). Protection of the burrow entrance consists of forming mounds of dry plant material, shrub branches and cacti with spines, which allows them to keep predators away, this behavior is also characteristic of <italic>N. lepida</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Murray &amp; Smith, 2012</xref>). <italic>N. magister</italic>, <italic>N. lepida</italic> and <italic>N. cinerea</italic>, select rocky outcrops to build their burrows, as it involves less work to protect their burrow and provides them with various forms of escape (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lombardi <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>The density of shrubs and prickly pear cactus in the desert scrub proved to be an important component of white-toothed woodrat habitat. The prickly pear cactus is a source of food and water for the white-toothed woodrat, while shrubs provide it with building material and a diversity of food. In Arizona, <italic>N. albigula</italic> reached its highest populations at sites where prickly pear cactus is abundant, even when there was no shrub cover and even in open grasslands (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Eldridge <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Unlike <italic>N. leucodon</italic>, <italic>N. albigula</italic> does not associate with prickly pear cactus, but does associate with shrubs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Turkowski &amp; Watkins, 1976</xref>) as does <italic>N. fuscipes riparia</italic>, which correlates positively with plant density, as it builds its burrows under shrub cover (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Schooley <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). In contrast, in California it has been reported that even though shrub density is an important component of microhabitat, it does not determine the location of <italic>N. fuscipes</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Innes <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>Shrub, grasses, rock covers, and the presence of bare ground were important components of white-toothed woodrat habitat. Shrub cover not only provides protection from predation, but also improves moisture and temperature conditions for species survival (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Slowik, 2015</xref>). Similarly, <italic>N. cinerea</italic> is associated with cover from conifers and aboveground logs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Lehmkuhl <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>) unlike other studies that mention that <italic>Neotoma leucodon</italic> does not show an association with plant cover (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Markovchick-Nicholls <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). However, to determine the habitat preference of the white-toothed woodrat, it is necessary to increase the sampling effort, identify shrub and prickly pear cactus species, and determine their importance value index. The cover of grasses is important, because when food is scarce, they function as a food substitute for the white-toothed woodrat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Eldridge <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Bare ground cover may not be closely related to the presence of white-toothed woodrat in the habitat; however, this variable could be an indicator of human disturbances such as livestock grazing and erosive effects caused by wind and rain. It is very likely that the association of the white-toothed woodrat with grass and shrub cover is a strategy to avoid antagonistic encounters and competition in its niche.</p>
				<p>A significant reduction of white-toothed woodrat was reported in north-central Mexico, where overharvesting reduced its populations to such a degree that local people believed it to be extinct (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Martínez-Calderas <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). However, in the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau, the abundance of rat is still unknown and there is no information on the exploitation level by the local population. Although internationally, <italic>N. leucodon</italic> and <italic>N. mexicana</italic> are in the category of Least Concern, due to their wide distribution and presumed large population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">IUCN, 2016a</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">2016b</xref>), in Mexico these species are not listed in NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">SEMARNAT, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>Even though the white-toothed woodrat is not under any protection status, in order to avoid overexploitation, it is necessary to establish management plans for sustainable harvesting, establish the harvesting season, and standardize hunting methods. In reference to the recommendations of the H-G to maintain white-toothed woodrats, a System of Management Units for the Conservation of Wildlife and reproduction and breeding centers should be established for reintroduction purposes in habitats such as those reported in the present study.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>Local knowledge of the white-toothed woodrat habitat conditions and field research show that the presence of prickly pear cactus and shrubs (huizaches, gobernadora and rama blanca) are a key component of the white-toothed woodrat habitat, as it depends on them for food. Likewise, the prickly pear cactus provides the substrate for the construction of its burrow and the shrubs provide the material, as well as protection against predators and high temperatures. Although in this research maguey was the main substrate where white- toothed woodrats built their burrows, it was not an important component according to the PCA and SCA.</p>
				<p>Undoubtedly, the survival success of the white-toothed woodrat is due to its food range, its
					adaptability to diverse ecosystems and the ability to build its burrows with the
					materials available in its habitat. The results of this research and
					considerations of hunter-gatherers suggest maintaining the vegetation in the
					white-toothed woodrat habitat, as well as elaborating management plans for a
					sustainable use of the species in the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
				<p>To the Postgraduate College Campus San Luis Potosí, for funding the research, to CONACyT for providing financial resources for the first author's master scholarship, to Biologist Alfredo Esparza Orozco for his support, and to the hunter-gatherers of the Potosino-Zacatecan high plateau for their support in the field and for their collaboration in answering the surveys.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">					
					<p>Code: e2021-18.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>