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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.18</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00117</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>El empleo de licor y harina de germen de maíz en dietas para pollos de engorda</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2313-2423</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez-López</surname>
						<given-names>Nayeli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6036-1321</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ávila-González</surname>
						<given-names>Ernesto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2979-8282</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>López-Coello</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0917-9524</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Arce-Menocal</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0296-0211</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez-Malave</surname>
						<given-names>Victor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9509-3750</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cortes-Cuevas</surname>
						<given-names>Arturo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0207-3313</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herrera-Camacho</surname>
						<given-names>José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>CDMX</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Morelia, Posta Veterinaria. Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro. Colonia El Trébol, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Tarímbaro</city>
					<state>Michoacán</state>
					<postal-code>México</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, Illinois, Estados Unidos de América. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">ADM Animal Nutrition</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Quincy</city>
					<state>Illinois</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="US">Estados Unidos de América</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor de correspondencia Arce-Menocal José. <email>mvznayeli_rguez@hotmail.com</email>, <email>avilaernesto@yahoo.com</email>
					<email>coelloca@servidor.unam.mx</email>, <email>josearce_55@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>vperez@amn.com</email>, <email>cortescuevasarturo@yahoo.com</email>, <email>jose.camacho@umich.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e117</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen:</title>
				<p>El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar en dietas de pollos, el valor alimenticio de la mezcla de harina de germen de maíz (HGM) en 50% y la adición de 50 % de licor de maíz (LM) sin y con enzimas carbohidrasas (CH) y la fermentación durante 24 horas. Se realizó un ensayo con el LM + enzimas para Polisacáridos no amiláceos (PNA) y LM con fermentación por 24 h. Se utilizaron 240 pollos machos Ross 708, de 6 a 50 días de edad alimentados con dietas base maíz + pasta de soya (iniciación, crecimiento y finalización), con 5, 10 y 20 % de HGM, con la inclusión de diferentes presentaciones de LM (0 % LM, LM natural y LM fermentado) en porcentajes iguales a los de HGM sin y con enzimas carbohidrasas (103 000 U/g de xilanasas, 128 000 U/g de celulasas y 33 000 U/g de beta-glucanasas) a 25 ppm. La ganancia de peso de los pollos de 6 a 50 días de edad mejoró 5 % (P&lt;0.05) con la adición de LM natural al HGM. La combinación HGM + LM natural, incrementó el valor alimenticio en dietas para pollo de engorda. La adición de enzimas en dietas con HGM+LM natural no afectaron el comportamiento productivo de los pollos.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>licor de maíz</kwd>
				<kwd>harina de germen de maíz</kwd>
				<kwd>enzimas</kwd>
				<kwd>pollos de engorda</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="21"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Las dietas de pollos de engorda están compuestas tradicionalmente de maíz o sorgo como principales fuentes de energía y pasta de soya como fuente de proteína (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Knudsen, 2014</xref>); sin embargo, en los últimos años el maíz se ha desviado para la producción de etanol, alcanzado precios sin precedentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Donohue y Cunningham, 2009</xref>). La harina de germen de maíz (HGM) y el licor de maíz (LM) son co-productos originados a partir de la molienda húmeda del maíz; ambos pueden ser utilizados solo o en combinación como ingredientes alternativos en dietas para aves y cerdos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Davis, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rojas <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Albuquerque <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Una gran variedad de co-productos pueden ser utilizados en dietas para aves y cerdos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>); su inclusión puede ayudar a reducir el costo de alimentación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rochell <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). No obstante, la abundante disponibilidad de estos co-productos en la agroindustria por sus precios bajos y su inclusión en las dietas avícolas se ha visto limitada debido a la presencia de polisacáridos no amiláceos (PNA), debido a que aumentan la viscosidad intestinal, afectan el crecimiento y el rendimiento productivo de las aves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Malathi y Devegowda, 2001</xref>). Los PNA consisten en una serie de polisacáridos solubles e insolubles presentes en la pared celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Vincken <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). Los principales polisacáridos en los granos de cereales son los arabinoxilanos (AX) y β- glucanos.</p>
			<p>Con el objetivo de mejorar el valor nutritivo de las dietas avícolas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Kaczmarek <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), se han utilizado enzimas exógenas que actúan sobre las cadenas de los polímeros que causan su ruptura en partículas más pequeñas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Kaczmarek <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Castro <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Cuando ocurre un decremento del valor de energía de los ingredientes que integra las dietas de pollo, la utilización de enzimas que degradan los PNA como las xilanasas, son utilizadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">O'Neill <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el HGM+LM (50 y 50%), sin y con la fermentación durante 24 horas; además sin y con la inclusión de carbohidrasas para PNA, en dietas para pollos de engorda.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>El trabajo en pollos de engorda, se llevó a cabo en el Centro de Investigación de ADM en Quincy, Illinois, Estados Unidos de América. Coordenadas 39° 55’ 56’’ de LN y 91° 23’ 19’’ de LO, altitud 193 msnm.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis de laboratorio</title>
				<p>En el laboratorio de Investigación ADM Animal Nutrition en Quincy, Illinois se realizaron los análisis de humedad, materia seca (MS), fibra detergente neutra (FND), fibra detergente ácida (FAD), proteína cruda (PC), extracto etéreo (EE), lignina y almidón. También de licor de maíz para el análisis de cenizas, humedad, pH, fibra detergente neutra (FND), fibra detergente ácida (FAD), PC, EE y almidón.</p>
				<p>Se utilizaron un total de 350 pollos machos Ross 708 de un día de edad, que fueron adquiridos de la incubadora Welp en Bancroft, Iowa. Se seleccionaron 240, en base al peso corporal inicial, eligiendo pollos a los 5 días de edad entre los 94 y 114 g. Antes de dar inicio a este estudio, todas las aves fueron identificadas con bandas individuales en el ala.</p>
				<p>Se tuvo un total de 60 corrales, con 4 pollos cada uno, de 56 cm de largo por 102 cm de ancho, con pisos de alambre; acondicionando viruta de madera como material de cama y temperatura controlada con termostato. Los pollos fueron mantenidos en tres fases de alimentación, las dietas experimentales fueron fabricadas en la planta de alimentos piloto de ADM en forma de harina para iniciación, crecimiento y finalización: de 6 a 13, de 14 a 28 y de 29 a 50 días (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Cuadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición de las dietas basales en tres fases de alimentación para pollos de engorda</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Ingrediente %</th>
									<th align="center">Iniciación</th>
									<th align="center">Crecimiento</th>
									<th align="center">Finalización</th>
									
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Maíz %</td>
									<td align="center">49.98</td>
									<td align="center">44.38</td>
									<td align="center">36.03</td>
								
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pasta de soya 47.5 %</td>
									<td align="center">37.05</td>
									<td align="center">32.45</td>
									<td align="center">25.60</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Aceite de soya (desgomado)</td>
									<td align="center">2.50</td>
									<td align="center">4.50</td>
									<td align="center">6.00</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">HGM</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">10.00</td>
									<td align="center">20.00</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">LM</td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Agua<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.35</td>
									
									<td align="center">4.95 </td>
									<td align="center">9.00 </td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CH, g<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
									</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">L-Lisina-HCI 98%</td>
									<td align="center">0.12</td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">DL- Metionina 99.5 %</td>
									<td align="center">0.14</td>
									<td align="center">0.08</td>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">L- Treonina 98.5 %</td>
									<td align="center">0.07</td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
									<td align="center">-----</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Carbonato de calcio 38 %</td>
									<td align="center">1.40</td>
									<td align="center">1.35</td>
									<td align="center">1.45</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fosfato monocálcico 21 %</td>
									<td align="center">1.65</td>
									<td align="center">1.55</td>
									<td align="center">1.15</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sal</td>
									<td align="center">0.35</td>
									<td align="center">0.35</td>
									<td align="center">0.35</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Bicarbonato de sodio</td>
									<td align="center">0.10</td>
									<td align="center">0.10</td>
									<td align="center">0.10</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sulfato de cobre 25.2 %<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.00</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sulfato de hierro 30 %<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Selenio 0.06 %</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Cloruro de colina 70 %</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Coban 200<sup>3</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Premezcla de Minerales*</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Premezcla de Vitaminas** </td>
									<td align="center">0.10</td>
									<td align="center">0.10</td>
									<td align="center">0.10</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Nutriente</bold></td>
								
								<td align="center" colspan="3"><bold>Análisis calculado</bold></td>
								
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">EM, Kcal<sup>-1</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2,894</td>
									<td align="center">2,885</td>
									<td align="center">2,741</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Materia seca %</td>
									<td align="center">86.01</td>
									<td align="center">83.99</td>
									<td align="center">80.76</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Humedad %</td>
									<td align="center">13.99</td>
									<td align="center">16.01</td>
									<td align="center">19.24</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Proteína cruda %</td>
									<td align="center">22.27</td>
									<td align="center">20.50</td>
									<td align="center">19.00</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Extracto etéreo %</td>
									<td align="center">4.60</td>
									<td align="center">6.57</td>
									<td align="center">7.88</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fibra cruda %</td>
									<td align="center">2.73</td>
									<td align="center">2.77</td>
									<td align="center">3.21</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fibra detergente neutra %</td>
									<td align="center">8.52</td>
									<td align="center">9.81</td>
									<td align="center">12.63</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Calcio %</td>
									<td align="center">0.98</td>
									<td align="center">0.96</td>
									<td align="center">0.91</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fósforo disponible %</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">0.45</td>
									<td align="center">0.36</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Lisina digestible %</td>
									<td align="center">1.23</td>
									<td align="center">1.04</td>
									<td align="center">0.92</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Metionina digestible %</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">0.39</td>
									<td align="center">0.33</td>
								
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<label><sup>*</sup></label>
								<p>La premezcla proporciona por kg: Cobre 25 mg, Yodo 30 mg, Manganeso 90 mg, Selenio 0.3 mg, Zinc 100 mg, Excipiente cbp. 100.0 g; <sup>**</sup> La premezcla proporciona por kg: Vitamina A 12 000 UI, Vitamina D3 3 500 UI, Vitamina E 16 UI, Biotina 0.2 mg, Colina 300 mg, Ácido fólico 1 mg, Vehículo cbp. 1.000.00 g. <sup>1</sup>Inclusion de enzimas CH se realizó sin ningún valor nutricional, <sup>2</sup>Aditivos promotores del crecimiento, <sup>3</sup>Coccidiostato.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Las carbohidrasas utilizadas tenían una actividad enzimática de 103 000 U/g de xilanasa, 128 000 U/g de celulasa y 33 000 U/g de β-glucanasa, con dosis de 25 ppm.</p>
				<p>La inclusión de harina de germen de maíz y licor de maíz en las dietas fue al 5, 10 y 20% en las tres fases de alimentación: iniciación, crecimiento y finalización, respectivamente; se mantuvieron con una relación 1:1. En los alimentos de los tratamientos 1 y 4, se les añadió agua, con la finalidad de contar con la misma dilución de energía como en aquellas dietas que contenían licor de maíz. En el tratamiento 3 se realizó la mezcla HGM + LM, adicionando las enzimas CH para PNA; en el tratamiento 6 las mezclas se colocaron en un recipiente de plástico hermético y se dejaron reposar por un periodo de 24 h a temperatura ambiente. Todas las dietas tenían un contenido similar de nutrientes.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Registro de consumo de alimento</title>
				<p>El pesaje de alimento y de los pollos se realizó al llegar las aves a la granja, al inicio y final de cada fase de alimentación.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Registro de las temperaturas ambientales en la caseta de ambiente controlado</title>
				<p>Las lecturas de las temperaturas mínimas y máximas a nivel de los pollos con el empleo de termómetros digitales se muestran en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>. A las aves se les proporcionó un calendario de luz artificial, el cual consistió en dar 23 horas luz/día la primera semana, 14 la segunda, 12 la tercera,10 la cuarta y 8 de la quinta hasta el final de la prueba.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Cuadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Temperaturas mínimas y máximas registradas en el experimento <italic>in vivo</italic> con pollos</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Edad (días)</th>
									<th align="center">Mínimas (°C)</th>
									<th align="center">Máximas (°C)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">1 - 8</td>
									<td align="center">29</td>
									<td align="center">32</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">9 - 15</td>
									<td align="center">27</td>
									<td align="center">29</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">16 - 24</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">25 - 32</td>
									<td align="center">22</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">33 - 50</td>
									<td align="center">19</td>
									<td align="center">21</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Parámetros zootécnicos evaluados</title>
				<p>Se llevaron durante el transcurso del estudio, registros de la ganancia de peso corporal (g), consumo de alimento (g) y conversión alimenticia (g/g); la cual se obtuvo dividiendo la cantidad de alimento consumido entre la ganancia de peso obtenido en cada fase de alimentación.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Eliminación de animales</title>
				<p>Se excluyeron del experimento aves enfermas o muertas; posteriormente fueron pesadas individualmente todas las aves de dicho corral y el comedero para realizar el cálculo de ajuste de las variables productivas. Para el consumo de alimento corregido a mortalidad, se realizó a través de la resta del consumo de alimento de las aves muertas con el consumo de alimento total.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Los resultados obtenidos para ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia en cada fase de alimentación, se analizaron con un diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 3, factor A (con y sin enzimas) y factor B (LM 0%, LM natural y LM fermentado); la comparación de medias se realizó usando la prueba de Tukey (P≤0.05). Para analizar los datos se utilizó el paquete estadístico SAS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">SAS, 2012</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>El perfil nutricional de los ingredientes utilizados en el ensayo mostró para el maíz 8.3 % de PC, un 94.9 % de MS, 5.1 % de humedad, 82.7 % de almidón y contó con una baja cantidad de fibra (2.9 % de FDN y 8.0 % de FAD). La HGM con 25.7 % de PC, 92.0 % de MS, un porcentaje considerable de almidón (26.2 %), de aceite (1.7 %); además, de ser un ingrediente rico en fibra debido que posee un 13.0 % de FDN y 38.3 % de FAD. Por otro lado, el LM es un ingrediente líquido con 48.9 % de humedad, un pH de 3.58 proporcionado por la cantidad de ácido láctico con el que ésta cuenta (11.6 %); asimismo, posee una cantidad alta de PC (30.0 %) y de aceite (4.5 %). La combinación de 50% HGM y 50 % LM (uno a uno), resulta atractiva en los análisis químicos realizados por su concentración promedio en cuanto de PC (27.9 %) y almidón (18.9 %).</p>
			<p>En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>, se presentan los resultados obtenidos para ganancia de peso de 6 a 50 días de edad. No se observa diferencia estadística (p&gt;0.05) para el factor enzimas en las distintas fases de alimentación; sin embargo, para el factor dietas se aprecia que la mezcla de LM+HGM incrementó significativamente (P&lt;0.05) la ganancia de peso a partir de los 29 días de edad, siendo mejor este efecto cuando no fue fermentada la combinación. No se encontraron efectos de interacción (p&gt;0.05) de enzimas x dietas en las fases de alimentación.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resultados en pollos de engorda de 6 a 50 días de edad, alimentados con la mezcla de LM+HGM con y sin enzimas</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="5">Ganancia de peso (g) </th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Enzimas CH</th>
								<th align="center">Control</th>
								<th align="center">LM+HGM</th>
								<th align="center">LM+HGM Fermentado</th>
								<th align="center">Promedio</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Fase de Iniciación</th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Sin</td>
								<td align="center">193</td>
								<td align="center">192</td>
								<td align="center">195</td>
								<td align="center">193±2<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Con</td>
								<td align="center">189</td>
								<td align="center">192</td>
								<td align="center">194</td>
								<td align="center">191±2<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Promedio</td>
								<td align="center">191±3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">192±3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">194±3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Fase de Crecimiento</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Sin</td>
								<td align="center">882</td>
								<td align="center">881</td>
								<td align="center">869</td>
								<td align="center">877±6<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Con</td>
								<td align="center">867</td>
								<td align="center">864</td>
								<td align="center">872</td>
								<td align="center">868±6<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Promedio</td>
								<td align="center">874±7<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left">872±8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">871±7<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><bold>Fase de finalización</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Sin</td>
								<td align="center">1702</td>
								<td align="center">1845</td>
								<td align="center">1723</td>
								<td align="center">1756±21<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Con</td>
								<td align="center">1688</td>
								<td align="center">1839</td>
								<td align="center">1786</td>
								<td align="center">1771±22<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Promedio</td>
								<td align="center">1695±26<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1842±26<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1754±27<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Acumulado</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Sin</td>
								<td align="center">2776</td>
								<td align="center">2917</td>
								<td align="center">2787</td>
								<td align="center">2827±35<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Con</td>
								<td align="center">2744</td>
								<td align="center">2904</td>
								<td align="center">2856</td>
								<td align="center">2835±35<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Promedio</td>
								<td align="center">2760±30<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2911±30<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2821±31<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<label><sup>a,b</sup></label>
							<p>en la misma fila indica valores diferentes (P&lt;0.05)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">cuadro 4</xref>, muestra los datos del consumo de alimento de 6 a 50 días de edad. Para el factor enzimas no existió diferencia estadística (P&gt;0.05); sin embargo, para el factor dietas se aprecia que las mezclas de LM+HGM incrementaron el consumo de alimento significativamente (P&lt;0.05) a partir de los 29 días de edad. No se encontraron efectos de interacción (P&gt;0.05) de enzimas x dietas en las fases de alimentación.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Cuadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resultados en pollos de engorda de 6 a 50 días de edad, alimentados con la mezcla de LM+HGM con y sin enzimas</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="5">Consumo de alimento (g)</th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Enzimas CH</th>
								<th align="center">Control</th>
								<th align="center"> LM+HGM</th>
								<th align="center">LM+HGM Fermentado</th>
								<th align="center">Promedio</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Fase de Iniciación</th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Sin</td>
								<td align="center">260</td>
								<td align="center">260</td>
								<td align="center">261</td>
								<td align="center">261±3<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Con</td>
								<td align="center">249</td>
								<td align="center">257</td>
								<td align="center">257</td>
								<td align="center">254±3<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Promedio</td>
								<td align="center">255±4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">259±4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">259±4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Fase de Crecimiento</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Sin</td>
								<td align="center">1258</td>
								<td align="center">1291</td>
								<td align="center">1270</td>
								<td align="center">1273±9<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Con</td>
								<td align="center">1250</td>
								<td align="center">1260</td>
								<td align="center">1264</td>
								<td align="center">1258±9<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Promedio</td>
								<td align="center">1254±11<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1275±11<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1267±11<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Fase de finalización</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Sin</td>
								<td align="center">3643</td>
								<td align="center">3842</td>
								<td align="center">3667</td>
								<td align="center">3717±38<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Con</td>
								<td align="center">3546</td>
								<td align="center">3858</td>
								<td align="center">3797</td>
								<td align="center">3734±39<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Promedio</td>
								<td align="center">3595±47<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3850±47<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3732±48<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Acumulado</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Sin</td>
								<td align="center">5161</td>
								<td align="center">5394</td>
								<td align="center">5198</td>
								<td align="center">5251±62<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Con</td>
								<td align="center">5045</td>
								<td align="center">5392</td>
								<td align="center">5342</td>
								<td align="center">5260±62<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Promedio</td>
								<td align="center">5103±53<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">5393±53<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">5270±55<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<label><sup>a,b</sup></label>
							<p>en la misma fila indica valores diferentes (P&lt;0.05)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">cuadro 5</xref>, se presentan los valores obtenidos para conversión alimenticia de 6 a 50 días de edad. No se observa diferencia estadística (P&gt;0.05) para los factores enzimas y dietas ni efectos de interacción entre los mismos. La diferencia observada (P&lt;0.05), fue en la fase de crecimiento a favor de la dieta control.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Cuadro 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resultados en pollos de engorda de 6 a 50 días de edad, alimentados con la mezcla de LM+HGM con y sin enzimas</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								
									<th align="center" colspan="5">Conversión alimenticia (g/g)</th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Enzimas CH</th>
								<th align="center">Control LM+HGM</th>
								<th align="center">LM+HGM</th>
								<th align="center">LM+HGM Fermentado</th>
								<th align="center">Promedio</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Fase de Iniciación</th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="left"> </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Sin</td>
								<td align="center">1.35</td>
								<td align="center">1.36</td>
								<td align="center">1.34</td>
								<td align="center">1.35±0.11<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Con</td>
								<td align="center">1.31 1.34</td>
								<td align="center">1.34</td>
								<td align="center">1.33</td>
								<td align="center">1.33±0.11<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Promedio</td>
								<td align="center">1.33±0.01ª</td> 
								<td align="center">1.35±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.33±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Fase de Crecimiento</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Sin</td>
								<td align="center">1.43</td>
								<td align="center">1.47</td>
								<td align="center">1.46</td>
								<td align="center">1.44±0.006<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Con</td>
								<td align="center">1.44 1.46</td>
								<td align="center">1.46</td>
								<td align="center">1.45</td>
								<td align="center">1.44±0.006<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Promedio</td>
								<td align="center">1.43±0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.46±0.007<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.46±0.007<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Fase de finalización</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Sin</td>
								<td align="left">2.15</td>
									<td align="left">2.09</td>
								<td align="left">2.13</td>
								<td align="center">2.12±0.016<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Con</td>
								<td align="left">2.10</td>
									<td align="left">2.10</td>
								<td align="left">2.13</td>
								<td align="center">2.11±0.016<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Promedio</td>
								<td align="center">2.13±0.019<sup>a</sup> </td>
								<td align="center">2.10±0.019<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">2.13±0.020<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><bold>Acumulado</bold></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Sin</td>
								<td align="left">1.86</td>
									<td align="left">1.85</td>
								<td align="left">1.87</td>
								<td align="center">1.86±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Con</td>
								<td align="left">1.84 1.86</td>
								<td align="left">1.86</td>
								<td align="left">1.87</td>
								<td align="center">1.86±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Promedio</td>
								<td align="center">1.85±0.01ª </td>
								<td align="center">1.85±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.87±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<label><sup>a,b</sup></label>
							<p>en la misma fila indica valores diferentes (P&lt;0.05)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La HGM es un ingrediente fibroso con una baja digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> de la materia seca (61.25 %), que posee una energía metabolizable de 1 650 Kcal/Kg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Archer Daniels Midland Company, 2016</xref>). Debido a la presencia del germen en la HGM, se determinó en los análisis de laboratorio en esta muestra un porcentaje de 26.23 % de almidón, valor superior al obtenido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rochell <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> de 15.29 %; además posee un 1.65 % de aceite, caracterizándolo como un ingrediente energético, como lo describieron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Milošević <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>. En otro estudio realizado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rochell <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> determinó que la HGM cuenta con 10.87 % de humedad, valor similar al reportado en este análisis (7.93 %). Por otro lado, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rojas <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> realizaron un estudio donde determinaron el valor de EB de la HGM, el cual fue de 4 184 Kcal-1, valor inferior al obtenido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rochell <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> de 4 767 Kcal<sup>-1</sup>, teniendo la muestra de este estudio un valor intermedio a dichos resultados que fue de 4 573 Kcal<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, el licor de maíz es un ingrediente altamente digestible como lo demuestran los resultados de la muestra analizada (99.19 %) y los reportes que indican un contenido de energía metabolizable de 1 595 Kcal<sup>-1</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Tekchandani <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Sultan et al., 2017</xref>). El uso de CH para PNA en dietas para pollos de engorda no incrementó el consumo de alimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), de igual manera se observó en el presente experimento con la inclusión de CH, de los 6 a los 50 d de edad.</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, la utilización de 50% de LM+50% de HGM estimuló el consumo de alimento de los 6 a los 50 d de edad, probablemente por un incremento de la palatabilidad de las dietas. En estudios realizados en otras especies (cerdos y ganado) que utilizaron LM se ha observado un mayor consumo de alimento relacionado al incremento de la palatabilidad de la dieta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Lusby <italic>et al</italic>., 1981</xref>), así como otros sustratos ricos en carbohidratos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Medina <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Ha sido ampliamente estudiado la utilización de CH para PNA en pollos de engorda y su efecto en el aumento de la ganancia de peso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adeola y Cowieson, 2011</xref>); no obstante, no se presentó un incremento en esta variable de los 6 a los 50 d de edad; probablemente debido a que se subestimó la dosificación de la CH para PNA utilizada en este estudio. Además, no se encontraron diferencias en la ganancia de peso, de los 6 a los 50 d de edad, cuando se utilizó la inclusión de LM fermentado a 24 h. El LM utilizado en este estudio tuvo un pH de 3.8, probablemente la falta de efecto en la ganancia de peso en el tratamiento LM fermentado a 24 h, fue a lo descrito anteriormente.</p>
			<p>Una característica de la HGM es la capacidad de absorber nutrientes líquidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Davis, 2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Giannenas <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Cabe mencionar que el LM evaluado en este estudio tenía un porcentaje alto de PC (29.97 %), extracto etéreo (4.49 %) y almidón (11.53 %). Probablemente el empleo de LM al mezclarlo con HGM incrementó la biodisponibilidad de nutrientes, con lo que se mejoró la ganancia de peso de los pollos en (2911 vs 2760g), lo que corresponde a un 5%; sugiriendo que esta combinación tiene un alto potencial para su empleo en dietas para pollos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>La combinación de 50% de HGM + 50% de LM natural, en dietas de iniciación (5%), crecimiento (10%) y finalización (20%), incrementó la ganancia de peso y el consumo de alimento en pollos de engorda, debido a su digestibilidad y palatabilidad. La adición de enzimas o la fermentación con HGM+LM no mejoraron el comportamiento productivo de los pollos.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p>Los autores expresan su sincero agradecimiento y aprecio a la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México por el apoyo académico, así como a James Dunn por su contribución y a ADM Animal Nutrition por haber proporcionado sus instalaciones para la realización de estos estudios y por el financiamiento del presente proyecto.</p>
		</ack>
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				<p>Clave: e2020-77.</p>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Use of liquor and corn germ meal on broiler diets</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The objective of the study was to evaluate in broiler diets, the feeding value of corn germ meal (CGM) mixture at 50% and the addition of 50% corn liquor (CL) without and with carbohydrase enzymes (CH) and fermentation for 24 hours. A trial with CL + enzymes for non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and CL with fermentation for 24 h was carried out. A total of 240 male Ross 708 broilers were used, from 6 to 50 days of age fed corn + soybean paste based diets (starter, grower and finisher), with 5, 10 and 20 % CGM, with the inclusion of different presentations of CL (0 % CL, natural CL and fermented CL) in percentages equal to those of CGM without and with carbohydrase enzymes (103 000 U/g of xylanases, 128 000 U/g of cellulases and 33 000 U/g of beta-glucanases) at 25 ppm. Weight gain of 6- to 50-day-old chicks improved 5 % (P&lt;0.05) with the addition of natural CL to CGM. The combination of CGM + natural CL increased feed value in broiler diets. The addition of enzymes in diets with CGM + natural CL did not affect broiler performance.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>corn liquor</kwd>
				<kwd>corn germ meal</kwd>
				<kwd>fermentation</kwd>
				<kwd>enzymes</kwd>
				<kwd>broiler chickens</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Broiler diets are traditionally composed of corn or sorghum as the main energy sources and soybean meal as the protein source (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Knudsen, 2014</xref>); however, in recent years corn has been diverted for ethanol production, reaching unprecedented prices (Donohue and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cunningham, 2009</xref>). Corn germ meal (CGM) and corn liquor (CL) are co-products originating from the wet milling of corn; both can be used alone or in combination as alternative ingredients in poultry and swine diets (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Davis, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rojas <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Albuquerque <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). A wide variety of co-products can be used in poultry and swine diets (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>); their inclusion can help reduce feed cost (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rochell <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). However, the abundant availability of these co-products in agribusiness due to their low prices and their inclusion in poultry diets has been limited due to the presence of non- starch polysaccharides (NSPs), because they increase intestinal viscosity, affect growth and productive performance of poultry (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Malathi and Devegowda, 2001</xref>). NSPs consist of a series of soluble and insoluble polysaccharides present in the cell wall ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Vincken <italic>et al</italic>.,2003</xref>). The main polysaccharides in cereal grains are arabinoxylans (AX) and β-glucans. With the aim of improving the nutritive value of poultry diets (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Kaczmarek <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), exogenous enzymes have been used that act on the polymer chains causing their breakdown into smaller particles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Kaczmarek <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Castro <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). When a decrease in the energy value of the ingredients that integrate chicken diets occurs, the utilization of enzymes that degrade NSPs such as xylanases are used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">O'Neill <italic>et al</italic>.,2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate CGM+CL (50 and 50%), without and with fermentation for 24 hours; also without and with the inclusion of carbohydrases for NSPs, in broiler diets.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>The work in broilers, was carried out at the ADM Research Center in Quincy, Illinois, United States of America. Coordinates 39° 55 '56' 'of NL and 91° 23' 19'' WL, altitude 193 m a.s.l.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Laboratory analysis</title>
					<p>In the ADM Animal Nutrition Research Laboratory, Illinois, moisture analysis, dry matter (DM), neutral detergent (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), ethereal extract (EE) were carried out, lignin and starch. Also of corn liquor for ash analysis, humidity, pH, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), CP, EE and starch.</p>
					<p>A total of 350 males Ross 708 chickens were used, which were acquired from the Welp incubator in Bancroft, Iowa. 240 were selected, based on initial body weight, choosing chickens at 5 days of age between 94 and 114 g. Before starting this study, all birds were identified with individual bands on the wing.</p>
					<p>It was a total of 60 pens, with 4 chickens each, 56 cm long by 102 cm wide, with wire floors; conditioning wooden chip as a bed material and temperature controlled with thermostat. The chickens were maintained in three feeding phases, the experimental diets were manufactured in the pilot food plant in the form of a meal for initiation, growth and finalization: from 6 to 13, from 14 to 28 to 29 to 50 days (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Composition of basal diets in three feed phases for fattening chickens</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Ingredient %</th>
										<th align="center">Initiation</th>
										<th align="center">Growth</th>
										<th align="center">Finalization</th>
										
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Corn %</td>
										<td align="center">49.98</td>
										<td align="center">44.38</td>
										<td align="center">36.03</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Soy paste 47.5 %</td>
										<td align="center">37.05</td>
										<td align="center">32.45</td>
										<td align="center">25.60</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Soybean oil (degummed)</td>
										<td align="center">2.50</td>
										<td align="center">4.50</td>
										<td align="center">6.00</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">CGM</td>
										<td align="center">5.00</td>
										<td align="center">10.00</td>
										<td align="center">20.00</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">CL</td>
										<td align="center">-----</td>
										<td align="left">-----</td>
										<td align="center">-----</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Water </td>
										<td align="center">2.35</td>
										<td align="center">4.95</td>
										<td align="center">9.00</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">CH, g<sup>1</sup></td>
										<td align="center">-----</td>
										<td align="center">-----</td>
										<td align="center">-----</td>
										
									</tr>	
									<tr>
										<td align="left">L-lysine-HCl 98%</td>
										<td align="center">0.12</td>
										<td align="center">-----</td>
										<td align="center">-----</td>
										
									</tr>	
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Dl- methionine 99.5%</td>
										<td align="center">0.14</td>
										<td align="center">0.08</td>
										<td align="center">0.04</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">L L-treonin 98.5%</td>
										<td align="center">0.07</td>
										<td align="center">-----</td>
										<td align="center">-----</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Calcium carbonate 38%</td>
										<td align="center">1.40</td>
										<td align="center">1.35</td>
										<td align="center">1.45</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Monocalcium phosphate 21%</td>
										<td align="center">1.65</td>
										<td align="center">1.55</td>
										<td align="center">1.15</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Salt</td>
										<td align="center">0.35</td>
										<td align="center">0.35</td>
										<td align="center">0.35</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
										<td align="center">0.10</td>
										<td align="center">0.10</td>
										<td align="center">0.10</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Copper sulfate 25.2%<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.00</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Iron sulfate 30%<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
										<td align="center">0.01</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Selenium 0.06%</td>
										<td align="center">0.05</td>
										<td align="center">0.05</td>
										<td align="center">0.05</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Choline chloride 70%</td>
										<td align="center">0.05</td>
										<td align="center">0.04</td>
										<td align="center">0.03</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Coban 200<sup>3</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.05</td>
										<td align="center">0.05</td>
										<td align="center">0.05</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Premezcla de Minerales<sup>*</sup></td>
										<td align="center">0.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.03</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Premezcla de Vitaminas<sup>**</sup>
</td>
										<td align="center">0.10</td>
										<td align="center">0.10</td>
										<td align="center">0.10</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">
											<bold>Nutrient</bold></td>
										
										<td align="center" colspan="3"><bold>Calculated analysis</bold></td>
										
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">ME, Kcal<sup>-1</sup></td>
										<td align="center">2,894</td>
										<td align="center">2,885</td>
										<td align="center">2,741</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Dry Matter %</td>
										<td align="center">86.01</td>
										<td align="center">83.99</td>
										<td align="center">80.76</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Humidity %</td>
										<td align="center">13.99</td>
										<td align="center">16.01</td>
										<td align="center">19.24</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Crude Protein %</td>
										<td align="center">22.27</td>
										<td align="center">20.50</td>
										<td align="center">19.00</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Ethereal Extract%</td>
										<td align="center">4.60</td>
										<td align="center">6.57</td>
										<td align="center">7.88</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Crude fiber%</td>
										<td align="center">2.73</td>
										<td align="center">2.77</td>
										<td align="center">3.21</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Neutral detergent fiber%</td>
										<td align="center">8.52</td>
										<td align="center">9.81</td>
										<td align="center">12.63</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Calcium %</td>
										<td align="center">0.98</td>
										<td align="center">0.96</td>
										<td align="center">0.91</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Phosphorus available%</td>
										<td align="center">0.46</td>
										<td align="center">0.45</td>
										<td align="center">0.36</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Lysine digestible%</td>
										<td align="center">1.23</td>
										<td align="center">1.04</td>
										<td align="center">0.92</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Digestible methionine%</td>
										<td align="center">0.46</td>
										<td align="center">0.39</td>
										<td align="center">0.33</td>
										
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<label><sup>*</sup></label>
									<p> Premix provides by kg: Copper 25 mg, Iodine 30 mg, Manganese 90 mg, Selenium 0.3 mg, Zinc 100 mg, excipient cbp. 100.0 g; **The premix provides by kg: A vitamin 12 000 IU, D3 vitamin 3 500 IU, E vitamin 16 IU, Biotin 0.2 mg, Choline 300 mg, Folic acid 1 mg, vehicle cbp. 1,000.00 g. <sup>1</sup>Inclusion of enzymes CH was performed without any nutritional value, <sup>2</sup>Aditive promoters of growth, <sup>3</sup>coccidiostat.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>The carbohydrases used had an enzymatic activity of 103,000 U/g of xylanase, 128 000 U/g of cellulase and 33,000 U/g of β-glucanase, with dose of 25 ppm.</p>
					<p>The inclusion of corn germ meal and corn liqueur in diets was at 5, 10 and 20 % in the three phases of food: initiation, growth and finalization, respectively they were maintained with a 1: 1 ratio. In foods of treatments 1 and 4, water was added, in order to have the same dilution of energy as in those diets containing corn liquor. In treatment 3, the CGM + CL mixture was performed, adding the Ch enzymes for NSP. In treatment 6, the mixtures were placed in a hermetic plastic container and allowed standing for a period of 24 h at room temperature. All diets had a similar content of nutrients.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Registration of food consumption</title>
					<p>The weighing of food and chickens was performed upon reaching the birds to the farm, at the beginning and end of each feeding phase.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Registration of environmental temperatures in the controlled environment booth</title>
					<p>Readings of minimum and maximum temperatures at the broiler level with the use of digital thermometers are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>. An artificial light calendar was provided, which consisted of giving 23 hours light/day the first Week, 14 the second, 12 the third, 10 the fourth and 8 of the fifth until the end of the test.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Minimum and maximum temperatures registered in the experiment <italic>in vivo</italic> with broilers</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Age (days)</th>
										<th align="center">Minimum (C)</th>
										<th align="center">Maximum (C)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">1 - 8</td>
										<td align="center">29</td>
										<td align="center">32</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">9 - 15</td>
										<td align="center">27</td>
										<td align="center">29</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">16 - 24</td>
										<td align="center">24</td>
										<td align="center">26</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">25 - 32</td>
										<td align="center">22</td>
										<td align="center">24</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">33 - 50</td>
										<td align="center">19</td>
										<td align="center">21</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Zootechnical parameters evaluated</title>
					<p>They were carried out during the course of the study, records of body weight gain (G), food consumption (G) and food conversion (G/G); which was obtained by dividing the amount of food consumed between the weight gain obtained in each feed phase.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Disposal of animals</title>
					<p>Sick or dead birds were excluded from the experiment; subsequently, all the birds in the pen and the feeder were individually weighed to calculate the adjustment of the productive variables. Feed consumption corrected for mortality was calculated by subtracting the feed consumption of the dead birds from the total feed consumption.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The results obtained for weight gain, food consumption and food conversion in each feed phase were analyzed with an experimental design completely randomly with 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, factor A (with and without enzyme) and factor B (CL 0 %, Natural CL and CL fermented). Comparison of means was performed using Tukey's test (P≤0.05). The SAS statistical package (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">SAS, 2012</xref>) was used to analyze the data.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>The nutrition profile of ingredients used in the assay showed for corn 8.3 % CP, 94.9% of DM, 5.1% moisture, 82.7% starch and featured a low amount of fiber (2.9% DNF and 8.0% of ADF) CGM with 25.7% CP, 92.0% DM, a considerable percentage of starch (26.2%), oil (1.7%); In addition, if it is a fiber rich ingredient because it has 13.0% DNF and 38.3% ADF. On the other hand, CL is a liquid ingredient with 48.9% moisture, a pH of 3.58 provided by the amount of lactic acid with which this account (11.6%). Likewise, it has a high amount of CP (30.0%) and oil (4.5%). The combination of 50% CGM and 50% CL (one by one), is attractive in the chemical analyzes carried out by its average concentration as soon as CP (27.9%) and starch (18.9%).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>, the results for weight gain of 6 to 50 days of age are presented. No statistical difference is observed (p&gt; 0.05) for the enzyme factor in the different feeding phases; However, for the diet factor it is appreciated that the CL + CGM mixture increased significantly (p &lt;0.05) weight gain as of 29 days of age, this effect being better when the combination was not fermented. No interaction effects were found (p&gt; 0.05) of enzymes x diets in the feed phases.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Results on broiler chickens from 6 to 50 days of age, powered by the mixture of CL + CGM with and without enzymes</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="5">Weight gain (G) </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Enzymes CH</th>
									<th align="center">Control</th>
									<th align="center">CL+CGM</th>
									<th align="center">CL+CGM Fermented</th>
									<th align="center">Average</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Initiation phase</th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Without</td>
									<td align="center">193</td>
									<td align="center">192</td>
									<td align="center">195</td>
									<td align="center">193±2<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">With</td>
									<td align="center">189</td>
									<td align="center">192</td>
									<td align="center">194</td>
									<td align="center">191±2<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Average</td>
									<td align="center">191±3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="left">192±3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">194±3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Growth phase</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Without</td>
									<td align="center">882</td>
									<td align="center">881</td>
									<td align="center">869</td>
									<td align="center">877±6<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">With</td>
									<td align="center">867 874±7<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">864 872±8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">872 871±7<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">868±6<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Average</td>
									<td align="center">874±7<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">872±8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">871±7<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Finalization phase</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Without</td>
									<td align="center">1702</td>
									<td align="center">1845</td>
									<td align="center">1723</td>
									<td align="center">1756±21<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">With</td>
									<td align="center">1688 </td>
									<td align="center">1839 </td>
									<td align="center">1786 </td>
									<td align="center">1771±22<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Average</td>
									<td align="center">1695±26<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1842±26<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1754±27<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Accumulated</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Without</td>
									<td align="center">2776</td>
									<td align="center">2917</td>
									<td align="center">2787</td>
									<td align="center">2827±35<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">With Average</td>
									<td align="center">2744 2760±30<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2904 2911±30<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2856 2821±31<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2835±35<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Average</td>
									<td align="center">2760±30<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2911±30<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2821±31<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center"></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<label><sup>a,b</sup></label>
								<p>in the same row indicates different values (p &lt;0.05)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref> shows data from food consumption from 6 to 50 days of age. For the enzyme factor there was no statistical difference (p&gt; 0.05); however, for the diet factor it is appreciated that the mixtures of CL+CGM increased food consumption significantly (p&lt;0.05) from 29 days of age. No interaction effects were found (p&gt; 0.05) of enzymes x diets in the feed phases.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Results on broiler chickens from 6 to 50 days old, powered by the mixture of CL +CGM with and without enzymes</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="5">Food consumption (G)</th>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Enzymes CH</th>
									<th align="left">Control</th>
									<th align="left"><bold>CM+CGM</bold></th>
									<th align="left">CL+CGM Fermented</th>
									<th align="center">Average</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Initiation phase</th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Without</td>
									<td align="center">260</td>
									<td align="center">260</td>
									<td align="center">261</td>
									<td align="center">261±3a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">With</td>
									<td align="center">249</td>
									<td align="center">257</td>
									<td align="center">257</td>
									<td align="center">254±3<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Average</td>
									<td align="center">255±4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">259±4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">259±4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Growth phase</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Without</td>
									<td align="center">1258</td>
									<td align="center">1291</td>
									<td align="center">1270</td>
									<td align="center">1273±9a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">With</td>
									<td align="center">1250</td>
									<td align="center">1260</td>
									<td align="center">1264</td>
									<td align="center">1258±9<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Average</td>
									<td align="center">1254±11a</td>
									<td align="center">1275±11<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1267±11<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Finalization phase</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Without</td>
									<td align="center">3643</td>
									<td align="center">3842</td>
									<td align="center">3667</td>
									<td align="center">3717±38<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">With</td>
									<td align="center">3546</td>
									<td align="center">3858</td>
									<td align="center">3797</td>
									<td align="center">3734±39<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Average</td>
									<td align="center">3595±47<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3850±47<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3732±48<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Accumulated</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Without</td>
									<td align="center">5161</td>
									<td align="center">5394</td>
									<td align="center">5198</td>
									<td align="center">5251±62<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">With</td>
									<td align="center">5045</td>
									<td align="center">5392</td>
									<td align="center">5342</td>
									<td align="center">5260±62<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Average</td>
									<td align="center">5103±53<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">5393±53<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">5270±55<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<label><sup>a,b</sup></label>
								<p>in the same row indicates different values (p &lt;0.05)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>, the values obtained for food conversion from 6 to 50 days of age are presented. No statistical difference is observed (p&gt; 0.05) for the enzyme factors and diets or effects of interaction between them. The observed difference (p &lt;0.05), was in the growth phase in favor of the control diet.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Results on broiler chickens from 6 to 50 days of age, powered by the mixture of CL + CGM with and without enzymes</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="5">Food conversion (g/g)</th>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Enzymes CH</th>
									<th align="center">Control</th>
									<th align="center">CL+CGM</th>
									<th align="center">CL+CGM Fermented</th>
									<th align="center">Average</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Initiation phase</th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sin</td>
									<td align="center">1.35</td>
									<td align="center">1.36</td>
									<td align="center">1.34</td>
									<td align="center">1.35±0.11a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Con</td>
									<td align="center">1.31</td>
									<td align="center">1.34</td>
									<td align="center">1.33</td>
									<td align="center">1.33±0.11<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Promedio</td>
									<td align="center">1.33±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.35±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.33±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Growth phase</bold></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sin</td>
									<td align="center">1.43</td>
									<td align="center">1.47</td>
									<td align="center">1.46</td>
									<td align="center">1.44±0.006<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Con</td>
									<td align="center">1.44</td>
									<td align="center">1.46</td>
									<td align="center">1.45</td>
									<td align="center">1.44±0.006<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Promedio</td>
									<td align="center">1.43±0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.46±0.007<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.46±0.007<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Finalization phase</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sin</td>
									<td align="center">2.15</td>
									<td align="center">2.09</td>
									<td align="center">2.13</td>
									<td align="center">2.12±0.016<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Con</td>
									<td align="center">2.10</td>
									<td align="center">2.10</td>
									<td align="center">2.13</td>
									<td align="center">2.11±0.016<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Promedio</td>
									<td align="center">2.13±0.019<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.10±0.019<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2.13±0.020<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Accumulated</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Sin</td>
									<td align="center">1.86</td>
									<td align="center">1.85</td>
									<td align="center">1.87</td>
									<td align="center">1.86±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Con</td>
									<td align="center">1.84</td>
									<td align="center">1.86</td>
									<td align="center">1.87</td>
									<td align="center">1.86±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Promedio</td>
									<td align="center">1.85±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.85±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.87±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<label><sup>a,b</sup></label>
								<p>in the same row indicates different values (p &lt;0.05)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The CGM is a fibrous ingredient with a low <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility of dry matter (61.25%), which has a metabolizable energy of 1 650 kcal/kg (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Archer Daniels Midland Company, 2016</xref>). Due to the presence of the germ in the CGM, a percentage of 26.23% starch is determined in the laboratory analyzes in this sample, higher than obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rochell <italic>et al. (2011)</italic></xref>of 15.29%. It also has a 1.65% oil, characterizing it as an energy ingredient, as did <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Milošević <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>. In another study conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rochell <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> determined that CGM has 10.87% humidity, value similar to the reported in this analysis (7.93%). On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rojas <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> carried out a study where they determined the value of EB of the CGM, which was 4 184 kcal<sup>-1</sup>, a lower value than obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Rochell <italic>et al</italic>. (2011) </xref>of 4 767 kcal<sup>-1</sup>, having the sample of this study an intermediate value to these results that was 4 573 kcal<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, corn liquor is a highly digestible ingredient as evidenced by the results of the analyzed sample (99.19%) and reports that indicate a metabolizable energy content of 1 595 kcal-1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Tekchandani <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Sultan et al., 2017</xref>.</p>
				<p>The use of CH for NSP in diets for fattening chickens did not increase food consumption (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), in the same way observed in the present experiment with the inclusion of CH, from 6 to 50 d of age.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, the use of 50% CL + 50% CGM stimulated the food consumption from 6 to 50 days, probably due to an increase in palatability of diets. In studies conducted in other species (pigs and livestock) that CL used has observed greater consumption of food related to the increase in diet palatability (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Lusby <italic>et al</italic>., 1981</xref>), as well as other carbohydrate-rich substrates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Medina <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>The use of CH for NSP on broiler chickens and its effect on the increase of weight gain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adeola and Cowieson, 2011</xref>) has been widely studied; however, there was no increase in this variable of 6 at 50 days; probably because the dosage of the CH to NSP used in this study was underestimated.</p>
				<p>In addition, no differences were found in weight gain, from 6 to 50 days of age, when the inclusion of Fermented CL was used at 24 h. The CL used in this study had a pH of 3.8, probably the lack of effect on weight gain in CL treatment fermented at 24 h, was described above.</p>
				<p>A characteristic of the CGM is the ability to absorb liquid nutrients (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Davis, 2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Giannenas <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). It is worth mentioning that the CL evaluated in this study had a high percentage of CC (29.97%), ethereal extract (4.49%) and starch (11.53%). Probably the use of CL by mixing it with CGM increased the bioavailability of nutrients, which improved the weight gain of chickens in (2911 vs 2760g), which corresponds to 5%; suggesting that this combination has a high potential for use in diets for chickens.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The 50% combination of CGM + 50% natural CL, in initiation diets (5%), growth (10%) and completion (20%), increased weight gain and food consumption on broiler chickens, due to its digestibility and palatability. The addition of enzymes or fermentation with CGM+CL did not improve the productive behavior of chickens.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgment</title>
				<p>The authors express their sincere gratitude and appreciation to the National Autonomous University of Mexico for academic support, as well as James Dunn for his contribution and ADM Nutrition for having provided his facilities for the realization of these studies and for the financing of this project.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					
					<p>Code: e2020-77.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>