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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.22</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos de casos clínicos</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Metaplasia cartilaginosa en aurícula derecha de ovino, atribuible al consumo de <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9969-6201</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Velázquez-Ordoñez</surname>
						<given-names>Valente</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8537-5025</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zaragoza-Bastida</surname>
						<given-names>Adrián</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6154-9983</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rivero-Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Nallely</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6640-2753</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Delgadillo-Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>Lucia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3247-568X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gallegos-Flores</surname>
						<given-names>Perla</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0306-3560</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valladares-Carranza</surname>
						<given-names>Benjamín</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"><sup>**</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor responsable: Adrián Zaragoza-Bastida.</corresp>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>**</label>Autor de correspondencia: Benjamín Valladares-Carranza. El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, Estado de México. CP. 50295. Toluca, Estado de México, México. 722 2965549 o 722 2966382. <email>vvo@uaeh.edu.mx</email>, <email>adrian_zaragoza@uaeh.edu.mx</email>, <email>nallely_rivero@uaeh.edu.mx</email>, <email>delgadillolucia@gmail.com</email>, <email>perla_gf17@hotmail.com</email>, <email>bvalladaresc@uaemex.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e302</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen:</title>
				<p>Se presenta el caso de un ovino de 2.5 años que fue enviado para valoración diagnóstica a la necropsia, donde se encontró degeneración mucoide de grasa coronaria, adherencias pleurales, congestión hipostática, hemoperitoneo, distención de retículo, rumen, omaso y abomaso. El hallazgo más significativo fue la apariencia blanquecina y dura al tacto de la aurícula derecha. La muestra de aurícula se sometió a descalcificación para realizar el corte e histopatología. En la histología del corte realizado se observó: zonas extensas de metaplasia cartilaginosa, tumefacción y ondulación de fibras musculares cardiacas, infiltración grasa entre fibras cardiacas, así como figuras compatibles con <italic>Sarcocystis.</italic> La bioquímica clínica indicó hiperfosfatemia e hipermagnesemia. El proceso encontrado en el ovino evaluado fue metaplasia cartilaginosa de aurícula derecha, asociado a la ingesta de <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic>. En las diferentes especies animales la probabilidad de intoxicación progresiva por el consumo de plantas tóxicas es un riesgo que puede darse en cualquier sistema de producción animal. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title><bold>Palabras clave</bold>:</title>
				<kwd>metaplasia cartilaginosa</kwd>
				<kwd>aurícula</kwd>
				<kwd>ovino.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="24"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Las plantas calcigénicas se encuentran entre los vegetales más nocivos para los animales en el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Odriozola <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Zanuzzi <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>), la naturaleza química de los agentes tóxicos contenidos inducen la calcinosis, el principal principio activo es un glucósido esteroideo que se hidroliza en el intestino, el rumen y otros tejidos y libera el fragmento esteroideo, el cual es en la mayoría de los casos el 1,25 (OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Waser <italic>et al.,</italic> 1983</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dallorso <italic>et al.,</italic> 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Wu y Sun, 2011</xref>). El exceso de vitamina D estimula la síntesis de proteína de unión a calcio (CaBP) y la absorción de calcio y fosfato, producen hipercalcemia e hiperfosfatemia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Sun, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dirksen <italic>et al.,</italic>2003</xref>). El mineral absorbido en exceso no puede ser metabolizado, se deposita en los tejidos blandos y produce calcinosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mello, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Zanuzzi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>La calcinosis causada por una intoxicación vegetal crónica, es una enfermedad bien conocida en Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay, ha recibido distintos nombres, como “enteque ossificans”, “bichoquera”, espichamiento” y “enteque seco” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"> Odriozola <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Machado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). Cuadros similares se han descrito en diversas regiones del mundo afectando a animales en pastoreo; en todos ellos, la deposición de sales de calcio en los tejidos blandos, se acompaña de un severo deterioro físico y decaimiento de los animales. Hasta el momento se han descrito seis plantas que inducen calcinosis sistémica por intoxicación crónica: <italic>Cestrum diurnum, Nierembergia veitchii, Solanum glaucophyllum, Solanum torvum, Stenotaphrum secundatum</italic> y <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Grabner <italic>et al.,</italic> 1985</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Braun <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> causa una calcinosis enzoótica en Alemania y en Austria, además de presentarse en Sudamérica. La ingestión de <italic>Cestrum diurnum</italic> afecta al ganado bovino y equino en Florida EUA. <italic>Solanum trovum</italic> ha sido asociado con calcinosis en ganado en Papua, Nueva Guinea. <italic>Cestrum diurnum</italic> ha sido asociado como el causante de la enfermedad en Hawaii y Jamaica. Y <italic>Solanum sodomaeum</italic> ha sido mencionado en procesos de la enfermedad en Hawaii. En Brasil ha sido reconocida desde 1968 y descrita en granjas de la municipalidad de Julio de Castihos, Río Grande do Sul; y la enfermedad ha sido reproducida experimentalmente en conejos y ovinos mediante la administración de <italic>Nierembergia veitchii</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Zanuzzi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Zanuzzi <italic>et al., 2012</italic></xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Rissi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> es un vegetal que puede ser ingerido en cualquier estado, incluso estando seco, por lo cual puede ser causa de intoxicación para los animales al momento de salir a pastorear. El cuadro se caracteriza por calcinosis, con deposición de calcio en los tejidos blandos, como es el caso de músculos y tendones, corazón y grandes arterias, incluída la aorta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Jennings, 1969</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cuesta, 2003</xref>).</p>
			<p>En el presente estudio se describe el caso clínico de un ovino que de acuerdo a antecedentes y datos emitidos por el propietario, el animal había estado ingiriendo <italic>Trisetum flavescens,</italic> y mostró signos clínicos de decaimiento, entre otros; las lesiones más evidentes al estudio macro y microscópicas se asociaron a metaplasia cartilaginosa de aurícula derecha condición que pone de manifiesto el riesgo por el consumo de plantas, las cuales pueden contener una variedad de sustancias que pueden afectar y deteriorar la salud de diferentes especies domésticas herbívoras.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Historia clínica</title>
				<p>De un total de 25 ovinos en la unidad de producción, se remitió un ovino macho de 2.5 años de edad; con un cuadro clínico de disminución del apetito, pérdida de peso, distención abdominal y postración; la única información proporcionada por el Médico Veterinario Zootecnista sobre el animal, es que fue desparasitado con albendazol 5 días antes de mostrar la signología referida; su dieta era a base de rastrojo de maíz, soya, canola, sorgo y pre-mezcla, no presentaba fiebre y a la auscultación cardíaca se escuchaba ruido de galope tenue, fue medicado por el MVZ sin mejoría con Estreptomicina y Meglumina de Flunixin.</p>
				<p>Se solicitó más información al propietario sobre el manejo del rebaño y en particular sobre el consumo de otro tipo de alimento para los ovinos, refiriendo que los animales regularmente pastoreaban alrededor de 3-4 horas al día, señalando que en el área de pastoreo crecía una hierba de 60 a 90 centímetros de altura, con inflorescencia estrecha color amarillo verdoso a púrpura, que al paso del tiempo mostraba una tonalidad amarillo dorado brillante; que era ingerida por el ovino examinado y otros animales del rebaño en forma común y en buena cantidad (también notificó que el animal del caso fue el único que mostró signos clínicos), por lo cual se le solicitó una muestra de la planta, para su identificación taxonómica.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>MÉTODO</title>
			<p>Se colectó sangre completa del ovino en tubos sin anticoagulante y se sacrificó de acuerdo con lo establecido por la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">SAGARPA (1995)</xref>, Se realizó el estudio anatomopatológico, para valorar los cambios macroscópicos; se colectaron muestras de aurículas y corazón entre otros tejidos, que fueron fijados en formol bufferado al 10% (10:1); para la valoración histológica se usó la tinción de hematoxilina-eosina.</p>
			<p>Las muestras de la planta se enviaron al herbario de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México para su identificación taxonómica.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Estudio anatomopatológico</title>
				<p>Hallazgos macroscópicos relevantes: en corazón se observó degeneración mucoide de la grasa coronaria y la aurícula derecha presentó nodulaciones duras al tacto de color blanquecino (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>). Se presentaron adherencias pleurales, congestión hipostática, hemoperitoneo, distención de retículo, rumen, omaso y abomaso. El diagnóstico presuntivo fue el de metaplasia cartilaginosa de aurícula derecha.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Corte de pericardio. Hidropericardio ligero, pericardio engrosado y de apariencia opaca.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e302-gf1.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Corazón. Contorno redondeado, con degeneración mucoide de grasa, áreas blanquecinas en aurícula derecha (duras tanto al tacto como al corte).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e302-gf2.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Estudio histopatológico</title>
				<p>El hallazgo más significativo al estudio microscópico de la aurícula derecha fue la metaplasia cartilaginosa en donde se observa cartílago hialino y en los bordes de la aurícula áreas de osificación del miocardio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Corte histológico de pared de corazón. Se observa tumefacción y ondulación de fibras musculares, presencia de <italic>Sarcocystis</italic>; sustitución de miocitos por condrocitos en músculo cardiaco. Tinción H&amp;E. 40X.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e302-gf3.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Corte histológico de aurícula derecha. A. Condrocitos que han sustituido al músculo cardiaco. 4X. B. Lagunas ocupadas por condrocitos hipertrofiados (imagen en relieve). 100X.Tinción H&amp;E.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e302-gf4.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Se envió muestra de sangre completa sin anticoagulante, para prueba complementaria de bioquímica clínica, la cual indicó una hiperfosfatemia e hipermagnesemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Resultado de bioquímica clínica del ovino</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Analito</th>
									<th align="center">Valor obtenido</th>
									<th align="center">Valor de referencia</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Calcio</td>
									<td align="center">2.2 mmol/l</td>
									<td align="center">2.25-2.6 mmol/l</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Fósforo</td>
									<td align="center">7.51 mmol/l</td>
									<td align="center">1.40-2.40 mmol/l</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Magnesio</td>
									<td align="center">1.29 mmol/l</td>
									<td align="center">0.9-1.14 mmol/l</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Identificación taxonómica de la planta</title>
				<p>El herbario de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, identificó a la planta como <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> (L.) P. Beauv. (IBUNAM:MEXU:1470131).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>El hallazgo más relevante del estudio clínico patológico en el ovino, fue lo observado en el corazón, por lo que se llegó al diagnóstico definitivo de metaplasia cartilaginosa auricular que se asoció a la ingestión de <italic>Trisetum flavescens,</italic> mejor conocida como “avena dorada” vegetal que resulta ser tóxico para el ganado; lo cual fue reafirmado y considerado en el historial clínico detectado a la auscultación, forma de presentación del proceso y por los datos del consumo de la planta por el animal. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dirksen <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref>, al valorar a diferentes ovinos de un rebaño que permanecían en una pradera consumiendo <italic>Trisetum flavenscens</italic> observaron en varios ovinos la cojera típica de la calcinosis (carpo ligeramente doblado y posición relativamente estirada de las articulaciones tarsal y del espolón al estar de pie, “arrodillado” en el carpo), con un deterioro progresivo de los sistemas circulatorio y respiratorio (soplo endocárdico holosistólico, congestión y disnea espiratoria). En contraste, cabe mencionar, que como único caso patológico que se presentó en la unidad de producción ovina, el MVZ que atiende a estos animales, reportó que a la auscultación cardiaca escuchó ruido de galope tenue.</p>
			<p>La metaplasia cartilaginosa inicial de miocardio asociada al consumo de <italic>Trisetum flavenscens</italic> puede tener y mostrar signos y lesiones variables, como lo refieren <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dirksen <italic>et al.</italic> (2003)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Reilly <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Scott (2007)</xref>, que consideran que la metaplasia cartilaginosa de las válvulas cardíacas, el endocardio y los vasos arteriales en la mayoría de los casos son graves; y que a la evaluación patomorfológica son consistentes con la insuficiencia cardiovascular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cebra y Cebra, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Brounts <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>); otros hallazgos relevantes son la calcificación de varios tendones y ligamentos, riñones y en casos crónicos del parénquima pulmonar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ribeiro <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Estepa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>Al considerar el dato proporcionado por el propietario de que el animal consumía <italic>Trisetum flavescens,</italic> se relacionó a un proceso de intoxicación, aunque no se pudo determinar la cantidad de ingestión por día, al menos llevaba alrededor de un mes y medio a dos meses consumiendo la planta. En la valoración a la necropsia del ovino de este estudio, no se observaron otras lesiones significativas en otros tejidos, solo lo hallado en el corazón; lo cual a la vez es relevante por el poco reporte de casos similares. La concentración de vitamina D en <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> es de 600 a 800 UI kg/MS. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mello (2003)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Jennings (1969)</xref>, refieren que, con las alteraciones bioquímicas, consecuentemente se presentan cambios morfológicos, principalmente calcificaciones en fibras elásticas y membranas basales de aquellos tejidos con tendencia a calcificarse (corazón, arterias y riñones entre otros tejidos).</p>
			<p>A través de la bioquímica realizada, la hiperfosfatemia e hipermagnesemia son datos de relevancia para considerar en la orientación diagnóstica del caso; el desbalance de este tipo de analitos puede ocasionar trastornos específicos en el metabolismo de otros compuestos de importancia fisiológica, como el calcio, la periodicidad del consumo del vegetal identificado determinaría la signología y patología; además, se debe considerar la variación individual de cada organismo en respuesta al desequilibrio de fósforo- calcio - magnesio ( y posiblemente vitamina D y K), ya que de acuerdo a su movilidad o deposición inferirán en el desequilibrio u alteración funcional como en el caso analizado. En la información referida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Scott (2007)</xref>, menciona que las concentraciones séricas de calcio y fósforo aumentan entre un 20% y un 25%, con aumentos de hasta 3.4 mmol/l de calcio y 4 mmol/l de fósforo; y ante la frecuencia de este tipo de problemas sugiere la evaluación radiológica, en donde puede detectarse calcificación tisular.</p>
			<p>Los animales en pastoreo en áreas problema presentan hipercalcemia e hiperfosfatemia, la expresión &quot;<italic>in situ</italic>&quot; de osteopontina parecería ser de particular importancia en la génesis de las calcificaciones ya que esa proteína se une muy fuertemente a hidroxiapatita y por lo tanto, presenta un rol importante en el proceso de calcificación, la enfermedad hace su aparición en verano y otoño, especialmente en épocas de sequía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mello, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Reilly <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los animales afectados se mueven a desgano, con pasos cortos y rígidos, los animales enfermos al moverlos presentan disnea y taquicardia, y pueden caer al suelo con signos de insuficiencia cardiaca y pulmonar. Al levantarse, lo hacen con dificultad en casos subclínicos; para su correcto diagnóstico diferencial, podría resultar de utilidad la determinación de los valores séricos de calcio y fósforo para la determinación de osteocalcina, osteopontina y de otras proteínas inducidas por el efecto de la vitamina D en la diferenciación celular. Tan solo 12 gramos semanales de hojas de <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> alcanzan para reproducir la enfermedad en una vaca de 300 kg. En 4 meses; un bovino que ingirió 50 hojas por día, se presentó clínicamente enfermo en 8 a 10 semanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cuesta, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Machado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Este problema se ha presentado desde hace unos cuantos años a nivel mundial, afectando hasta la actualidad en primera instancia al continente americano. La calcinosis enzoótica de Europa Central es originada por la intoxicación crónica por la gramínea conocida como avena dorada (<italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic>), considerada hasta hace unos años como una forrajera de gran valor. Los otros vegetales de reconocida capacidad calcinogénica, <italic>Cestrum diurnum, Solanum torvum, Nierembergia veitchii</italic> y <italic>Stenotaphrum secundatum</italic> ocasionan la enfermedad en áreas limitadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Garcia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gupta, 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>En Alemania y Austria la calcinosis enzoótica bovina es provocada por la avena dorada (<italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic>) que crece en la zona alpina y es mucho menos tóxica que el duraznillo blanco (<italic>S. malacoxylon</italic>), ya que tiene que integrar las pasturas en un 20- 25% para provocar toxicidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Waser <italic>et al.,</italic> 1983</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dallorso <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Zanuzzi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Braun <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gupta, 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>De acuerdo con la valoración de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Rissi <italic>et al.</italic> (2009)</xref>, refieren que la calcinosis enzoótica de los animales domésticos ha sido descrita en varias partes del mundo. Diversas plantas poseen dichas propiedades calcinogénicas. En bovinos se ha demostrado que la enfermedad es producida por la ingestión de <italic>Solanum malacoxylon</italic> en Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay; mientras que en Cuba el <italic>Cestrum diurnum</italic> está diseminado en toda la isla, que ocasiona la enfermedad en temporada de sequía.</p>
			<p>Mientras que la presentación de la calcinosis enzoótica en Sudamérica, coincide con el área de distribución de <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> resulta un problema muy serio en la Cuenca del Río Salado en Buenos Aires, pero está presente en toda la Cuenca de la Plata. La incidencia de esta enfermedad es muy difícil de estimar debido a la existencia de numerosos casos subclínicos, se ha estimado en un 10% en Buenos Aires y en un 8.2% en Santa Fe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Zanuzzi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Rissi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las amplias regiones de producción animal que tiene México hacen propicio el desarrollo de una diversidad de vegetales que crecen naturalmente, los cuales pueden contener a la vez una variada cantidad de sustancias que deben determinarse y evaluarse, esto con la finalidad de minimizar la presentación de casos de intoxicación en las diferentes especies domésticas herbívoras, con una consecuente alteración morfológica y funcional como la referida en este estudio.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La metaplasia cartilaginosa de aurícula derecha observada en el ovino se asoció al elevado consumo de la planta tóxica “avena dorada” (<italic>Trisetum flavescens),</italic> la cual puede crecer en diferentes terrenos; y ser un riesgo de toxicosis para diferentes especies animales y ocasionar alteraciones significativas e incluso la muerte.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Clave:2020-92.</p>
			</fn>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Clinical Case</subject>
				</subj-group>
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				<article-title>Cartilaginous metaplasia in the right atrium of sheep, attributable to the consumption of <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract:</title>
				<p>The case of a 2.5-year-old sheep sent for diagnostic evaluation is presented. At the necropsy, mucoid degeneration of coronary fat, pleural adhesions, hypostatic congestion, hemoperitoneum, reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum distention were found. The most significant finding was the whitish, hard-to-touch appearance of the right atrium. The atrial sample was decalcified for sectioning and histopathology study. The histology of the section performed revealed: extensive areas of cartilaginous metaplasia, swelling, and undulation of cardiac muscle fibers, fatty infiltration between cardiac fibers, as well as figures compatible with <italic>Sarcocystis</italic>. The clinical chemistry indicated hyperphosphatemia and hypermagnesemia. According to the process for the sheep diagnostic evaluation, cartilaginous metaplasia of the right atrium, associated with the ingestion of <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> was found. In the different animal species, the probability of progressive poisoning from the consumption of toxic plants is a risk that can occur in any animal production system.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>cartilaginous metaplasia</kwd>
				<kwd>atrium</kwd>
				<kwd>sheep</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Calcigenic plants are among the most harmful plants for animals in the world (Odriozola <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Zanuzzi <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>), the chemical nature of the toxic agents contained induce calcinosis, the main active principle is a steroid glycoside that is hydrolyzed in the intestine, rumen and other tissues and releases the steroid fragment, which is in most cases 1,25 (OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Waser <italic>et al.,</italic> 1983</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dallorso <italic>et al.,</italic> 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Wu and Sun, 2011</xref>). Excess vitamin D stimulates calcium binding protein (CaBP) synthesis and calcium and phosphate absorption, producing hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Sun, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dirksen <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>). The excess absorbed mineral cannot be metabolized, is deposited in soft tissues and produces calcinosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mello, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Zanuzzi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Calcinosis caused by chronic vegetable poisoning, is a well-known disease in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, has received different names, such as “enteque ossificans”, “bichoquera”, “espichamiento” and “enteque seco” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Odriozola <italic>et al., 2018</italic></xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Machado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). Similar pictures have been described in various regions of the world affecting animals in grazing. In all of them, the deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues, is accompanied by a severe physical deterioration and decay of animals. So far, six plants that induce systemic calcinosis have been described by chronic poisoning: <italic>Cestrum diurnum, Nierembergia veitchii, Solanum glaucophyllum, Solanum torvum, Stenotaphrum secundatum</italic> and <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> ( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Grabner <italic>et al.,</italic> 1985</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Braun <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> causes an enzootic calcinosis in Germany and Austria, as well as presenting in South America. The ingestion of <italic>Cestrum diurnum</italic> affects bovine and equine livestock in Florida, USA. <italic>Solanum trovum</italic> has been associated with cattle in Papua, New Guinea. <italic>Cestrum diurnum</italic> has been associated as the disease cause in Hawaii and Jamaica. <italic>Solanum sodomaeum</italic> has been mentioned in disease processes in Hawaii. In Brazil it has been recognized since 1968 and described on farms of the Julio de Castihos municipality, Rio Grande do Sul; and the disease has been reproduced experimentally in rabbits and sheep through the administration of <italic>Nierembergia veitchii</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Zanuzzi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Zanuzzi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">García <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Rissi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> is a vegetable that can be ingested in any state, even being dry, so it can be a cause of poisoning for the animals at grazing time. The table is characterized by calcinosis, with calcium deposition in soft tissues, as is the case of muscles and tendons, heart and large arteries, including aorta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Jennings, 1969</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cuesta, 2003</xref>).</p>
				<p>This study describes the clinical case of a sheep that, according to background and data provided by the owner, had been ingesting <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic>, and showed clinical signs of decay, among others; the most evident lesions in the macro and microscopic study were associated with cartilaginous metaplasia of the right atrium, a condition that highlights the risk of consuming plants, which may contain a variety of substances that can affect and deteriorate the health of different herbivorous domestic species.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Clinical history</title>
					<p>From a total of 25 sheep in the production unit, a male ovine of 2.5 years of age was sent; with a clinical picture of appetite decrease, weight loss, abdominal dissent and prostration. The only information provided by the zootechnist veterinary doctor on the animal is that it was dewormed with Albendazole, 5 days before showing the meaningology referred to. Its diet was based on corn stubble, soy, canola, sorghum and pre-mix, did not show a fever and cardiac auscultation was listened to the noise of tenuous gallop, was medicated by the MVZ without improvement with Streptomycin and Flunixin meglumine.</p>
					<p>More information was requested from the owner about the handling of the flock and in particular on the consumption of another type of food for the sheep, referring that the animals regularly grazed about 3-4 hours a day, noting that in the grazing area grew a grass 60 to 90 centimeters high, with narrow inflorescence greenish yellow to purple, which at the time of time showed a bright golden yellow hue; which was ingested by the sheep examined and other flock animals commonly and in good quantity (also notified that the animal of the case was the only one that showed clinical signs), for which it was requested a plant sample, for its taxonomic identification.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHOD</title>
				<p>Whole blood was collected from the sheep in tubes without anticoagulant and sacrificed according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">SAGARPA (1995).</xref> An anatomopathological study was carried out to evaluate macroscopic changes; samples of atria and heart among other tissues were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin (10:1); hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for histological evaluation.</p>
				<p>Plant samples were sent to the herbarium of the National Autonomous University of Mexico for taxonomic identification.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Anatomopathologic study</title>
					<p>Relevant macroscopic findings: in the heart there was mucoid degeneration of the coronary fat and the right atrium presented hard nodulations of whitish color to the touch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">2</xref>). Pleural adhesions, hypostatic congestion, hemoperitoneum, reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum distention were present. The presumptive diagnosis was cartilaginous metaplasia of the right atrium.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f5">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Pericardium cut. Light hydropericardium, thickened pericardium and opaque appearance.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e302-gf5.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f6">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Heart. Rounded contour, with mucooid degeneration of fat, whitish areas in the right atrium (hard to tact and cutting).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e302-gf6.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Histopathological study</title>
					<p>The most significant finding in the microscopic study of the right atrium was cartilaginous metaplasia where hyaline cartilage and areas of myocardial ossification were observed at the atrium edges (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f7">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Histological cutting of heart wall. Tumefaction and undulation of muscle fibers, presence of <italic>Sarcocystis</italic>; replacement of myocytes by chondrocytes in cardiac muscle. H&amp;E stain. 40X.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e302-gf7.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f8">
							<label>Figure 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Histological court of right atrium. A. Chondrocytes that have replaced the cardiac muscle. 4x B. Gaps occupied by hypertrophied chondrocytes (relief image). 100X.H&amp;E stain.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e302-gf8.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A whole blood sample without anticoagulant was sent for complementary clinical biochemistry testing, which indicated hyperphosphatemia and hypermagnesemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Sheep clinical biochemistry results</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Analyte</th>
										<th align="center">Value obtained.</th>
										<th align="center">Reference value</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Calcium</td>
										<td align="center">2.2 mmol/l</td>
										<td align="center">2.25-2.6 mmol/l</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Phosphorus</td>
										<td align="center">7.51 mmol/l</td>
										<td align="center">1.40-2.40 mmol/l</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Magnesium</td>
										<td align="center">1.29 mmol/l</td>
										<td align="center">0.9-1.14 mmol/l</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Plant taxonomic identification</title>
					<p>The herbarium of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, identified the plant as</p>
					<p><italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> (L.) P. Beauv. (IBUNAM: MEXU: 1470131).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The most relevant finding of the clinical pathological study in the sheep was what was observed in the heart, which led to the definitive diagnosis of atrial cartilaginous metaplasia associated with the ingestion of <italic>Trisetum flavenscens</italic>, better known as &quot;golden oats&quot;, a plant that is toxic to cattle; this was reaffirmed and considered in the clinical history detected in the auscultation, process presentation form and by the data of plant consumption by the animal. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dirksen <italic>et al</italic>. (2003) </xref>, when evaluating different sheep of a flock that remained in a pasture consuming <italic>Trisetum flavenscens</italic>, observed in several sheep the typical lameness of calcinosis (slightly bent carpus and relatively stretched position of the tarsal and spur joints when standing, &quot;kneeling&quot; in the carpus), with a progressive deterioration of the circulatory and respiratory systems (holosystolic endocardial murmur, congestion and expiratory dyspnea). In contrast, it is worth mentioning that as the only pathological case that occurred in the sheep production unit, the MVZ attending these animals, reported that on cardiac auscultation he heard a faint gallop noise.</p>
				<p>The initial cartilaginous metaplasia of myocardium associated with the consumption of <italic>Trisetum flavenscens</italic> may have and show variable signs and injuries, as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dirksen <italic>et al</italic> (2003)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Reilly <italic>et al.</italic> (2012</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Scott (2007)</xref>, which consider the cartilaginous metaplasia of cardiac valves, endocardium and arterial vessels in most cases are serious; and that to the pathomorphological evaluation are consistent with cardiovascular insufficiency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cebra and Cebra, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Brounts <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>) Other relevant findings are the calcification of several tendons and ligaments, kidneys and in chronic cases of the pulmonary parenchyma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ribeiro <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Estepa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>When considering the information provided by the owner that the animal consumed <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic>, it was related to an intoxication process, although it was not possible to determine the amount of ingestion per day, at least it had been consuming the plant for about a month and a half to two months. In the necropsy evaluation of the sheep in this study, no other significant lesions were observed in other tissues, only what was found in the heart; which is also relevant due to the few reports of similar cases. The concentration of vitamin D in <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> is 600 to 800 IU kg/MS. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mello (2003)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Jennings (1969)</xref>, refer that, with biochemical alterations, morphological changes are consequently presented, mainly calcifications in elastic fibers and basal membranes of those tissues with a tendency to calcify (heart, arteries and kidneys among other tissues).</p>
				<p>Through the biochemistry performed, hyperphosphatemia and hypermagnesemia are relevant data to consider in the diagnostic orientation of the case; this type analyte imbalance can cause specific disorders in the metabolism of physiological importance compounds, such as calcium, the consumption periodicity of the identified vegetable would determine the signology and pathology. Furthermore, the individual variation of each organism in response to the phosphorus-calcium-magnesium imbalance (and possibly vitamin D and K) should be considered, since according to their mobility or deposition they will infer in the imbalance or functional alteration as in the analyzed case. In the information referred to by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Scott (2007)</xref>, it mentioned that serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations increase between 20 and 25%, with increases of up to 3.4 mmol/l of calcium and 4 mmol/l of phosphorus; and given the frequency of this type of problem, it suggests radiological evaluation, where tissue calcification can be detected.</p>
				<p>Grazing animals in problem areas present hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, the &quot;<italic>in situ</italic>&quot; expression of osteopontin seems to be of particular importance in the genesis of calcifications since this protein binds very strongly to hydroxyapatite and therefore plays an important role in the calcification process, the disease makes its appearance in summer and autumn, especially in times of drought (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mello, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Reilly <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Affected animals move reluctantly, with short and stiff steps, sick animals show dyspnea and tachycardia when moved, and may fall to the ground with signs of cardiac and pulmonary insufficiency. When getting up, they do it with difficulty in subclinical cases; for its correct differential diagnosis, it could be useful to determine serum calcium and phosphorus values for the determination of osteocalcin, osteopontin and other proteins induced by the vitamin D effect in cellular differentiation. Only 12 weekly grams of <italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic> leaves are enough to reproduce the disease in a 300 kg cow. In 4 months, a bovine that ingested 50 leaves per day became clinically ill in 8 to 10 weeks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cuesta, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Machado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>This problem has been present worldwide for several years, affecting the American continent first and foremost. The enzootic calcinosis of Central Europe is caused by chronic intoxication by the grass known as golden oats (<italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic>), considered until a few years ago as a valuable forage crop. The other plants of recognized calcinogenic capacity are <italic>Cestrum diurnum</italic>, <italic>Solanum torvum</italic>, <italic>Nierembergia veitchii</italic> and <italic>Stenotaphrum secundatum</italic> cause the disease in limited areas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Garcia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gupta, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>In Germany and Austria, bovine enzootic calcinosis is caused by golden oats (<italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic>) that grows in the Alpine area and is much less toxic than white peak (<italic>S</italic>. <italic>Malacoxylon</italic>), since it has to integrate pastures into 20- 25% to cause toxicity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Waser <italic>et al.,</italic> 1983</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dallorso <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Zanuzzi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Braun <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gupta, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>According to the valuation of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Rissi <italic>et al.</italic> (2009)</xref>, they mean that enzootic calcinesis of pets has been described in various parts of the world. Various plants have these calcinogenic properties. In bovines it has been shown that the disease is produced by the ingestion of <italic>Solanum malacoxylon</italic> in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay; while in Cuba the <italic>Cestrum diurnum</italic> is disseminated throughout the island, which causes the disease in drought season.</p>
				<p>While the presentation of enzootic calcinosis in South America, it coincides with the <italic>Trisetum Flavescens</italic> distribution area is a very serious problem in the basin of del Río Salado in Buenos Aires, but it is present throughout La Plata basin. The incidence of this disease is very difficult to estimate due to the existence of numerous subclinical cases, has been estimated at 10% in Buenos Aires and by 8.2% in Santa Fe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"> Zanuzzi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Rissi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>The wide regions of animal production in Mexico are conducive to plant diversity development that grow naturally, which may contain a variety of substances that must be determined and evaluated, in order to minimize the occurrence of intoxication cases in different herbivorous domestic species, with a consequent morphological and functional alteration as the one referred to in this study.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The right atrium cartilaginous metaplasia observed in the sheep was associated with the high consumption of the toxic plant &quot;golden oats&quot; (<italic>Trisetum flavescens</italic>), which can grow in different lands; and be a toxicosis risk for different animal species and cause significant alterations and even death.</p>
			</sec>
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				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				
					<p>Code:2020-92.</p>
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