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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.27</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Revisión de Literatura</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Revisión sistemática de las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas de contracepción en gatas</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3500-9059</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Toledo-Valdez</surname>
						<given-names>Cielo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2803-6032</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rivera-Barreno</surname>
						<given-names>Ramón</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0863-9370</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Talamantes-Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Ilse</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0688-4356</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bustos-Varela</surname>
						<given-names>Jocelyn</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2456-4727</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García-Herrera</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7532-1640</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez-Alarcón</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"><sup>**</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. Chihuahua, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Chihuahua</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Villahermosa, Tabasco, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Villahermosa</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><sup>*</sup></label>Autor responsable: Cielo Toledo-Valdez. </corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label><sup>**</sup></label>Autor de correspondencia: Carlos Rodríguez Alarcón. Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Av. Benjamín Franklin No. 4650, Zona PRONAF, 32315, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua., México. Tel. +52 656 6881800. E-mail: <email>cielotoledo90@gmail.com</email>, <email>rrivera@uacj.mx</email>, <email>al144450@alumnos.uacj.mx</email>, <email>jocelyn2202@hotmail.com</email>, <email>ricardogarciaherrera@hotmail.com</email>, <email>carrodri@uacj.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>501</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>En la clínica veterinaria, la cirugía contraceptiva es la más practicada en gatas. Sin embargo, no está establecido cuál técnica quirúrgica es la más adecuada. Con la finalidad disminuir el dolor posoperatorio, tiempo de recuperación, tiempo de cirugía y facilidad técnica para el cirujano, se han descrito diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas y variaciones de las mismas. Esto ha creado el dilema sobre la realización de ovariohisterectomía contra la ovariectomía; tipo de abordaje: línea media, lateral o laparoscópico; y método de ligadura del pedículo ovárico: bisturí harmónico, clips de plástico y titanio, electrocauterio bipolar, nudo pedicular y ligadura tradicional. Teniendo esto en cuenta, con el objetivo de establecer cuál es la cirugía contraceptiva más adecuada en gatas y apoyados en la medicina basada en evidencias, se realizó una revisión sistemática. Utilizando los buscadores Google Académico, Web of Science, PubMed y Scielo, con las siguientes variables a evaluar: dolor, tiempo y dificultad técnica. Se encontró que existe poca evidencia para establecer la superioridad de alguna técnica quirúrgica sobre otra y que la elección de la técnica quirúrgica debe de ser realizada en base al paciente, habilidades del cirujano y la disponibilidad de materiales.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras claves:</title>
				<kwd>contracepción</kwd>
				<kwd>gatas</kwd>
				<kwd>ovariohisterectomía</kwd>
				<kwd>ovariectomía</kwd>
				<kwd>abordajes quirúrgicos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="47"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Los procedimientos quirúrgicos de contracepción son la primera opción para evitar la reproducción en gatas en el mundo. Se han establecido dos factores fundamentales para justificar el control reproductivo de los gatos. El primero es la importancia misma de controlar la sobrepoblación de esta especie; y el segundo es la prevención de algunas enfermedades del tracto reproductivo y glándula mamaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Overley <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). A través del tiempo, se han descrito dos técnicas quirúrgicas para la contracepción en gatas, la ovariohisterectomía (OVH) que se define como la remoción completa del tracto reproductor y la ovarioectomía (OV) que consiste en la eliminación exclusiva de los ovarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Pereira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Ambas técnicas son igualmente efectivas para controlar la población de la especie y en reducir la posibilidad de presencia de tumores de glándula mamaria cuando se practican en edades tempranas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Frasson, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>La cirugía contraceptiva representa un alto porcentaje de los procedimientos que se realizan en gatas. Con la idea de reducir el dolor, la dificultad, tiempo y costo de estas cirugías se han desarrollado variantes en las últimas décadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Griffin <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). Las principales variantes ocurren en el tipo de ligadura empleada en los pedículos ováricos. Los diferentes tipos son : ligadura mediante el uso de una o dos pinzas, el uso único de ligadura con sutura, clips hemostáticos, equipos de electrocirugía monopolares, bipolares o a base de ultrasonido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Boursier <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Guedes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Miller <italic>et al., 2016</italic></xref>). Básicamente existen dos abordajes para efectuar tanto la OVH como la OV en gatas: el abordaje por línea media también conocido como celiotomía y el abordaje lateral o por el flanco. En los Estados Unidos, la mayoría de los veterinarios prefieren el abordaje por celiotomía, mientras que en Europa es preferida la técnica lateral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bushby y White, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cuddy, 2016</xref>). Recientemente, se ha tomado a la laparoscopia como una alternativa viable. Esta técnica mínimamente invasiva permite una mejor visión de las estructuras, así como una disminución de riesgos y dolor posoperatorio, acortando también los tiempos de cirugía y de recuperación del paciente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Da Conceição <italic>et al.,</italic>2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Phypers, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por lo tanto, existen diversas técnicas quirúrgicas en la contracepción en gatas, en las cuales cada cirujano describe las ventajas y bondades de los abordajes o métodos hemostáticos. Sin embargo, no se ha establecido de manera concreta cual es la más apropiada en esta especie, pues en la literatura científica escasea la información sobre cual técnica causa menos dolor, requiere menos tiempo o es técnicamente más fácil de realizar. Es por eso que, con el objetivo de identificar las ventajas y desventajas de estas técnicas quirúrgicas, se realizó una revisión sistemática para valorar su beneficio y manifestar cuál de ellas es más segura, rápida y menos dolorosas para la gata.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>Para la realización de este trabajo se revisó la literatura publicada, en los buscadores científicos Google Académico, PubMed y Web of Science, y se emplearon los siguientes criterios de búsqueda: spay, cats, ovariohistectomy, ovarioectomy, contraception, surgery, techniques, laparotomy en los idiomas inglés, español y portugués.</p>
			<p>Se incluyeron estudios de los años 2006 al 2020, en los cuales se describiera una técnica quirúrgica de contracepción en gatas. Se analizaron estudios que evaluaban los riesgos, beneficios e indicaciones de la técnica quirúrgica en particular, con énfasis en las que discutían y se comparaban con alguna otra. También se incluyeron revisiones de literatura y reportes de casos clínicos de diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas de contracepción en gatas.</p>
			<p>Todos los estudios incluidos fueron categorizados de acuerdo con a la clasificación de la evidencia científica establecida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Sackett y Wennberg (1997</xref>). Está clasificación cuenta con cinco niveles de estratificación, los cuales han sido avalados por el Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care quienes fueron los primeros en determinar los niveles de evidencia que un estudio científico ofrece (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Manterola <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Una vez clasificados los artículos, se analizaron para la sección de discusión aquellos agrupados en los niveles III al I. Las variables a discutir en este manuscrito son: tiempo de cirugía, dolor tanto trans como posquirúrgico, dificultad técnica de la cirugía y tiempo de aprendizaje o dificultad técnica de cada una.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>El resultado original de la búsqueda fueron 6760 publicaciones. Después de descartar todos los estudios realizados en otra especie, capítulos de libro o publicaciones donde no se evaluó la técnica quirúrgica y con base en la clasificación de la evidencia científica, se obtuvieron 31 investigaciones distribuidas en las cinco categorías existentes según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Manterola <italic>et al.</italic> (2014) </xref>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Representación de los niveles de la pirámide de la evidencia y la agrupación de los estudios en cada nivel</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Nivel</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Nivel I</td>
								<td align="left"><list list-type="bullet">
									<list-item>
										<p>
											<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe LM. (2006)</xref>. Surgical methods of contraception and sterilization. Theriogenology. </p>
									</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Sakals SA <italic>et al.,</italic> 
											(2018)</xref>. Evaluation of laparoscopically assisted ovariectomy technique in cats. Veterinary surgery.</p>
										</list-item> 
									<list-item>
										<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Swaffield MJ, Molloy SL, Lipscomb VJ. (2020)</xref>. Prospective comparison of perioperative wound and pain score parameters in cats undergoing flank vs midline ovariectomy. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery.</p>
											</list-item>
								</list></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Nivel II</td>
								<td align="left">
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><bold>Coe RL <italic>et al</italic>., (2007)</bold></xref><bold>.</bold> Comparison of flank and midline approaches to the ovariohysterectomy of cats. Vet Record. 
											</p>
										</list-item><list-item>
													<p><bold>Nimwegen A., Kirpensteijn J. (2007)</bold>. Laparoscopic ovariectomy in cats: Comparison of laser and bipolar electrocoagulation. Journal of feline medicine and surgery. 
													</p>
												</list-item><list-item>
															<p><bold>Coisman JG <italic>et al</italic>., (2013)</bold>. Comparison of surgical
												variables in cats undergoing single-incision
												laparoscopic ovariectomy using a LigaSure or
												extracorporeal suture versus open ovariectomy.
												Veterinary surgery </p>
												</list-item><list-item>
																	<p><bold>Santos Ferreira G <italic>et al</italic>., (2013)</bold>. Ovariectomia laparoscópica em cadelas e gatas. Revista brasileira medicina veterinaria
																	</p>
												</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><bold>Kiani FA <italic>et al.,</italic> 
(2014)</bold></xref>. Comparative study on midline and flank approaches for ovariohysterectomy in cats. Journal of Agriculture and Food Technology. 
																			</p>
												</list-item><list-item>
													<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><bold>Porters N <italic>et al.,</italic> 
 (2014)</bold></xref>. Prepubertal gonadectomy in cats: different surgical techniques and comparison with gonadectomy at traditional age. Veterinary Record. 
		</p>
												</list-item><list-item>
													<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><bold>Case JB <italic>et al.,</italic> 
 (2015)</bold></xref>. Comparison of surgical variables and pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy, laparoscopic- assisted ovariohysterectomy, and laparoscopic ovariectomy. Journal of the American animal hospital association. 
		</p>
												</list-item><list-item>
															<p><bold>Dias do Pardo T <italic>et al.,</italic> (2015).</bold> Nylon clamps and mononylon for ovariohysterectomy in cats. Enciclopedia Biosfera. 
															</p>
												</list-item><list-item>
													<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><bold>Gauthier, O. <italic>et al</italic>
., (2015)</bold></xref> Assessment of postoperative pain in cats after ovariectomy by laparoscopy, median celiotomy, or flank laparotomy. Veterinary Surgery 
																	</p>
												</list-item>	<list-item>
																	<p><bold>Roberts ML <italic>et al.,</italic> (2015).</bold> Effect of age and surgical approach on perioperative wound complication following ovariohysterectomy in shelter-housed cats in Australia. Journal of feline medicine and surgery open reports. 
																	</p>
												</list-item>	<list-item>
													<p> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><bold>Miller KP <italic>et al.,</italic> 
 (2016)</bold></xref>. Pedicle ties provide a rapid and safe method for feline ovariohysterectomy. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 
																			</p>
												</list-item><list-item>
													<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><bold>Freeman LJ <italic>et al.,</italic> 
		 (2017)</bold></xref>. Evaluation of learning curves for ovariohysterectomy of dogs and cats and castration of dogs. JAVMA.</p>
												</list-item></list></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Nivel III</td>
								<td align="left"><list list-type="bullet">
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>Burrow R <italic>et al.,</italic> (2006).</bold> Prospective evaluation of postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohisterectomy by mindline or flank approach. Vet Record. 
										</p>
									</list-item><list-item>
												<p><bold>Grint N <italic>et al.,</italic> (2006)</bold> Assessment of the influence of surgical technique on postoperative pain and wound tenderness in cats following ovariohysterectomy. Journal of feline medicine and surgery. 
												</p>
									</list-item><list-item>
														<p><bold>Ferreira MP <italic>et al.,</italic> (2011).</bold> Laparoscopic Ovariohysterectomy in Domestic Cats: Two Portals Technique. Acta Scientiae Veterinari. 
														</p>
									</list-item><list-item>
																<p><bold>Pecere Oliveira <italic>J et al.,</italic> (2014).</bold> Pain assessment in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy by midline or lateral celiotomy through use of a previously validated multidimensional omposite pain scale. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira
																</p>
									</list-item>	<list-item>
																		<p><bold>Tavares DC <italic>et al.,</italic> (2016).</bold> Video-assisted ovariohysterectomy in domestic cats (Felis catus, Linnaeus, 1758) using two access portals. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira. 
																		</p>
									</list-item>	<list-item>
																				<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><bold>
 <bold>Da Costa D <italic>et al.,</italic>
</bold> . (2017)</bold></xref><bold>.</bold> LESS ovariohysterectomy in cats using a new homemade multiport. Ciencia Rural. 
																				</p>
									</list-item><list-item>
										<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><bold>Moutinho da</bold><bold>
 <bold>Conceicao ME <italic>et al.,</italic> 
</bold> (2017)</bold><bold>.</bold></xref> Description and Executability of a Novel Pre-tied Mini Ligature (Miniloop) in Laparocopic Ovariectomy in Cats. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 
																						</p>
									</list-item>	<list-item>
										<p><bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Boursier JF <italic>et al.,</italic> (2018).</xref></bold> Effectiveness of a bipolar
												vessel sealant device for ovariohysterectomy in cats
												with pyometra. Journal of Feline medicine and
												Surgery.</p>
									</list-item></list></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Nivel IV</td>
								<td align="left"><list list-type="bullet">
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>Ball RL <italic>et al</italic>., (2010).</bold> Ovarian remnant syndrome in dogs and cats: 21 cases (2000-2007). JAVMA.
										</p>
									</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p><bold>Fransson BA., Ragle CA. (2011).</bold> Lift laparoscopy in dogs and cats: 12 cases (2008-2009). JAVMA 
													</p>
												</list-item>
															<list-item>
																<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><bold>
 <bold>Lawall T <italic>et al</italic>
 </bold> ., (2017)</bold></xref><bold>.</bold> Minilaparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in healthy cats. Ciencia rural.
																</p>
															</list-item><list-item>
 		<p> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><bold>
 <bold>Minto BW <italic>et al</italic>
 </bold> ., (2017)</bold></xref><bold>.</bold> Spay hook minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy in cats. Retrospective study of 276 cases. Investigação.</p>
															</list-item></list></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Nivel V</td>
								<td align="left"><list list-type="bullet">
									<list-item>
										<p><bold>McKenzie B. (2010).</bold> Evaluating the benefits and risk of neutering dogs and
												cats. CAB reviews: Perspectives in agriculture,
												veterinary science, nutrition and natural resources </p>
									</list-item>
											
												<list-item>
													<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">De Tora M y McCarthy RJ. (2011)</xref>. Ovariohysterectomy versus ovariectomy for elective sterilization of female dogs and cats: is removal of the uterus necessary? JAVMA.</p>
												</list-item><list-item>
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						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec><title><italic>Diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas de contracepción en gatas, su abordaje y hemostasia.</italic>
			</title>
				<p>En gatas está descrito que tanto la OVH como la OV son igualmente benéficas como técnicas quirúrgicas contraceptivas electivas, pero se considera que la longitud de incisión de disminuye en la OV debido a que no es necesaria la exposición del cuerpo del útero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">DeTora y McCarthy, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Muraro y White, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Peeters y Kirpensteijn, 2011</xref>). Sin embargo, El tiempo de cirugía es usualmente el mismo y los signos de dolor medidos por escala de Glasgow son iguales en ambos procedimientos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Peeters y Kirpensteijn, 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>En casos de que exista enfermedad uterina se debe realizar siempre la OVH. Estas dos técnicas quirúrgicas pueden realizarse por abordaje de la línea media o la técnica lateral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bushby y White, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Stavisky y Brennan, 2020</xref>).</p>
			</sec><sec>
				<title><italic>Abordaje por línea media</italic></title>
				<p>El abordaje por línea media o celiotomía, es el que tradicionalmente se enseña en las universidades. Aunque técnicamente la palabra celiotomía se refiere a la incisión que abarca desde el cartílago xifoides hasta el pubis, para realizar la OVH en gatas se incide dos centímetros caudal a la cicatriz umbilical y se extiende en dirección al pubis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Frasson, 2018</xref>). Al entrar a cavidad abdominal, se localizan los ovarios con ayuda de un ovariotomo o utilizando el dedo índice. Para liberar un poco más el ovario, se rasga digitalmente el ligamento suspensorio, el cual se inserta caudal y ventral a la última costilla (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hill y Smeak, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">McGrath <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yates y Goetz, 2015</xref>). Una vez exteriorizado el ovario, se hace hemostasia en el pedículo ovárico, para lo cual existen diversas técnicas (descritas en otra sección).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Abordaje lateral</italic></title>
				<p>El abordaje lateral se utiliza tanto para para realizar OVH y OV y es, aparentemente más sencillo que el abordaje por celiotomía. Este abordaje, en un principio fue indicado en gatas que presentaban un desarrollo excesivo de las glándulas mamarias o en gatas ferales en las cual el cuidado y observación posoperatorio representa una complicación por el manejo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">McGrath <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Reece, 2018</xref>). Se debe tener en cuenta la anatomía de la gata y considerar que el ovario izquierdo esta caudal al riñón, ligeramente ventral a las tercera y cuarta vértebras lumbares. En esta técnica se coloca al animal en decúbito lateral ya sea izquierdo o derecho. Posteriormente, entre 1 y 5 cm caudal a la última costilla y por debajo de las apófisis transversas lumbares, se realiza una incisión en piel de una longitud de 1 a 4 cm en dirección dorsoventral. El tejido subcutáneo se incide y se realiza disección roma, al igual que en la fascia muscular conformada por los músculos oblicuo externo, oblicuo interno y el transverso abdominal. Al incidir esté ultimo músculo, se penetra a la cavidad abdominal a través del peritoneo. Inmediatamente se ubica el ovario izquierdo o derecho, se pinza el pedículo ovárico con pinzas hemostáticas y se realiza su ligadura. Antes de cortar el pedículo, se localiza el ovario contrario, para lo cual, se ubica la bifurcación uterina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><italic>McGrath et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yates Goetz, 2015</xref>), se realiza el vencimiento del ligamento suspensorio y el ovario y se exterioriza a través de la incisión de la misma manera que en el abordaje de la línea media ventral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kiani <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>), para llevar a cabo el mismo procedimiento que en el primer ovario. Por último, se cierra fascia muscular abarcando los tres músculos en un plano, seguidos de una sutura subcuticular y piel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Silva- Molano <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Hemostasia del pedículo ovárico</italic></title>
				<p>Una parte fundamental de la cirugía contraceptiva en pequeñas especies es la hemostasia del pedículo ovárico, ya que es el paso en el cual se presentan más complicaciones quirúrgicas, pues su falla conlleva a una hemorragia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adin, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bohling, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Pollari <italic>et al.,</italic> 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Voorwald <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). Además, es uno de los pasos más difíciles de realizar de manera adecuada, aun por cirujanos inexpertos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bushby y White, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Miller <italic>et al,.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>En gatas, se puede ligar el pedículo ovárico ayudado con dos pinzas. Al utilizar dos pinzas para realizar la ligadura, estas deben de ir acompañada de 1 o 2 vueltas a la ligadura que circulen al pedículo o una ligadura de transfixión por debajo de la primera pinza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Frasson, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hill y Smeak, 2010</xref>). También se puede hacer con la ayuda de una sola pinza sobre el pedículo ovárico, la cual se recomienda en casos en los que el tracto reproductivo sea pequeño, friable o frágil y no soporte el trauma causado por las dos pinzas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mayhew y Brown, 2007</xref>). El uso de una doble ligadura que circule el pedículo es suficiente en estas gatas y solamente en caso que la gata se encuentre preñada o en estro, sería necesario poner una ligadura de transfixión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Frasson, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Otra manera de realizar la hemostasia es mediante el empleo del nudo pedicular, que consiste en ligar el pedículo ovárico sobre sí mismo. Este procedimiento se realiza de manera similar al cordón espermático durante la orquiectomía de gatos machos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Miller <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). Aparentemente la principal ventaja de realizar el nudo pedicular, es que permite que la ligadura se realice en menor tiempo, en comparación con la colocación de dos ligaduras sobre la misma estructura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Porters <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>), lo que permite efectuar esta maniobra con un menor tiempo, con disminución del uso de material de sutura y por ende se deja menos o ningún material extraño en el paciente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bushby y White, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Miller <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>De igual forma está descrito que una sola ligadura que abarque el cuerno uterino y el pedículo produce una hemostasia segura y rápida en gatas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Begum y Bhuvaneshwari, 2018</xref>). La introducción de nuevas técnicas hemostáticas como el electrobisturi bipolar, también se ha implementado en la cirugía contraceptiva en gatas. Este dispositivo ha mostrado ser efectivo para producir hemostasia en la OVH en gatas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Watts, 2018</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Discusión del tiempo de cirugía</italic></title>
				<p>Aunque pueda pensarse que el tiempo de cirugía no es un factor importante, este debe ser tomado en cuenta como un parámetro significativo cuando se trata de realizar cirugías masivas para el control de reproducción en gatas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Comparación de tiempo de cirugía en técnicas abiertas</italic></title>
				<p>En un estudio compararon las técnicas de OVH y OV en gatas. Ambas cirugías fueron realizadas por línea media y practicadas por un cirujano experimentado. Los autores encontraron que el tiempo invertido en la realización de la OV, fue significativamente menor al de las OVH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Pereira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). En otro estudio, compararon los tiempos de cirugía invertidos con las técnicas abiertas. Estos autores describen que realizar la OVH en gatas pre púberes es significativamente más rápido que cuando se practica en gatas mayores a 8 meses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Porters <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). Además, estos mismos autores encontraron que el tiempo de cirugía fue menor cuando se utilizó electrocoagulación monopolar, seguido de aplicación de grapas, lazada del pedículo (nudo pedicular) y ligadura.</p>
				<p>Por otra parte, en otra investigación encontraron que el uso de nudo pedicular ovárico resultó en un menor tiempo (5 minutos) en comparación con la técnica de nudo con sutura (7 minutos); este tiempo se midió solamente para la hemostasia de pedículo ovárico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Miller <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>En un estudio de comparación de abordaje por línea media y flanco lateral, se encontró que los procedimientos por flanco lateral tenían un tiempo promedio de 23 minutos, el cual fue considerablemente menor al registrado en abordaje por línea media (31 minutos) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kiani <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). Sin embargo, estos resultados contrastan con lo descrito por otros investigadores, quienes no encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el tiempo quirúrgico entre estos dos abordajes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Swaffield et al., 2020</xref>). Por otro lado, se describe que el tiempo durante la incisión de la piel y la entrada al peritoneo es mayor en el abordaje por flanco lateral, mientras que la localización del útero es más tardada en el abordaje por línea media (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Coe <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>En un estudio retrospectivo se demostró que el uso de un dispositivo bipolar es seguro y efectivo para realizar OV por celiotomía en gatas. Aunque demostraron que el tiempo de cirugía con esta técnica fue menor en perras, esto no ocurrió en gatas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Watts, 2018</xref>). Por último, está definido que la técnica quirúrgica en la que se invierte menos tiempo para realizar la OVH en gatas, es la llamada “mínimamente invasiva con ovariotomo”. Que consiste en un mini-abordaje por la línea media, en la cual los cirujanos usan el ovariotomo para localizar los pedículos ováricos. El tiempo promedio con esta técnica fue de 11.4 minutos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Minto <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Estos resultados fueron corroborados en otro estudio, donde concluyen que la el uso de ovariotomo por una mini-incisión es menos invasiva y la proponen como una opción para incorporar de manera rutinaria en las técnicas contraceptivas veterinarias, pues presenta varias ventajas contra la celiotomía tradicional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lawall <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Comparación del tiempo de cirugía laparoscópica contra cirugía abierta</italic></title>
				<p>Durante la revisión de literatura se encontró que el tiempo de cirugía varía significativamente cuando se comparan estos dos tipos de técnicas quirúrgicas. Por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Sakals <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>, compararon la cirugía por celiotomía contra la laparoscópica. Ellos describen que el procedimiento abierto de OVH fue más rápido, pues este se realizó en un tiempo promedio 19.1 minutos, en comparación con técnicas laparoscópicas, donde en invirtieron de 27.7 a 33.2 minutos. La OVH por laparoscopia se realizó con el uso de un dispositivo sellador de vasos sanguíneos y ligaduras por sutura respectivamente, donde no obtuvieron diferencia significativa en el tiempo, no obstante ser un procedimiento más rápido el realizado con el dispositivo sellador de vasos. Sin embargo, mencionan que una mayor experiencia laparoscópica reduce considerablemente los tiempos quirúrgicos. Sobre todo, en la OV asistida, que podrá ser la mejor opción dentro de las cirugías laparoscópicas. En otro estudio, se describe una diferencia mayor, pues en la OVH abierta invirtieron 21 minutos en promedio contra 51.6 minutos por laparoscopia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Case <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>En otra investigación, los tiempos de cirugía fueron estadísticamente similares en las cirugías laparoscópicas con un solo puerto y en las que usaron LigaSure® con las cirugías abiertas. Asimismo, encontraron que la ligadura con nudo extracorpóreo en laparoscopia por un solo puerto es técnicamente más difícil y consume un mayor tiempo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Coisman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Comparación del tiempo entre cirugías laparoscópicas</italic></title>
				<p>Se han realizado estudios que comparan el tiempo de cirugía entre procedimientos contraceptivos laparoscópicos en gatas. Por ejemplo, en un estudio se comparó el uso de hemostasia por medio de electrocoagulación bipolar contra resección del pedículo con láser en OV. En este estudio, se realizó, hemostasia y se cortó uno de los pedículos con un dispositivo laser y el contralateral con uno bipolar. Estos investigadores encontraron que con el dispositivo laser el tiempo de cirugía fue estadísticamente mayor que con el bipolar; la mayor diferencia del tiempo quirúrgico ocurrió al momento de la resección del ovario, pues con el dispositivo laser tardaron (4:09 ± 2:50 minutos), contra (2:23 ± 1:01) de la electrocoagulación bipolar. Además, mencionan que el abordaje al ovario derecho fue un poco más difícil, pero no interfirió en la dificultad de la cirugía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">van Nimwegen y Kirpensteijn, 2007</xref>). En otro estudio donde solo realizaron OV laparoscópicas con nudo extracorpóreo, tuvieron un tiempo promedio de 44.8 minutos, el cual según los autores es similar a otros estudios donde se usó el sistema bipolar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Conceição <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). En un estudio similar, los investigadores encontraron que la utilización de un dispositivo hemostático bipolar reduce considerablemente el tiempo de cirugía en la OVH laparoscópica en gatas, esto cuando se compara contra un mecanismo monopolar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe, 2006</xref>). Existe otra investigación donde encontraron que con un dispositivo casero de laparoscopia por un solo puerto el tiempo de cirugía fue de 14.54 minutos como promedio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">da Costa et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Comparación del dolor</italic></title>
				<p>El manejo del dolor durante y después de la cirugía es de los puntos más importantes a considerar en la realización de técnicas quirúrgicas contraceptivas en gatas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Murugesan et al., 2020</xref>). En este rubro no está claro cuál cirugía causa menos dolor, Por ejemplo, existe la aceptación de una falta de evidencia científica sobre si el abordaje lateral o por línea media es menos doloroso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Merritt y Collinson, 2020</xref>). De la misma manera, no se ha podido establecer si la OVH o la OV causan mayor dolor en gatas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Peeters y Kirpensteijn, 2011</xref>). También es común considerar que las técnicas laparoscópicas tienden a causar menos dolor que la cirugía tradicional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gauthier <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Comparación del dolor causado con las técnicas abiertas</italic></title>
				<p>En la evaluación de la literatura se encontraron investigaciones que comparan el dolor producido por un abordaje tradicional por línea media con el abordaje por el flanco lateral. Se ha descrito una diferencia significativa en el dolor posquirúrgico entre ambas técnicas quirúrgicas, pues está demostrado que hay un mayor dolor cuando se usó el abordaje por flanco lateral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Burrow <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). Así mismo, existe una investigación que reporta la evidencia de mayor dolor a la palpación en las gatas con heridas del flanco lateral comparadas contra las de línea media (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Coe <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>Estos resultados contrastan con lo descrito por otros autores. Por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gauthier <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref>, no encontraron diferencias significativas en el dolor causado por las cirugías por celiotomía o laterales. Además, en otros dos estudios se menciona que, aunque existió una mayor inflamación y secreciones en las gatas con abordaje lateral, no hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en cuanto al dolor posquirúrgico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Coe <italic>et al., 2006</italic></xref>). En otro estudio encontraron resultados muy interesantes en cuanto al dolor producido con el abordaje lateral contra la celiotomía en gatas sometidas a OV. Se encontró que una hora después de la cirugía y al tiempo del alta las gatas con el abordaje lateral presentaron más dolor. Sin embargo, observaron que las gatas con OVH realizadas por la línea media presentaron más inflamación cuando fueron dadas de alta, así como a los 3 y 10 días posquirúrgicos. Interesantemente, las gatas con el abordaje lateral presentaron menos dolor a los días 3 y 10 pos-cirugía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Swaffield <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Comparación del dolor causado por técnicas abiertas contra laparoscopia</italic></title>
				<p>Durante la revisión de literatura se encontró un artículo que describe que las gatas esterilizadas por laparoscopia mostraban escalas de dolor similares que aquellas que fueron esterilizadas por técnica abierta por línea media (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Case <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). Por otro lado, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Sakals <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>), no se encontraron diferencias en las mediciones del dolor con escalas visual análoga en gatas con cirugía abierta contra laparoscópica. En esta investigación compararon la cirugía laparoscópica asistida usando un dispositivo bipolar, la asistida con ligadura tradicional y la abierta.</p>
				<p>Estos resultados difieren considerablemente con los presentados por otros autores, quienes demuestran que la OVH por laparoscopia es menos dolorosa, en especial con el uso del bisturí armónico. Se demostró que las gatas con OVH tradicional presentaban mayor concentración de cortisol en sangre posquirúrgico y sus escalas de dolor eran más altas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Guedes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Esto está apoyado por otro estudio donde realizaron OV en gatas por laparoscopia y demostraron que es menos dolorosa que la realizada por línea media o por el flanco (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gauthier <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Comparación del dolor causado por técnicas laparoscópicas</italic></title>
				<p>Existe poca literatura en la que se compara el dolor con diferentes técnicas laparoscópicas para la OVH u OV en gatas. En un artículo no encontraron diferencias en el dolor causado por el uso de ligaduras contra un dispositivo bipolar en OV asistidas por laparoscopia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Sakals <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Contrario a lo descrito en otra investigación, en la cual encontraron que las gatas sometidas a OV en las que ligaron por medio de nudo extracorpóreo presentaron más dolor que aquellas en donde usaron el LigaSure® (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Case <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><italic>Tiempo de aprendizaje o dificultad técnica de cada técnica</italic></title>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Tiempo de aprendizaje en las técnicas abiertas</italic></title>
					<p>En este rubro es en el cual se encontró menos literatura científica, sin embargo, se pudieron analizar dos investigaciones: En un estudio en donde tomaron parte estudiantes del último año de veterinaria, se encontró una evolución favorable y el desarrollo de confianza durante la realización de la cirugía en un periodo de tres semanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Freeman et al. 2017</xref>). En otra investigación en la cual se realizó una encuesta de percepción de dificultad de dos abordajes (flanco lateral y línea media) para la realización de OVH en gatas, los estudiantes de veterinaria determinaron que en una escala del 0 al 100, el abordaje por el flanco lateral fue más complicado con una puntación de 48, contra 41 puntos del abordaje por línea media (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Coe <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>Finalmente, no se encontraron estudios que debatan el tiempo de aprendizaje de técnicas abiertas contra laparoscópicas ni comparando técnicas laparoscópicas.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>En la revisión sistemática realizada en este trabajo encontramos que existe poca literatura científica con la suficiente evidencia para esclarecer la técnica quirúrgica contraceptiva más adecuada en gatas. No se logra establecer adecuadamente cual es la que causa menos dolor, es más rápida o menos difícil. Sin embargo, se pueden formar criterios importantes en algunos puntos.</p>
			<p>En las gatas se han descrito la OVH y OV como alternativa para la cirugía contraceptiva. Actualmente no existe evidencia científica que sugiera que una técnica es superior a otra y ambas pueden realizarse por un abordaje por línea media, flanco lateral o por laparoscopia. La ovariectomía es una alternativa poco usada pero cuyas ventajas (menor tiempo de cirugía, incisiones más pequeñas y evitar posibles complicaciones uterinas) son mayores a sus desventajas.</p>
			<p>El tiempo de cirugía es similar en los dos abordajes abiertos (lateral y celitomía). Sin embargo, la miniceliotomía con ovariotomo resultó ser la técnica más rápida. El procedimiento de la ligadura del pedículo ovárico es el paso más lento; el tiempo de este se reduce con el uso de nudo pedicular. La utilización de un sistema de electrocoagulación bipolar no mostró reducir el tiempo en cirugías abiertas en las gatas, contrario a lo ocurrido en perras.</p>
			<p>La cirugía laparoscópica es más lenta y requiere de una mayor curva de aprendizaje, sin embargo, con práctica y el uso de dispositivos especiales (LigaSure®) los tiempos son muy similares a los obtenidos por cirugía abierta. Además, con esta técnica el uso de electrobisturí bipolar y el bisturí armónico por coagulación ultrasónica sí reducen el tiempo de cirugía.</p>
			<p>En cuanto al dolor ocasionado en los dos abordajes para practicar la cirugía abierta, no se ha establecido una superioridad de alguno de ellos. Aunque el abordaje por línea media causa menos dolor en las primeras 24 horas, las gatas con abordaje lateral presentaron menos dolor después de 72 horas. También se ha establecido que la cirugía laparoscópica causa menos dolor que la técnica abierta.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Clave: e2021-6.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Bibliographic review</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Systematic review of different surgical contraception techniques in queens</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>In the veterinary clinic, contraceptive surgery is the most commonly performed surgery in female cats. However, it is not established which surgical technique is the most appropriate. In order to reduce postoperative pain, recovery time, surgery time and technical ease for the surgeon, different surgical techniques and variations of these techniques have been described. This has created the dilemma of performing ovariohysterectomy versus oophorectomy; type of approach: midline, lateral or laparoscopic; and method of ovarian pedicle ligation: harmonic scalpel, plastic and titanium clips, bipolar electrosurgical unit, pedicle knot and traditional ligation. With this in mind, with the objective of establishing which is the most adequate contraceptive surgery in female cats and supported by evidence-based medicine, a systematic review was carried out. Using Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed and SciELO search engines, with the following variables to be evaluated: pain, time and technical difficulty. It was found that there is little evidence to establish the superiority of any surgical technique over another and that the choice of surgical technique should be made based on the patient, the surgeon's skills and the availability of materials.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Contraception</kwd>
				<kwd>cats</kwd>
				<kwd>ovariohysterectomy</kwd>
				<kwd>ovariectomy</kwd>
				<kwd>surgical approaches</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec>
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Surgical contraceptive procedures are the first option to prevent reproduction in female cats worldwide. Two fundamental factors have been established to justify reproductive control in cats. The first is the very importance of controlling the overpopulation of this species; and the second is the prevention of some diseases of the reproductive tract and mammary gland (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Overley <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). Over time, two surgical techniques have been described for contraception in female cats, ovariohysterectomy (OVH) which is defined as the complete removal of the reproductive tract and ovarioectomy (OV) which consists of the exclusive removal of the ovaries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Pereira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Both techniques are equally effective in controlling the population of the species and in reducing the possibility of the presence of mammary gland tumors when practiced at early ages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Frasson, 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Contraceptive surgery accounts for a high percentage of procedures performed in female cats. With the idea of reducing the pain, difficulty, time and cost of these surgeries, variants have been developed in the last decades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Griffin <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). The main variants occur in the type of ligation used on the ovarian pedicles. The different types are ligation using one or two forceps, single use of suture ligation, hemostatic clips, monopolar, bipolar or ultrasound-based electrosurgical equipment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Boursier <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Guedes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Miller <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). Basically, there are two approaches to perform both OVH and OV in female cats: the midline approach also known as celiotomy and the lateral or flank approach. In the United States, most veterinarians prefer the celiotomy approach, whereas in Europe the lateral technique is preferred (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bushby and White, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cuddy, 2016</xref>). Recently, laparoscopy has been taken up as a viable alternative. This minimally invasive technique allows a better view of the structures, as well as a decrease in postoperative risks and pain, also shortening surgery and patient recovery times (Da <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Conceição <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Phypers, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Therefore, there are several surgical techniques in cat contraception, with each surgeon describing the advantages and benefits of the hemostatic approaches or methods. However, it has not been concretely established which is the most appropriate in this species, since in the scientific literature there is scarce information on which technique causes less pain, requires less time or is technically easier to perform. For this reason, in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages of these surgical techniques, a systematic review was carried out to evaluate their benefit and to show which of them is safer, faster and less painful for the cat.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>For this work, the published literature was reviewed in the scientific search engines Google Scholar, PubMed and Web of Science, and the following search criteria were used: spay, cats, ovariohistectomy, ovarioectomy, contraception, surgery, techniques, and laparotomy in English, Spanish and Portuguese.</p>
				<p>Studies from 2006 to 2020, in which a surgical technique of contraception in cats was described, were included. Studies that evaluated the risks, benefits and indications of the particular surgical technique were analyzed, with emphasis on those that discussed and compared with some other technique. Literature reviews and clinical case reports of different surgical techniques of contraception in female cats were also included.</p>
				<p>All included studies were categorized according to the classification of scientific evidence established by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Sackett and Wennberg (1997)</xref>. This classification has five levels of stratification, which have been endorsed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care who were the first to determine the levels of evidence that a scientific study offers (Manterola <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014).</p>
				<p>Once the articles were classified, those grouped in levels III to I were analyzed for the discussion section. The variables to be discussed in this manuscript are: surgery time, pain both Trans and Post-surgical, technical difficulty of the surgery and learning time or technical difficulty of each one.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The original result of the search was 6760 publications. After discarding all studies performed in another species, book chapters or publications where the surgical technique was not evaluated and based on the classification of scientific evidence, 31 investigations were obtained, distributed in the five existing categories according to Manterola <italic>et al.</italic> (2014).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Representation of evidence pyramid levels and the grouping of studies at each level</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Level</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Level I</td>
									<td align="left"><list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>	
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe LM. (2006</xref><bold>).</bold> Surgical methods of contraception and sterilization. Theriogenology. 
											</p>
										</list-item><list-item>
													<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><bold>Sakals SA <italic>et al.,</italic> (2018</bold></xref><bold>).</bold> Evaluation of laparoscopically assisted ovariectomy technique in cats. Veterinary surgery. 
													</p>
										</list-item>	<list-item>
											<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Swaffield MJ, Molloy SL, Lipscomb VJ. (2020</xref><bold>).</bold> Prospective comparison of perioperative wound and pain score parameters in cats undergoing flank vs midline ovariectomy. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery</p>
										</list-item></list></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Level II</td>
									<td align="left"><list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>Coe RL <italic>et al</italic>., (2007).</bold> Comparison of flank and midline approaches to the ovariohysterectomy of cats. Vet Record. 
											</p>
										</list-item>
													<list-item>
														<p><bold>Nimwegen A., Kirpensteijn J. (2007).</bold> Laparoscopic ovariectomy in cats:
												Comparison of laser and bipolar
												electrocoagulation. Journal of feline medicine and
												surgery. </p>
													</list-item>
																<list-item>
																	<p><bold>Coisman JG <italic>et al</italic>., (2013).</bold> Comparison of surgical
												variables in cats undergoing single-incision
												laparoscopic ovariectomy using a LigaSure or
												extracorporeal suture versus open ovariectomy.
												Veterinary surgery </p>
																</list-item>
																			<list-item>
																				<p><bold>Santos Ferreira G <italic>et al</italic>., (2013).</bold> Ovariectomia
												laparoscópica em cadelas e gatas. Revista
												brasileira medicina veterinaria </p>
																			</list-item>
																<list-item>
																	<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><bold>Kiani FA <italic>et al.,</italic> (2014</bold></xref><bold>).</bold> Comparative study on midline and flank approaches for ovariohysterectomy in cats. Journal of Agriculture and Food Technology. 
																	</p>
																</list-item>
																			<list-item>
																				<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><bold>Porters N <italic>et al.,</italic> (2014</bold></xref><bold>).</bold> Prepubertal gonadectomy in cats: different surgical techniques and comparison with gonadectomy at traditional age. Veterinary Record.
																				</p>
																			</list-item><list-item>
																						<p> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><bold>Case JB <italic>et al.,</italic> (2015</bold></xref><bold>).</bold> Comparison of surgical variables and pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy, laparoscopic- assisted ovariohysterectomy, and laparoscopic ovariectomy. Journal of the American animal hospital association.
																						</p>
																			</list-item>
																								<list-item>
																									<p><bold>Dias do Pardo T <italic>et al.,</italic> (2015).</bold> Nylon clamps and mononylon for ovariohysterectomy in cats. Enciclopedia Biosfera.
																									</p>
																								</list-item>
																											<list-item>
																												<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><bold>Gauthier, O. <italic>et al</italic>., (2015</bold></xref><bold>)</bold> Assessment of postoperative pain in cats after ovariectomy by laparoscopy, median celiotomy, or flank laparotomy. Veterinary Surgery 
																												</p>
																											</list-item>
																														<list-item>
																															<p><bold>Roberts ML <italic>et al.,</italic> (2015).</bold> Effect of age and surgical approach on perioperative wound complication following ovariohysterectomy in shelter-housed cats in Australia. Journal of feline medicine and surgery open reports. 
																															</p>
																														</list-item>
																																	<list-item>
																																		<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><bold>Miller KP <italic>et al.,</italic> (2016</bold></xref><bold>).</bold> Pedicle ties provide a rapid and safe method for feline ovariohysterectomy. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 
																																		</p>
																																	</list-item>
																																				<list-item>
																																					<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><bold>Freeman LJ <italic>et al.,</italic> (2017</bold></xref><bold>).</bold> Evaluation of learning curves for ovariohysterectomy of dogs and cats and castration of dogs. JAVMA.</p>
																																				</list-item></list></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Level III</td>
									<td align="left"><list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>Burrow R <italic>et al.,</italic> (2006).</bold> Prospective evaluation of postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohisterectomy by mindline or flank approach. Vet Record. </p>
										</list-item><list-item>
											<p><bold>Grint N <italic>et al.,</italic> (2006)</bold> Assessment of the influence of surgical technique on postoperative pain and wound tenderness in cats following ovariohysterectomy. Journal of feline medicine and surgery.</p>
										</list-item><list-item>
											<p> <bold>Ferreira MP <italic>et al.,</italic> (2011).</bold> Laparoscopic Ovariohysterectomy in Domestic Cats: Two Portals Technique. Acta Scientiae Veterinari. </p>
										</list-item><list-item>
											<p><bold>Pecere Oliveira <italic>J et al.,</italic> (2014).</bold> Pain assessment in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy by midline or lateral celiotomy through use of a previously validated multidimensional omposite pain scale. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira </p>
										</list-item><list-item>
											<p><bold>Tavares DC <italic>et al.,</italic> (2016).</bold> Video-assisted ovariohysterectomy in domestic cats (Felis catus, Linnaeus, 1758) using two access portals. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira. </p>
										</list-item><list-item>
											<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><bold>Da Costa D <italic>et al.,</italic> (2017</bold></xref><bold>).</bold> LESS ovariohysterectomy in cats using a new homemade multiport. Ciencia Rural.</p>
										</list-item> <list-item>
																	<p><bold>Moutinho da</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><bold>Conceicao ME <italic>et al.,</italic> (2017</bold></xref><bold>).</bold> Description and Executability of a Novel Pre-tied Mini Ligature (Miniloop) in Laparocopic Ovariectomy in Cats. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae.</p>
																</list-item> <list-item>
																	<p><bold>Broursier JF <italic>et al.,</italic> (2018).</bold> Effectiveness of a bipolar vessel sealant device for ovariohysterectomy in cats with pyometra. Journal of Feline medicine and Surgery.</p>
																</list-item></list></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Level IV</td>
									<td align="left"><list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>Ball RL <italic>et al</italic>., (2010).</bold> Ovarian remnant syndrome in dogs and cats: 21 cases (2000-2007). JAVMA. 
											</p>
										</list-item><list-item>
													<p><bold>Fransson BA., Ragle CA. (2011).</bold> Lift laparoscopy in dogs and cats: 12 cases (2008-2009). JAVMA 
													</p>
										</list-item><list-item>
															<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><bold>Lawall T <italic>et al</italic>., (2017</bold></xref><bold>).</bold> Minilaparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in healthy cats. Ciencia rural. 
															</p>
										</list-item><list-item>
											<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><bold>Minto BW <italic>et al</italic>., (2017</bold></xref><bold>).</bold> Spay hook minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy in cats. Retrospective study of 276 cases. Investigação.</p>
										</list-item></list></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Level V</td>
									<td align="left"><list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p><bold>McKenzie B. (2010).</bold> Evaluating the benefits and risk of neutering dogs
												and cats. CAB reviews: Perspectives in
												agriculture, veterinary science, nutrition and
												natural resources</p>
										</list-item> 
												<list-item>
													<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">De Tora M y McCarthy RJ. (2011</xref>). Ovariohysterectomy versus ovariectomy for elective sterilization of female dogs and cats: is removal of the uterus necessary? JAVMA. 
													</p>
												</list-item><list-item>
															<p><bold>Sparkes A. (2011).</bold> Neutering cats- Assessing attitudes and
												challenging conventions. Journal of feline
												medicine and surgery. </p>
												</list-item><list-item>
																	<p><bold>Howe LM. (2015).</bold> Current perspectives on the optimal age to
												spay/castrate dogs and cats. Veterinary Medicine:
												research and reports. </p>
												</list-item><list-item>
																			<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><bold>Griffin B <italic>et al.,</italic> (2016</bold></xref>). The Association of Shelter Veterinarians’ 2016 Veterinary Medical Care Guidelines for Spay- Neuter Programs. JAVMA. 
																			</p>
												</list-item>	<list-item>
													<p><bold>Yates D y Goetz U. (2016).</bold> Flank or midline ovariohysterectomy in the
												cat? Companion Animal.</p>
												</list-item>	</list></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Different surgical techniques of contraception in cats, their approach and hemostasis.</italic></title>
					<p>In female cats it is described that both OVH and OV are equally beneficial as elective contraceptive surgical techniques, but the incision length is considered to be decreased in OV because exposure of the body of the uterus is not necessary (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">DeTora and McCarthy, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Muraro and White, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Peeters and Kirpensteijn, 2011</xref>). However, the surgery time is usually the same and the signs of pain measured by Glasgow scale are the same in both procedures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Peeters and Kirpensteijn, 2011</xref>).</p>
					<p>In cases where uterine disease is present, OVH should always be performed. These two surgical techniques can be performed by midline approach or lateral technique (Bushby and White, 2019; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Stavisky and Brennan, 2020</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Midline approach</italic></title>
					<p>The midline or celiotomy approach is the one traditionally taught in universities. Although technically the word celiotomy refers to the incision that spans from the xiphoid cartilage to the pubis, to perform OVH in female cats, it is incised two centimeters caudal to the umbilical scar and extends in the direction of the pubis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Frasson, 2018</xref>). Upon entering the abdominal cavity, the ovaries are located with the help of an ovariotome or using the index finger. To further free the ovary, the suspensory ligament is digitally torn, which is inserted caudal and ventral to the last rib (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hill and Smeak, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">McGrath <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yates and Goetz, 2015</xref>). Once the ovary is exteriorized, hemostasis is performed on the ovarian pedicle, for which there are several techniques (described elsewhere).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Lateral approach</italic></title>
					<p>The lateral approach is used for both OVH and OV and is apparently simpler than the celiotomy approach. This approach was initially indicated in cats with overdeveloped mammary glands or in feral cats in which postoperative care and observation is a management complication (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">McGrath <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Reece, 2018</xref>). The anatomy of the cat should be taken into account and consider that the left ovary is caudal to the kidney, slightly ventral to the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. In this technique the animal is placed in lateral decubitus either left or right. Subsequently, between 1 and 5 cm caudal to the last rib and below the lumbar transverse processes, a 1 to 4 cm long skin incision is made in a dorsoventral direction. The subcutaneous tissue is incised and blunt dissection is performed, as well as in the muscular fascia formed by the external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. When the latter muscle is incised, the abdominal cavity is penetrated through the peritoneum. Immediately the left or right ovary is located, the ovarian pedicle is clamped with hemostatic forceps and ligation is performed. Before cutting the pedicle, the opposite ovary is located, for which, the uterine bifurcation is located (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">McGrath <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Yates Goetz, 2015</xref>), the suspensory ligament and ovary are expired and externalized through the incision in the same way as in the ventral midline approach (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kiani <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>), to perform the same procedure as in the first ovary. Finally, muscle fascia is closed encompassing all three muscles in one plane, followed by a subcuticular suture and skin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Silva-Molano <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Ovarian pedicle hemostasis</italic></title>
					<p>A fundamental part of contraceptive surgery in small species is hemostasis of the ovarian pedicle, since it is the step in which most surgical complications occur, as its failure leads to hemorrhage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adin, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bohling, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Pollari <italic>et al.,</italic> 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Voorwald <italic>et</italic><italic>al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). Moreover, it is one of the most difficult steps to perform properly, even by inexperienced surgeons (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bushby and White, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Miller <italic>et al,.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>In female cats, the ovarian pedicle can be ligated aided with two forceps. When using two forceps to perform the ligation, these should be accompanied by 1 or 2 turns to the ligation that circle the pedicle or a transfixion ligation below the first forceps (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Frasson, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hill and Smeak, 2010</xref>). It can also be done with the aid of a single clamp over the ovarian pedicle, which is recommended in cases where the reproductive tract is small, friable or fragile and will not withstand the trauma caused by the two clamps (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mayhew and Brown, 2007</xref>). The use of a double ligature circulating the pedicle is sufficient in these cats and only in case the cat is pregnant or in estrus, it would be necessary to place a transfixion ligature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Frasson, 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p>Another way to perform hemostasis is by using the pedicle knot, which consists of ligating the ovarian pedicle on itself. This procedure is performed similarly to the spermatic cord during orchiectomy of male cats (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Miller <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). Apparently the main advantage of performing the pedicle knot is that it allows the ligation to be performed in less time, compared to the placement of two ligatures on the same structure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Porters <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>), which allows this maneuver to be performed in a shorter time, with decreased use of suture material and thus leaving less or no foreign material in the patient (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bushby and White, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Miller <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>Similarly, it is described that a single ligation encompassing the uterine horn and pedicle produces safe and rapid hemostasis in female cats (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Begum and Bhuvaneshwari, 2018</xref>). The introduction of new hemostatic techniques, such as bipolar electrosurgical unit, has also been implemented in contraceptive surgery in female cats. This device has been shown to be effective in producing hemostasis in OVH in female cats (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Watts, 2018</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Discussion of surgery time</italic></title>
					<p>Although it may be thought that surgery time is not an important factor, it should be taken into account as a significant parameter when it comes to performing massive surgeries for the control of reproduction in female cats.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Comparison of surgery time in open techniques</italic></title>
					<p>In a study they compared the techniques of OVH and OV in female cats. Both surgeries were performed by midline and by an experienced surgeon. Authors found that the time invested in performing OV, was significantly less than OVH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Pereira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). In another study, they compared the surgery times invested with open techniques. These authors describe that performing OVH in pre-pubertal female cats is significantly faster than when practiced in female cats older than 8 months (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Porters <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). In addition, these same authors found that surgery time was shorter when monopolar electrocoagulation was used, followed by staple application, pedicle lacing (pedicle knot) and ligation.</p>
					<p>On the other hand, in another investigation they found that the use of ovarian pedicle knot resulted in a shorter time (5 minutes) compared to the suture knot technique (7 minutes); this time was measured only for ovarian pedicle hemostasis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Miller <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
					<p>In a comparison study of midline and lateral flank approach, lateral flank procedures were found to have an average time of 23 minutes, which was considerably less than that recorded for midline approach (31 minutes) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kiani <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). However, these results contrast with those described by other researchers, who found no statistically significant differences in surgical time between these two approaches (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Swaffield <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). On the other hand, it is described that the time during skin incision and entry into the peritoneum is longer in the lateral flank approach, while the location of the uterus takes longer in the midline approach (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Coe <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>In a retrospective study, the use of a bipolar device was shown to be safe and effective for performing celiotomy OV in female cats. Although they demonstrated that surgery time with this technique was shorter in female dogs, this did not occur in female cats (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Watts, 2018</xref>).</p>
					<p>Finally, it is defined that the surgical technique in which less time is invested to perform OVH in female cats, is the so-called &quot;minimally invasive with ovariotome&quot;. This consists of a mini-approach through the midline, in which surgeons use the ovariotome to locate the ovarian pedicles. The average time with this technique was 11.4 minutes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Minto <italic>et al., 2017</italic></xref>). These results were corroborated in another study, where they conclude that the use of the ovariotome for a mini-incision is less invasive and propose it as an option to incorporate routinely in veterinary contraceptive techniques, as it presents several advantages against traditional celiotomy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lawall <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Comparison of laparoscopic vs. open surgery time</italic></title>
					<p>During the literature review, it was found that surgery time varies significantly when comparing these two types of surgical techniques. For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Sakals <italic>et al.</italic> (2018</xref>), compared laparotomy versus laparoscopic surgery. They describe that the open OVH procedure was faster, as this was performed in an average time of 19.1 minutes, compared to laparoscopic techniques, where they spent 27.7 to 33.2 minutes. The OVH by laparoscopy was performed with the use of a vessel sealing device and suture ligatures respectively, where no significant difference in time was obtained, although the procedure performed with the vessel sealing device was faster. However, they mention that greater laparoscopic experience considerably reduces surgical times. This is especially true for assisted OV, which may be the best option among laparoscopic surgeries. In another study, a greater difference is described, since in open OVH they invested 21 minutes on average against 51.6 minutes for laparoscopy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Case <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
					<p>In another investigation, surgery times were statistically similar in laparoscopic surgeries with a single port and those using LigaSure<sup>®</sup> with open surgeries. They also found that extracorporeal knot ligation in single-port laparoscopy is technically more difficult and time-consuming (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Coisman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Comparison of the time between laparoscopic surgeries</italic></title>
					<p>There have been studies comparing surgery time between laparoscopic contraceptive procedures in female cats. For example, one study compared the use of hemostasis by bipolar electrocoagulation versus laser pedicle resection in OV. In this study, hemostasis was performed and one of the pedicles was cut with a laser device and the contralateral one with a bipolar device. These researchers found that with the laser device the surgical time was statistically greater than with the bipolar device; the greatest difference in surgical time occurred at the time of resection of the ovary, since with the laser device it took (4:09 ± 2:50 minutes), versus (2:23 ± 1:01) with bipolar electrocoagulation. In addition, they mention that the approach to the right ovary was a little more difficult, but it did not interfere with the difficulty of the surgery (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">van Nimwegen and Kirpensteijn, 2007</xref>). In another study where they only performed laparoscopic OV with extracorporeal knot, they had an average time of 44.8 minutes, which according to the authors is similar to other studies where the bipolar system was used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Conceição <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). In a similar study, researchers found that the use of a bipolar hemostatic device significantly reduces surgery time in laparoscopic OVH in female cats, this when compared against a monopolar mechanism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Howe, 2006</xref>). There is another research where they found that with a single-port laparoscopic home device the surgery time was 14.54 minutes on average (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">da Costa <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Pain comparison</italic></title>
					<p>Pain management during and after surgery is one of the most important points to consider when performing contraceptive surgical techniques in female cats (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Murugesan <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>). For example, there is an accepted lack of scientific evidence as to whether the lateral or midline approach is less painful (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Merritt and Collinson, 2020</xref>). Likewise, it has not been established whether OVH or OV causes greater pain in female cats (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Peeters and Kirpensteijn, 2011</xref>). It is also common to consider that laparoscopic techniques tend to cause less pain than traditional surgery (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gauthier <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Comparison of pain caused with open techniques</italic></title>
					<p>In the evaluation of the literature, research was found comparing the pain produced by a traditional midline approach with the lateral flank approach. A significant difference in postoperative pain between both surgical techniques has been described, since it has been demonstrated that there is greater pain when the lateral flank approach was used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Burrow <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). Likewise, there is research that reports evidence of greater pain on palpation in cats with lateral flank wounds compared to midline wounds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Coe <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>These results contrast with those described by other authors. For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gauthier <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref>, found no significant differences in pain caused by celiotomy or lateral surgeries. In addition, two other studies mention that, although there was greater inflammation and secretions in cats with lateral approach, there was no statistically significant difference in terms of postoperative pain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Coe <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). In another study they found very interesting results in terms of pain produced with the lateral approach versus celiotomy in female cats undergoing OV. It was found that one hour after surgery and at discharge time the cats with the lateral approach had more pain. However, they observed that the midline OVH cats had more swelling at discharge, as well as at 3 and 10 days post-surgery. Interestingly, cats with the lateral approach had less pain at days 3 and 10 post-surgery (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Swaffield <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Comparison of pain caused by open versus laparoscopic techniques</italic></title>
					<p>During the literature review, an article was found describing that female cats spayed laparoscopically showed similar pain scales as those that were spayed by open midline technique (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Case <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Sakals <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>), no differences were found in pain measurements with visual analog scales in cats with open versus laparoscopic surgery. In this investigation, they compared laparoscopic-assisted surgery using a bipolar device, traditional ligation-assisted and open surgery.</p>
					<p>These results differ considerably with those presented by other authors, who demonstrate that laparoscopic OVH is less painful, especially with the use of the harmonic scalpel. It was shown that cats with traditional OVH presented higher cortisol concentration in postsurgical blood and their pain scales were higher (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Guedes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). This is supported by another study where they performed OVH in female cats by laparoscopy and demonstrated that it is less painful than that performed by midline or flank (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gauthier <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Comparison of pain caused by laparoscopic techniques</italic></title>
					<p>There is little literature comparing pain with different laparoscopic techniques for OVH or OV in female cats. In one article they found no difference in pain caused by the use of ligatures versus a bipolar device in laparoscopically assisted OVH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Sakals <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Contrary to what was described in another investigation, in which they found that cats submitted to OV in which they ligated by extracorporeal knot presented more pain than those in which they used LigaSure<sup>®</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Case <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Learning time or technical difficulty of each technique</italic></title>
					<sec>
						<title><italic>Learning time for open techniques</italic></title>
						<p>This is the area in which less scientific literature was found, however, two investigations could be analyzed: In a study in which final year veterinary students took part, a favorable evolution and development of confidence was found during the performance of surgery in a period of three weeks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Freeman <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). In another investigation in which a survey of perceived difficulty of two approaches (lateral flank and midline) for performing OVH in female cats was conducted, veterinary students determined that on a scale of 0 to 100, the lateral flank approach was more complicated with a score of 48, versus 41 points for the midline approach (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Coe <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
						<p>Finally, no studies were found that discuss the learning time of open versus laparoscopic techniques or comparing laparoscopic techniques.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>In the systematic review carried out in this work, we found that there is little scientific literature with sufficient evidence to clarify the most appropriate surgical contraceptive technique in female cats. It is not adequately established which one causes less pain, is faster or less difficult. However, important criteria can be formed on some points.</p>
				<p>In female cats, OVH and OV have been described as an alternative to contraceptive surgery. Currently there is no scientific evidence to suggest that one technique is superior to the other and both can be performed by a midline, lateral flank or laparoscopic approach. Oophorectomy is a rarely used alternative but its advantages (shorter surgery time, smaller incisions and avoidance of possible uterine complications) outweigh its disadvantages.</p>
				<p>Surgery time is similar in the two open approaches (lateral and laparotomy). However, miniceliotomy with ovariotomy proved to be the faster technique. The ovarian pedicle ligation procedure is the slowest step; the time for this is reduced with the use of a pedicle knot. The use of a bipolar electrocoagulation system was not shown to reduce the time in open surgeries in female cats, contrary to what occurred in female dogs.</p>
				<p>Laparoscopic surgery is slower and requires a longer learning curve, however, with practice and the use of special devices (LigaSure<sup>®</sup>) the times are very similar to those obtained with open surgery. In addition, with this technique the use of bipolar electrosurgical unit and harmonic scalpel by ultrasonic coagulation does reduce surgery time.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					
					<p>Code: e2021-6.</p>
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	</sub-article>
</article>