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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.16</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00113</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evaluación de dietas hipocalóricas e hiperfibrosas sobre la muda inducida en gallinas en postura</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gutiérrez-Vázquez</surname>
						<given-names>Ernestina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ordaz-Ochoa</surname>
						<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Val-Arreola</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez-Sánchez</surname>
						<given-names>Rosa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Juárez-Caratachea</surname>
						<given-names>Aureliano</given-names>
					</name>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Michoacán</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, INIFAP, Querétaro, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">entro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Querétaro</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">México</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Michoacán</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><sup>*</sup></label>Autor para la correspondencia: Aureliano Juárez Caratachea. Km. 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México. Correo electrónico: <email>ernestinagvazquez@gmail.com</email>
					<email>ordazog@gmail.com</email>, <email>dval_@hotmail.com</email>, <email>rosa_elenap@yahoo.com</email>, <email>aurelianojuarez@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Clave: e2020-84</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e113</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>Se evaluó el efecto de dietas bajas en energía y altas en fibra sobre la muda inducida en gallinas en postura. Cuarenta gallinas Rhode Island Red fueron divididas en cuatro esquemas de alimentación (EA): I) harina de alfalfa (HA), II) salvado de trigo (ST), III) HA/ST (1:1); <italic>ad libitum</italic> y, IV) dieta testigo (30 g·día<sup>-1</sup>). Se evaluó, consumo de alimento (CA), cese de postura (CP), pérdida de peso corporal (PPC), balance energético (BE), reinicio de postura (RP), peso y producción de huevo. La información se analizó mediante los modelos mixtos. El CA·gallina<sup>-1</sup> fue menor en el EA I (P &lt; 0.05). El CP fue más prolongado (P &lt; 0.05) en el EA II (7.3 días). La HA propicio la PPC ideal (25-30%) más rápido (16.9 días) con respecto los demás EA (P &lt; 0.05): rango entre 22.9 a 32.4 días. El RP fue más rápido en el EA II (P &lt; 0.05): 12.3 días. El peso y producción de huevo no se afectó por el EA (P &gt; 0.05). Inducir la muda en gallinas mediante EA a base de HA ofrece ventajas sobre métodos convencionales, acelera la pérdida de peso corporal, se minimiza el tiempo de reactivación ovárica y no se altera la productividad.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>pelecha</kwd>
				<kwd>pérdida de peso</kwd>
				<kwd>balance energético</kwd>
				<kwd>reactivación ovárica</kwd>
				<kwd>producción de huevo</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="37"/>
				<page-count count="1"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>La mayoría de las especies de aves experimentan muda natural; por lo tanto, las gallinas de postura no se encuentran exentas a dicho proceso fisiológico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Berry, 2003</xref>); la muda implica incremento en la tasa metabólica y síntesis proteica, pérdida de tejido adiposo, masa ósea, supresión del sistema inmune (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mumma <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>); así como alteración del sistema endocrino de la gallina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Davis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>); ello asociado típicamente con procesos reproductivos o migratorios que realizan las aves en la naturaleza y que se reflejan en un consumo de alimento mínimo, reemplazo de las plumas (generalmente incompleto) e irregularidades en la tasa de postura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Koelkebeck y Anderson, 2007</xref>). No obstante, en los actuales sistemas de producción de huevo, la muda incompleta (muda natural) significa un periodo no rentable, debido a la reducción en la producción y al término de la vida productiva de la gallina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Berry, 2003</xref>).</p>
			<p>Con la finalidad de incrementar la vida productiva de la gallina, la industria productora de huevo generalmente extiende el periodo productivo de las aves de 80 semanas (un ciclo productivo) hasta 140 semanas mediante el uso de la muda inducida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bell, 2003</xref>); puesto que se ha observado que post inducir la muda, producción y calidad de huevo mejoran (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Webster, 2003</xref>). Tradicionalmente la muda ha sido inducida mediante la aplicación de ayuno por un periodo de hasta diez días, retiro de agua durante dos días, o ambos; junto con una reducción del fotoperiodo. Sin embargo, dichas prácticas han sido prohibidas por las organizaciones dedicadas al bienestar animal y en EE. UU. y la UE ya han sido eliminadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mazzuco <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>); prácticas que en México seguramente están próximas a ser suprimidas. Debido a que el ayuno prolongado no solo estimula la muda en las aves; además propicia incremento de enfermedades por la supresión del sistema inmune (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Ricke, 2003</xref>), debido a que inducen una cascada de adaptaciones fisiológicas para restaurar la homeostasis; tal es el caso de la movilización de células del sistema inmunitario al torrente sanguíneo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mumma <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>), aumento de la proporción de heterófilos-linfocitos circulantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Campo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>) y cambios en la etología de las aves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dunkley <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por lo antes mencionado, se ha optado por investigar nuevas alternativas menos agresivas para inducir la muda en gallinas de postura y que a su vez aceleren la transición estresante del mecanismo neuroendocrino para la formación del huevo y la ovoposición (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Buxade, 2000</xref>). Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Guzmán et al. (2016)</xref> sugiere la existencia de una relación de estimulación de la muda entre el tiempo y tipo de alimento; de acuerdo con la relación fibra- energía se reporta pérdida de peso de la tiroides e hipofunción que induce la muda. Otros métodos alternativos para inducir la muda incluyen la modificación de minerales de la dieta, reducción de Ca o Na e incremento de Zn o el suministro de dietas hipocalóricas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Woodward <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). Así mismo, se ha implementado el acetato de melengestrol, con la finalidad de suprimir la actividad ovárica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Koch <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Koch <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>). Se tienen reportes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Donalson <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Petek y Alpay, 2008</xref>) que dietas altas en fibra (salvado de trigo, cascarilla de arroz o semilla de algodón) propician en el ave saciedad, debido a que la digestión de la fibra es parcial y más lenta, lo cual determina menor consumo de alimento; aunado a ello, el menor aporte energético de dietas fibrosas con respecto a una dieta convencional (2200 <italic>vs.</italic> 2800 kcal kg<sup>-1</sup>) causa pérdida de peso corporal sin deprimir el sistema inmune (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gordon <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Donalson <italic>et al.</italic> (2005) </xref>al evaluar la adición de alfalfa con alimento comercial sobre la muda y producción de huevos, reportan que al suministrar 90% alfalfa y 10% alimento comercial cesó la postura a los seis días post- tratamiento. Así mismo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Landers <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref> indican que la alimentación de gallinas con alfalfa propicia reactivación ovárica y retorno de postura a un ritmo similar al de las gallinas sometidas a ayuno prolongado.</p>
			<p>Recientemente se probó el efecto de diferentes niveles (100, 60 y 40%) de restricción de alimento comercial para gallinas de postura, adicionadas con nopal (<italic>Opuntia ficus-indica</italic>), sobre la muda inducida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Juárez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>); observándose que la restricción de 60% de la dieta, adicionada con 24 g de nopal, fue la alternativa más favorable para inducir la muda, puesto que, no existió restricción total de alimento y se cumplió con los objetivos que tiene la muda, reincorporación de la gallina lo más pronto posible al siguiente ciclo de postura. Por lo anterior, es necesario explorar otras alternativas como el uso de dietas hipocalóricas e hiperfibrosas, para inducir la muda en gallinas de postura, propiciando el menor estrés posible.</p>
			<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de dietas bajas en energía y altas en fibra sobre la muda inducida en gallinas de postura y su relación con la productividad.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p>La investigación se llevó a cabo en el Sector Avícola de la Posta Zootécnica, perteneciente a la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Michoacán, México. El procedimiento que se siguió en el manejo de las aves cumplió con la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">NOM-062-ZOO-1999</xref>, especificaciones técnicas para la producción, cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Animales dietas y alojamiento</title>
				<p>Se utilizaron 40 gallinas de doble propósito de genotipo Rhode Island Red, con 52 semanas de postura y 72 de edad. El total de animales fue distribuido de acuerdo a un diseño completamente al azar en jaulas individuales convencionales tipo batería, con dimensiones de 46 x 40 x 43 cm (largo, ancho y alto respectivamente); en cuatro esquemas de alimentación (EA, n=10 aves·EA<sup>-1</sup>): EA I, animales que consumieron harina de alfalfa (HA) <italic>ad libitum</italic>; EA II, aves que consumieron salvado de trigo (ST) <italic>ad libitum</italic>; EA III, animales que consumieron HA y ST en proporciones 50 a 50% <italic>ad libitum</italic> y; EA IV, aves que consumieron una dieta testigo (DT) para “ponedoras”, restringida a 30 g·día<sup>-1</sup>. Dichas dietas fueron suministradas a las aves hasta lograr una pérdida de peso aproximado entre 25 a 30%; posterior a ello, a las aves de todas las dietas se les suministró DT: 120 g·día<sup>1</sup> y se procedió a su monitoreo hasta las 18 semanas post iniciado el experimento. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabla 1</xref> se condensa la composición y valor nutricional de la dieta e insumos utilizados.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición y valor nutricional de la dieta e insumos utilizados</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Ingredientes, %</th>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="justify" colspan="2">Dieta testigo (DT)</th>
									
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Maíz</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">69.00</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pasta de soya</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">18.88</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Piedra caliza</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">8.55</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fosfato dicalcio</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">1.35</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Caolín</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">0.59</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Aceite de soya</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">0.53</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Minerales + vitaminas premezcla&amp;</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">0.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Sal (NaCl)</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">0.43</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DL-metionoina-98%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">0.12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">L-lisina-78%</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">0.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Butilhidroxitolueno</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">0.02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>Análisis de nutrientes</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>DT</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>HA</bold></td>
									
									<td align="center"><bold>ST</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>HA/ST</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Energía metabolizable, kcal/kg</td>
									<td align="center">2800</td>
									<td align="center">900</td>
									
									<td align="center">1640</td>
									<td align="center">1207</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Proteína cruda, %</td>
									<td align="center">14.50</td>
									<td align="center">14.78</td>
									
									<td align="center">15.40</td>
									<td align="center">14.34</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fibra bruta, %</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">11.11</td>
									
									<td align="center">26.6</td>
									<td align="center">17.91</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Calcio total, %</td>
									<td align="center">3.65</td>
									<td align="center">1.30</td>
									
									<td align="center">0.14</td>
									<td align="center">0.68</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fósforo total, %</td>
									<td align="center">0.34</td>
									<td align="center">0.18</td>
									
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.56</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Arginina digestible, %</td>
									<td align="center">0.84</td>
									<td align="center">0.60</td>
									
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.76</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Lisina digestible, %</td>
									<td align="center">0.64</td>
									<td align="center">0.63</td>
									
									<td align="center">0.61</td>
									<td align="center">0.59</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Metionina digestible, %</td>
									<td align="center">0.34</td>
									<td align="center">0.21</td>
									
									<td align="center">0.23</td>
									<td align="center">0.21</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Met + Cis digestible, %</td>
									<td align="center">0.56</td>
									<td align="center">0.36</td>
									
									<td align="center">0.55</td>
									<td align="center">0.43</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<label><sup>&amp;</sup></label>
								<p>Niveles por Kg de dieta: Vit. A - 8000 UI; Vit. D3 - 2000 UI; Vit. E - 50 mg; Vit. K - 3 mg; Vit. B1 - 1.5 mg; Vit. B2 - 4 mg; Vit. B6 -</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>0.12 mg; Vit. B12 - 15 mg; Ac. Fólico - 0.6 mg; Ac. Pantoténico - 10 mg; Niacina - 30 mg; Biotina - 0.1 mg; Colina - 300 mg; Hierro</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>- 50 mg; Cobre - 10 mg; Zinc - 70 mg; Manganeso - 100 mg; Iodo - 1 mg; Selenio - 0.3 mg; Antioxidantes 50 mg. HA=harina de alfalfa; ST=salvado de trigo.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Procedimiento experimental</title>
				<p>Las variables evaluadas fueron: peso vivo inicial (PVI) y final (PVF) y pérdida de peso corporal (PPC) en kg, con ayuda de una báscula digital con precisión de 1.0 g, cese de puesta (CP), medida en días, intervalo inicio de pelecha-pérdida de 25 a 30% de peso (IIPP<sub>25-30</sub>, días), mortalidad (Mo) %, intervalo pelecha-retorno a segundo ciclo de postura (IPR<sub>SCP</sub>) en días, pérdida de peso pos-tratamiento (PP<sub>PT</sub>) en g, peso corporal al reinicio de postura (PC<sub>RP</sub>) en días, consumo de alimento durante pelecha (CA<sub>DP</sub>) en g, consumo de alimento post-pelecha (CA<sub>PP</sub>) en kg, peso corporal al reiniciar actividad ovárica (PC<sub>RAO</sub>) en kg, producción de huevo en segundo ciclo (PH<sub>SC</sub>) en unidades, peso del huevo (Ph) en g y reinicio de postura (RP) en días. Con respecto al reinicio de actividad ovárica se determinó de manera indirecta y es el tiempo (días) en que tarda la gallina en ovoposita, su primer huevo post-pelecha. La diferencia con respecto al reinicio de postura, es que este último indicador es cuando la gallina ya tiene una producción constante en su producción de huevo.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Previo al análisis de datos, se determinó la normalidad de la distribución y la homogeneidad
					de la varianza para los residuales; para ello se utilizó PROC UNIVARIATE (SAS
					Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, EE. UU.) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Guido,
						2009</xref>). La prueba utilizada para determinar la normalidad fue la de
					Shapiro-Wilks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Flores <italic>et
						al.,</italic>2019</xref>); mientras que la prueba de Bartlett se utilizó
					para determinar la homogeneidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arsham y Lovric,
						2011</xref>). Se realizó una transformación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"
						>Gutiérrez y de la Vara, 2008</xref>) de las variables PPC y PPPT para
					obtener homogeneidad de varianza, ello bajo la siguiente formula:
						<italic>Y</italic><sup>′</sup> =<italic>log</italic><sub>10</sub>(Y).</p>
				<p>Los datos se analizaron por ANDEVA, a través de mediciones repetidas mediante los procedimientos mixtos (MIXED) del SAS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Littell <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>), con ave anidada dentro de EA como fuente de variación aleatoria y EA, día de evaluación y la interacción EA*día como fuentes de variación fijos. Se estimaron los coeficientes de regresión (PROC REG; SAS) para la pérdida de peso vivo de la gallina de acuerdo con el día de evaluación, siendo estos cúbicos o cuadráticos de acuerdo con la distribución de los valores. Cada ecuación de regresión se derivó e igualó a cero, para determinar los puntos críticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Sánchez, 2012</xref>). Las diferencias entre grupo se obtuvieron mediante la metodología de medias de cuadrados mínimos (LSmeans).</p>
				<p>Para determinar el balance energético de las gallinas se utilizó la ecuación de predicción establecida por el National Research Council (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">NRC, 1994</xref>), para estimar los requerimientos de energía metabolizable (EM):</p>
				<p><italic>EM<sub>i</sub></italic> = (173 − 1.97T)<italic>P</italic><sup>0.75</sup> + 5.5∆P +
						2.07<italic>P</italic>.<italic>Hu</italic>;</p>
				<p>Donde: <italic>EM</italic>=energía metabolizable, <italic>T</italic>=temperatura ambiente, °C; <italic>P</italic>=peso del ave, kg;</p>
				<p>∆P=ganancia de peso, g; y <italic>P.Hu</italic>=peso del huevo, g.</p>
				<p>El consumo de EM de las gallinas se calculó a partir del aporte de EM del alimento consumido día<sup>-1</sup> y el balance de energía correspondió a la diferencia entre la ingesta de energía y la demanda de energía, valor obtenido de la ecuación previamente descrita. Los valores en las tablas y figuras se presentan como medias de cuadrados mínimos ± EEM.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Se encontró efecto de EA sobre el consumo de alimento, cese de postura y pérdida de peso corporal (P &lt; 0.001). Las gallinas que presentaron menor consumo de alimento fueron las que consumieron HA únicamente (P &lt; 0.05): 71.6, 66.6 y 20.6 g·día<sup>-1</sup> menos con respecto a los EA a base de ST, HA/ST y DT, respectivamente (tabla 2). El cese de postura fue más prolongado (P &lt; 0.05) en las gallinas que consumieron ST (7.3 días); ello con respecto a los demás EA evaluados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>). La pérdida de peso corporal pre- inicio de reactividad ovárica fue menor (2.9% menos) en las gallinas que consumieron HA y ST, con respecto a las gallinas que se les adicionó HA/ST o DT (P &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Rendimiento productivo de la gallina durante el periodo de restricción de alimento de acuerdo con la dieta</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col span="5"/>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							
						
						<tr>
								<th align="justify" > 
 </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="5">Dieta</th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="center">HA</th>
								<th align="center">ST</th>
								
								<th align="center">HA/ST</th>
								<th align="center">DT</th>
								<th align="center">EEM</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Peso vivo inicial, kg</td>
								<td align="center">1.926</td>
								<td align="center">1.961</td>
								
								<td align="center">1.947</td>
								<td align="center">1.953</td>
								<td align="center">0.100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Consumo de alimento, g</td>
								<td align="center">9.4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">81.0<sup>b</sup></td>
								
								<td align="center">75.7<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">30.0<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.313</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cese de postura, d</td>
								<td align="center">3.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">7.3<sup>b</sup></td>
								
								<td align="center">4.4<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">4.1<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.033</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Peso vivo final, kg</td>
								<td align="center">1.409<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.459<sup>a</sup></td>
								
								<td align="center">1.381<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.385<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Pérdida de peso, %</td>
								<td align="center">26.6<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">25.2<sup>a</sup></td>
								
								<td align="center">29.7<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">29.4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.513</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>HA=harina de alfalfa; ST=salvado de trigo; DT=dieta testigo; EEM=error estándar de la media</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<label><sup>a, b, c, d</sup></label>
							<p> Literales diferentes indican diferencia estadística (P &lt; 0.05) dentro de fila</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>De acuerdo con la distribución de los valores para el porcentaje de pérdida de peso corporal de las gallinas, se encontró que las gallinas que consumieron la dieta a base de HA y las gallinas que consumieron la DT; los estimadores de la regresión para dicha variable presentaron distribución polinómica de grado cuatro (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>); mientras que para las gallinas que consumieron ST y HA/ST presentaron distribución polinómica de grado tres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Estimadores de regresión para la pérdida de peso vivo (%) de acuerdo con el día de pelecha</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
					<thead>
						
					
						<tr>
								<th align="justify">Dieta</th>
								<th align="center"><italic>β0</italic></th>
							<th align="center"><italic>β1</italic></th>
							<th align="center"><italic>β2</italic></th>
							<th align="center"><italic>β3</italic></th>
							<th align="center"><italic>β4</italic></th>
							<th align="center">R2</th>
							<th align="center">P &lt; valor</th>
							</tr>
					</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">HA</td>
								<td align="center">-7.0122</td>
								<td align="center">-2.6416</td>
								<td align="center">0.1083</td>
								<td align="center">-0.0013</td>
								<td align="center">0.000005</td>
								<td align="center">0.74</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">ST</td>
								<td align="center">-4.1437</td>
								<td align="center">-1.4325</td>
								<td align="center">0.0284</td>
								<td align="center">-0.00013</td>
								<td align="center">--</td>
								<td align="center">0.75</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">HA/ST</td>
								<td align="center">-5.8978</td>
								<td align="center">-1.8328</td>
								<td align="center">0.0410</td>
								<td align="center">-0.00021</td>
								<td align="center">--</td>
								<td align="center">0.67</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">DC</td>
								<td align="center">12.1803</td>
								<td align="center">-4.2995</td>
								<td align="center">0.1402</td>
								<td align="center">-0.0015</td>
								<td align="center">0.000005</td>
								<td align="center">0.70</td>
								<td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p>HA=harina de alfalfa; ST=salvado de trigo; DT=dieta testigo. R<sup>2</sup>=coeficiente de determinación</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>De acuerdo con las ecuaciones de regresión para la pérdida de peso·EA<sup>-1</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 3</xref>), al ser derivadas e igualadas a cero, se encontró el punto crítico (X; Día, Y; Pérdida de peso). Con respecto a ello, las gallinas del EA a base de HA de acuerdo con el punto crítico de la ecuación de regresión, fueron las que presentaron más rápido la pérdida de peso vivo ideal (25 a 30%), para que se inicie la reactividad ovárica; la cual fue a los 16.9 días con una pérdida de peso de 26.6% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>); mientras que las gallinas del EA a base de ST fueron las que tardaron más tiempo (32.4 días) en llegar a la pérdida de peso vivo requerida, la cual fue de 25.2%. Las gallinas que consumieron HA/ST y las gallinas que consumieron la DT presentaron la pérdida de peso requerida en un rango de 22.9 a 28.7 días (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Curvas de predicción y puntos críticos para la pérdida de peso vivo (%) de las gallinas de acuerdo con la dieta y día. HA=harina de alfalfa; ST=salvado de trigo; DT=dieta testigo</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e113-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Con respecto al balance energético (kcal·día<sup>-1</sup>), se encontró efecto de EA y de la interacción EA por día (P &lt; 0.001). Las gallinas que presentaron menor (P &lt; 0.05) balance energético promedio pre-inicio de reactivación ovárica fueron las que consumieron la HA únicamente (-247 kcal·día<sup>-1</sup>); ello con respecto a las gallinas que consumieron ST (-184 kcal·día<sup>-1</sup>), HA/ST (-143 kcal·día<sup>-1</sup>) y la DT (-192 kcal·día<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>). De acuerdo con la interacción dieta por día para el balance energético, las gallinas que consumieron ST o HA/ST, son las que presentaron desbalance energético durante más tiempo; puesto que ni durante la fase de reactivación ovárica (fase de menor demanda energética y normalización del suministro de dieta) presentaron balance energético positivo, como fue en el caso de las gallinas que recibieron HA únicamente o la DT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Energía metabolizable requerida y consumida y balance energético de las gallinas de acuerdo con la dieta y día. IPPRP=intervalo pérdida de peso ideal-reinicio de postura</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e113-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>De acuerdo con el efecto del EA (P &lt; 0.001) para el peso recuperado durante la fase de reactivación ovárica, las gallinas que presentaron menor recuperación de peso vivo fueron las que consumieron ST únicamente (15.5%), con respecto a los demás EA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 4</xref>). La reactivación ovárica de las gallinas que consumieron ST solo o HA/ST fue más corta (rango de 11.6 a 12.3 día), con respecto a las gallinas que consumieron únicamente HA o la DT (P &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 4</xref>). De acuerdo con el inicio de postura, las gallinas del EA a base de HA fueron las que lo presentaron más rápido (35.7 días); mientas que en los demás EA el inicio de postura fue a los: 44.7, 40.3 y 40.2 días para ST, HA/ST y DT, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>No se encontró efecto del EA sobre el peso y producción de huevo (P &gt; 0.05). El peso del huevo se encontró en un rango de 63.7 a 67.5 g; mientras que la producción estimada durante un periodo de cuarenta días fue de 25.6 huevos promedio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 4</xref>). No obstante, las gallinas que consumieron HA únicamente, presentaron una tendencia en el incremento de huevos producidos; 6.0 huevos promedio más con respecto a las demás dietas evaluadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 4</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabla 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Rendimiento productivo de las gallinas post-reinicio de dieta de postura, de acuerdo con la dieta establecida en el periodo de restricción de alimento</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col span="5"/>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
						</colgroup>
					<thead>
						
					
						<tr>
								<th align="justify" > 
 </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="5">Dieta</th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify"> </th>
								<th align="center">HA</th>
								<th align="center">ST</th>
								
								<th align="center">HA/ST</th>
								<th align="center">DT</th>
								<th align="center">EEM</th>
							</tr>
					</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Peso vivo al RDT, kg</td>
								<td align="center">1.563<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.651<sup>a</sup></td>
								
								<td align="center">1.561<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.629<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.139</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Peso vivo al RAO, kg</td>
								<td align="center">1.926<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.953<sup>b</sup></td>
								
								<td align="center">1.947<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">1.990<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.139</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Peso vivo al reinicio de postura, %</td>
								<td align="center">18.9<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">15.5<sup>b</sup></td>
								
								<td align="center">19.1<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">18.2<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.498</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Reinicio de postura, días</td>
								<td align="center">18.8<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">12.3 <sup>a</sup></td>
								
								<td align="center">11.6 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">17.3 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.517</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Peso del huevo, g</td>
								<td align="center">66.6</td>
								<td align="center">67.5</td>
								
								<td align="center">65.5</td>
								<td align="center">63.7</td>
								<td align="center">3.012</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Producción de huevo&amp;, unidades</td>
								<td align="center">30.1</td>
								<td align="center">26.2</td>
								
								<td align="center">22.5</td>
								<td align="center">23.6</td>
								<td align="center">2.540</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p>HA=harina de alfalfa; ST=salvado de trigo; DT=dieta testigo, EEM=error estándar de la media, RDT=reiniciar dieta testigo; RAO=reinicio de actividad ovárica; <sup>&amp;</sup>Producción estimada durante un periodo de cuarenta días.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN8">
							<label><sup>a</sup><sup>, b, c</sup></label>
							<p> Literales diferentes indican diferencia estadística (P &lt; 0.05) dentro de fila.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Los resultados de este estudio apoyan investigaciones anteriores sobre los efectos de dietas altas en fibra y bajas en calorías sobre la muda inducida y comportamiento productivo en gallinas de postura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Petek y Alpay, 2008</xref>). Se ha establecido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bell, 2003</xref>) que la inducción de muda por ayuno y el método de muda por inducción rápida mediante la implementación de dietas hipocalóricas, pueden ser igualmente efectivos para promover el proceso de muda; ello se puede observar en la pérdida de peso y cese de postura durante la etapa de muda (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>); en donde el EA a base de HA fue el que tuvo mejores resultados, provocó la muda con pérdida de peso y rápida interrupción de la puesta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Petek y Alpay, 2008</xref>). Es importante destacar que el cese de postura fue en un rango entre 3.0 a 7.3 días post iniciada la implementación de las dietas; puesto que entre más rápido sea dicho proceso la gallina estará sometida a menos estrés, lo que mejora la salud de las aves a largo plazo; por lo tanto, de acuerdo con dicha pauta, el régimen de muda inducida puede promover la salud y bienestar de las gallinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">McCowan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Al analizar la muda en el contexto salud-producción de acuerdo con especialistas en la fisiología reproductiva de las aves, los argumentos emitidos por las organizaciones que promueven el bienestar animal, pierden su justificación, debido en primera instancia a que la muda es un proceso fisiológico y, en segunda instancia, la muda inducida acelera el periodo de estrés de las aves. Aunado a ello, si se parte de procesos epistemológicos del estrés, la ausencia de estrés es la muerte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Selye, 1973</xref>); además, existen 2 tipos de estrés, alostático “estrés bueno” y pantostásico “estrés malo”. Sobre la base de estas investigaciones, es difícil apoyar la suposición de que las gallinas están en peligro durante la muda inducida; puesto que la muda es un proceso fisiológico inherente de la especie y los patrones de producción, o la fisiología de la gallina cambia a través de fases adaptativas en su vida de forma continua, independientemente de cómo están alojadas o qué prácticas de manejo se imponen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Koelkebeck y Anderson, 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se ha demostrado que no se puede obtener cero por ciento de producción de huevos mediante la muda de gallinas con ninguna dieta de abstinencia, comparada con ayuno total; sin embargo, independientemente de ello, el rendimiento post-muda es similar en gallinas alimentadas con dietas de muda a base de maíz:pasta de soja (47:47%), o maíz:trigo (23:71%), en comparación con el ayuno durante 10 días (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Scheideler y Beck, 2002</xref>). Dicho comportamiento no se presentó en esta investigación, puesto que las gallinas no fueron sometidas a ayuno y sí presentaron cese de postura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 2</xref>). Respecto a lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Woodward <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref>, posiblemente al implementar dietas convencionales las gallinas no tuvieron cese de postura por dos razones: 1) los insumos implementados en las dietas son elevados en proteína y energía, lo cual pudo por mayor tiempo mantener a las gallinas en estado de confort energético y, 2) al presentar confort energético las aves no experimentan estrés agudo; por lo tanto, no se estimulan los centros neuroendocrinos que inducen la muda y restablecimiento ovárico total.</p>
			<p>Con respecto a las dietas implementadas en esta investigación, al ser hipocalóricas e hiperfibrosas, estimulan el estrés agudo (alostasis), lo cual se ve reflejado en un rápido descenso del peso corporal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>), ello debido a que las calorías consumidas no satisfacen los requerimientos nutricionales; por lo tanto, las aves entran en balance energético negativo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>); puesto que la fibra en monogástricos no se digiere por enzimas gastrointestinales, ello modifica la absorción de sales biliares, colesterol y glucosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Molist <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). La modificación en la absorción de dichos componentes estimula el catabolismo corporal y la pérdida de peso, aspecto observado en las aves que consumieron HA principalmente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figuras 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>). Aunado a ello, el consumo de dietas fibrosas en monogástricos reduce el coeficiente de digestibilidad de la materia orgánica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rentería <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>), lo que indica que esta estrategia promueve la saciedad mecánica en el animal sin exceder la ingesta de energía metabolizable. Por lo tanto, dicha estrategia cumpliría con los estándares de bienestar animal, puesto que las aves no presentarían periodos estresantes crónico (pantostásico), debido a los beneficios que tiene la fibra en relación con el llenado gástrico.</p>
			<p>De acuerdo con el descenso de peso corporal agudo en las gallinas que consumieron la DT, fue debido al aporte (30 g·día<sup>-1</sup>) de alimento, con la finalidad de no proporcionar ayuno total; dicho aporte no satisface los requerimientos nutricionales; por lo tanto, el peso y balance energético fueron negativos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figuras 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>). Independientemente que este protocolo de alimentación tuvo éxito al inducir la muda y no afectó la productividad posterior, carece de las propiedades de la fibra; por lo tanto, las aves estuvieron expuestas a periodos de hambre. Con base en la teoría de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Webster (2003)</xref> los EA menos efectivos fueron los que contenían ST. De acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jasso (2012)</xref> si la pérdida de peso ideal (25 a 30%) no ocurre en un periodo menor a 15 días y hay mayor estrés en el ave, debido a que el cortisol se sintetiza durante mayor periodo de tiempo (pantostasis), con respecto a si se aplica ayuno total o en este caso el EA a base de HA, protocolos que inducen estrés agudo. Dichos protocolos propician aumento temporal de cortisol a los pocos días de la primera fase de la muda (pérdida de peso), posteriormente; debido a que todo el gasto de energía se deriva del metabolismo de las grasas; los niveles de corticosterona serán bajos durante segunda fase de la muda (reactivación ovárica) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Webster, 2003</xref>). Ello se puede observar de manera indirecta en el balance energético que presentaron las aves que consumieron ST (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>), aves que presentaron menor balance energético; lo cual se puede atribuir a las propiedades del ST que puede ser fermentado en el tracto gastrointestinal y producir ácidos grasos de cadena corta que pueden participar en el mantenimiento del animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Berruezo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), lo cual limita el proceso de muda de manera aguda.</p>
			<p>Se ha reportado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Davis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>), que la muda es un estrés en la gallina que provoca el cese de postura y una pérdida significativa en el peso corporal; sin embargo, el estrés es el que inicia la muda tanto en el entorno comercial, como en estado natural. No obstante, los beneficios que propicia la muda son evidentes, mejora la calidad de la carne hasta un 9%; eficiencia reproductiva y la calidad del huevo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Anderson, 2002</xref>), lo cual se traduce en mejor salud y vitalidad en comparación con las gallinas que nunca han mudado. Dicha respuesta se observó en la presente investigación, puesto que el reinicio de actividad de postura, peso del huevo y producción no fueron afectadas por las dietas implementadas.</p>
			<p>Finalmente, hay algunas limitaciones que deben tenerse en cuenta al interpretar los resultados de este estudio. El comportamiento hormonal del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis- glándulas adrenales, no fue evaluado; sin embargo, incluso con tales limitaciones, esta investigación proporciona información valiosa para especialistas en el área y productores de aves sobre la importancia de la implementación de dietas hipocalóricas e hiperfibrosas, como estrategia para inducir la muda en gallinas de postura de una manera exitosa; puesto que la implementación de estas dietas no propicia estrés pantostático a los animales, lo cual es una limitante que tienen estos sistemas ante las nuevas leyes de bienestar animal; así mismo, este tipo de dietas reducen el tiempo de reactivación ovárica y reinicio de postura.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>La implementación de dietas a base de harina de alfalfa para inducir la muda en gallinas de postura, ofrece ventajas sobre los métodos de muda convencional a base de ayuno, debido a que acelera la pérdida de peso corporal al propiciar menor balance energético, lo cual se ve reflejado en menor tiempo de reactivación ovárica; ello sin alterar la productividad post muda de la gallina.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evaluation of hypocaloric and hyperfibrous diets on molting induced in laying hens</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Chave: e2020-84.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>The effect of low-energy and high-fiber diets on induced molting in laying hens was evaluated. Forty Rhode Island Red hens were divided into four feeding schemes (FS): I) alfalfa meal (AM), II) wheat bran (WB), III) AM/WB (1: 1); <italic>ad libitum</italic> and, IV) control diet (30 g·day<sup>-1</sup>). Feed intake (FI), laying cessation (LC), body weight loss (BWL), energy balance (EB), laying restart (LR), weight and egg production were evaluated. The information was analyzed using mixed models. FI·hen-1 was lower in FS I (P &lt; 0.05). The LC was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in FS II (7.3 days). The AM led to the ideal BWL (25-30%) faster (16.9 days) with respect to the other FS (P &lt; 0.05): range between 22.9 to 32.4 days. The LR was faster in FS II (P &lt; 0.05): 12.3 days. Egg weight and production were not affected by FS (P &gt; 0.05). Inducing molt in laying hens using AM-based FS offers advantages over conventional methods, accelerates body weight loss, ovarian reactivation time is minimized, and productivity is not altered.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>molting</kwd>
				<kwd>weight loss</kwd>
				<kwd>energetic balance</kwd>
				<kwd>ovarian reactivation</kwd>
				<kwd>egg production</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Most species of birds undergo natural molting; therefore, laying hens are not exempt from this physiological process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Berry, 2003</xref>); molting implies an increase in metabolic rate and protein synthesis, loss of adipose tissue, bone mass, suppression of the immune system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mumma <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>); as well as alteration of the hen's endocrine system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Davis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>). This is typically associated with reproductive or migratory processes carried out by birds in the wild and which are reflected in minimal food consumption, replacement of feathers (generally incomplete) and irregularities in the laying rate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Koelkebeck and Anderson, 2007</xref>). However, in current egg production systems, incomplete molting (natural molting) means an unprofitable period, due to the reduction in production and the end of the hen's productive life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Berry, 2003</xref>).</p>
				<p>In order to increase the productive life of hen, the egg-producing industry generally extends the productive period of the birds from 80 weeks (a productive cycle) up to 140 weeks through the use of induced molting (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bell, 2003</xref>); since it has been observed that post-induction molt, production and egg quality improve (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Webster, 2003</xref>). Molting has traditionally been induced by fasting for a period of up to ten days, water withdrawal for two days, or both; along with a reduction in photoperiod. However, such practices have been banned by organizations dedicated to animal welfare and in the USA and the EU they have already been eliminated (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mazzuco <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>); practices that in Mexico are surely close to being abolished. Because prolonged fasting not only stimulates molting in birds; it also favors an increase in diseases due to the suppression of the immune system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Ricke, 2003</xref>). All this due to the fact that they induce a cascade of physiological adaptations to restore homeostasis; such is the case of the mobilization of immune system cells into the bloodstream (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mumma <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>), increase in the proportion of circulating heterophiles-lymphocytes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Campo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>) and changes in the ethology of birds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dunkley <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>Due to the aforementioned, it has been decided to investigate new, less aggressive alternatives to induce molting in laying hens and that in turn accelerate the stressful transition of the neuroendocrine mechanism for egg formation and oviposition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Buxade, 2000</xref>). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Guzmán et al. (2016)</xref> suggests the existence of a molt stimulation relationship between time and type of food; According to the fiber-energy relationship, thyroid weight loss and hypofunction that induces molt is reported. Other alternative methods to induce molt include modifying dietary minerals, reducing Ca or Na and increasing Zn, or providing low-calorie diets (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Woodward <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). Likewise, melengestrol acetate has been implemented in order to suppress ovarian activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Koch <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Koch <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>). There are reports (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Donalson <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Petek and Alpay, 2008</xref>) that diets high in fiber (wheat bran, rice husk or cotton seed) promote satiety in the bird, due to the fact that fiber digestion is partial and slower, which determines less food consumption. In addition, the lower energy intake of fibrous diets compared to a conventional diet (2200 <italic>vs</italic>. 2800 kcal kg<sup>-1</sup>) causes loss of body weight without depressing the immune system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gordon <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Donalson <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref> when evaluating the addition of alfalfa with commercial feed on the molting and production of eggs, they report that when supplying 90% alfalfa and 10% commercial feed, the laying ceased six days after treatment. Likewise, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Landers <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref> indicate that feeding hens with alfalfa favors ovarian reactivation and return of laying at a rate similar to that of hens subjected to prolonged fasting.</p>
				<p>The effect of different levels (100, 60 and 40%) of commercial feed restriction for laying hens, added with nopal (<italic>Opuntia ficus</italic>-<italic>indica</italic>), on the induced molt was recently tested (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Juárez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>); observing that the restriction of 60% of diet, added with 24 g of nopal, was the most favorable alternative to induce molting, since there was no total restriction of food and the objectives of the molt were met, reincorporation of hen as soon as possible to the next laying cycle. Therefore, it is necessary to explore other alternatives such as the use of hypocaloric and hyperfiberic diets, to induce molting in laying hens, promoting the least possible stress.</p>
				<p>The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of low-energy and high-fiber diets on the induced molting in laying hens and its relationship with productivity.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p>The research was carried out in the Poultry Sector of the Zootechnical Post, belonging to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of Michoacana University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Michoacán, Mexico. The procedure followed in the handling of the birds complied with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">NOM-062-ZOO-1999</xref>, technical specifications for the production, care and use of laboratory animals.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Animals, diets and accommodations</title>
					<p>40 dual-purpose hens of the Rhode Island Red genotype were used, with 52 weeks of laying and 72 of age. The total number of animals was distributed according to a completely randomized design in individual conventional battery-type cages, with dimensions of 46x40x43 cm (length, width and height respectively); in four feeding schemes (FS, n = 10 birds FS<sup>-1</sup>): FS I, animals that consumed alfalfa meal (AM) <italic>ad libitum</italic>; FS II, birds that consumed wheat bran (WB) <italic>ad libitum</italic>; FS III, animals that consumed AM and WB in proportions 50 to 50% <italic>ad libitum</italic> and; FS IV, birds that consumed a control diet (CD) for &quot;layers&quot;, restricted to 30 g day<sup>-1</sup>. Such diets were fed to the birds until achieving an approximate weight loss between 25 to 30%. After this, the birds of all diets were given CD: 120 g day<sup>-1</sup> and they were monitored until 18 weeks after the experiment start. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> summarizes the composition and nutritional value of the diet and inputs used.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Composition and nutritional value of the diet and inputs used</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col span="2"/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr><th align="justify">Ingredients, %</th>
										<th align="justify" colspan="4">Control Diet (CD)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Corn</td>
										
										<td align="center" colspan="4">69.00</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Soybean paste</td>
										
										<td align="center" colspan="4">18.88</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Limestone</td>
										
										<td align="center" colspan="4">8.55</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Dicalcium phosphate</td>
										
										<td align="center" colspan="4">1.35</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Kaolin</td>
										
										<td align="center" colspan="4">0.59</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Soybean oil</td>
										
										<td align="center" colspan="4">0.53</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Minerals + vitamins premix &amp;</td>
										
										<td align="center" colspan="4">0.50</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Salt (NaCl)</td>
										
										<td align="center" colspan="4">0.43</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">DL-methionoine -98%</td>
										
										<td align="center" colspan="4">0.12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">L-lysine -78%</td>
										
										<td align="center" colspan="4">0.03</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Butylhydroxytoluene</td>
										
										<td align="center" colspan="4">0.02</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify"><bold>Nutrient analysis</bold></td>
										<td align="justify"><bold>CD</bold></td>
										<td align="justify"><bold>AM</bold></td>
										
										<td align="justify"><bold>WB</bold></td>
										<td align="justify"><bold>AM/WB</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg</td>
										<td align="center">2800</td>
										<td align="center">900</td>
									
										<td align="center">1640</td>
										<td align="center">1207</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Crude protein, %</td>
										<td align="center">14.50</td>
										<td align="center">14.78</td>
										
										<td align="center">15.40</td>
										<td align="center">14.34</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Crude fiber, %</td>
										<td align="center">4.00</td>
										<td align="center">11.11</td>
										
										<td align="center">26.6</td>
										<td align="center">17.91</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Total calcium, %</td>
										<td align="center">3.65</td>
										<td align="center">1.30</td>
										
										<td align="center">0.14</td>
										<td align="center">0.68</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Total phosphorus, %</td>
										<td align="center">0.34</td>
										<td align="center">0.18</td>
										
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.56</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Digestible arginine, %</td>
										<td align="center">0.84</td>
										<td align="center">0.60</td>
										
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.76</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Digestible lysine, %</td>
										<td align="center">0.64</td>
										<td align="center">0.63</td>
										
										<td align="center">0.61</td>
										<td align="center">0.59</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Digestible methionine, %</td>
										<td align="center">0.34</td>
										<td align="center">0.21</td>
										
										<td align="center">0.23</td>
										<td align="center">0.21</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Met + digestible Cis, %</td>
										<td align="center">0.56</td>
										<td align="center">0.36</td>
										
										<td align="center">0.55</td>
										<td align="center">0.43</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN9">
									<label><sup>&amp;</sup></label>
									<p> Levels per Kg of diet: A Vit - 8000 IU; D3 Vit -2000 IU; E Vit - 50 mg; K Vit - 3 mg; B1 Vit - 1.5 mg; B2 Vit - 4 mg; B6 Vit - 0.12 mg; B12 Vit - 15 mg; Folic acid - 0.6 mg; Pantothenic acid-10 mg; Niacin-30 mg; Biotin - 0.1 mg; Choline-300 mg; Iron-50 mg; Copper</p>
								</fn>
								<fn id="TFN10">
									<p>- 10 mg; Zinc-70 mg; Manganese - 100 mg; Iodine-1 mg; Selenium - 0.3 mg; Antioxidants 50 mg. AM= alfalfa meal; WB= wheat bran.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Experimental procedure</title>
					<p>The variables evaluated were: initial live weight (ILW) and final (FLW) and body weight loss (BWL) in kg, with the help of a digital scale with a precision of 1.0 g, laying cessation (LC), measured in days interval start molting-weight loss 25 to 30% (IILW<sub>25-30</sub>, days) mortality (Mo)%, molt- return range, to second lay cycle (IMR<sub>SLC</sub>) in days, weight loss post- treatment (WL<sub>PT</sub>) in g, body weight at laying restart (BW<sub>LR</sub>) in days, feed intake during molting (FI<sub>DM</sub>) in g, post-molting feed intake (FIPM) in kg, body weight at restarting ovarian activity (BW<sub>ROA</sub>) in kg, second cycle egg production (EPSC) in units, egg weight (EW) in g and laying restart (LR) in days. Regarding the restart of ovarian activity, it was determined indirectly and it is the time (days) that the hen takes to ovoposita, its first post-molting egg. The difference with respect to the laying restart is that this last indicator is when the hen already has a constant production in its egg production.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>Prior to data analysis, the normality of the distribution and the homogeneity of the variance were determined for the residuals; PROC UNIVARIATE (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for this (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Guido, 2009</xref>). The test used to determine normality was the Shapiro- Wilks test (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Flores <italic>et al.,</italic>2019</xref>); while the Bartlett test was used to determine homogeneity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arsham and Lovric, 2011</xref>). A transformation was carried out (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gutiérrez and de la Vara, 2008</xref>) of the BWL and WLPT variables to obtain homogeneity of variance, this under the following formula: Y<sup>′</sup> = log<sub>10</sub>(Y).</p>
					<p>The data were analyzed by ANDEVA, through repeated measurements using the mixed procedures (MIXED) of the SAS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Littell <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>), with bird nested within FS as source of random variation and FS, evaluation day and interaction FS*day as fixed variation sources. The regression coefficients (PROC REG; SAS) were estimated for the live weight loss of the hen according to the day of evaluation, these being cubic or quadratic according to the distribution of values. Each regression equation was derived and equaled to zero, to determine the critical points (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Sánchez, 2012</xref>). Differences between groups were obtained using the least squares means (LSmeans) methodology.</p>
					<p>To determine the energy balance of the hens, the prediction equation established by the National Research Council (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">NRC, 1994</xref>) was used to estimate the metabolizable energy (ME) requirements:</p>
					<p><italic>ME<sub>i</sub></italic> = (173 −
							1.97<italic>T</italic>)<italic>P</italic><sup>0.75</sup> +
							5.5∆<italic>P</italic>+ 2.07<italic>P.EW</italic>;</p>
					<p>Where: <italic>ME</italic>=metabolizable energy, <italic>T</italic>=ambient temperature, °C; <italic>P</italic>=weight of the bird, kg;</p>
					<p>∆<italic>P</italic> = weight gain, g; and <italic>EW</italic>=egg weight, g.</p>
					<p>The ME consumption of hens was calculated from the ME contribution of the food consumed day<sup>-1</sup> and the energy balance corresponded to the difference between energy intake and energy demand, a value obtained from the previously described equation. The values in the tables and figures are presented as least squares means ± SEM.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>An effect of FS was found on food consumption, laying cessation and body weight loss (P
					&lt;0.001). The hens that presented the lowest feed intake were those that
					consumed AM only (P &lt;0.05): 71.6, 66.6 and 20.6 g day<sup>-1</sup> less with respect to
					the FS based on WB, AM/WB and CD, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6"
						>Table 2</xref>). Laying cessation was longer (P &lt;0.05) in the hens that
					consumed WB (7.3 days); this with respect to the other FS evaluated (<xref
						ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>). The pre-initiation of ovarian
					reactivity body weight loss was lower (2.9% less) in the hens that consumed AM
					and WB, with respect to the hens that were added AM/WB or CD (P &lt;0.05) (<xref
						ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Productive performance of the hen during the period of feed restriction according to the diet</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="5"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="justify" > 
 </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="5">Diet</th>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="center">AM</th>
									<th align="center">WB</th>
									
									<th align="center">AM/WB</th>
									<th align="center">CD</th>
									<th align="center">SEM</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Initial live weight, kg</td>
									<td align="center">1.926</td>
									<td align="center">1.961</td>
									
									<td align="center">1.947</td>
									<td align="center">1.953</td>
									<td align="center">0.100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Feed intake, g</td>
									<td align="center">9.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">81.0<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">75.7<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">30.0<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.313</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Laying cessation, d</td>
									<td align="center">3.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">7.3<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">4.4<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.1<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.033</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Final live weight, kg</td>
									<td align="center">1.409<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.459<sup>a</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">1.381<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.385<sup>b </sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Weight loss, %</td>
									<td align="center">26.6<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">25.2<sup>a</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">29.7<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">29.4<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.513</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN11">
								<p>AM= alfalfa meal; WB= wheat bran; CD= control diet; SEM= standard error of the mean</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN12">
								<label><sup>a, b, c, d</sup></label>
								<p> Different literals indicate statistical difference (P &lt;0.05) within row</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>According to the distribution of the values for the body weight loss percentage of hens, it was found that hens that consumed the AM-based diet and hens that consumed CD; the regression estimators for such variable presented a grade four polynomial distribution (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>); while for hens that consumed WB and AM/WB presented polynomial distribution of grade three (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Regression estimators for live weight loss (%) according to pelecha day</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="justify">Diet</th>
									<th align="center"><italic>β0</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>β1</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>β2</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>β3</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>β4</italic></th>
								<th align="center">R2</th>
								<th align="center">P &lt; value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">AM</td>
									<td align="center">-7.0122</td>
									<td align="center">-2.6416</td>
									<td align="center">0.1083</td>
									<td align="center">-0.0013</td>
									<td align="center">0.000005</td>
									<td align="center">0.74</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">WB</td>
									<td align="center">-4.1437</td>
									<td align="center">-1.4325</td>
									<td align="center">0.0284</td>
									<td align="center">-0.00013</td>
									<td align="center">--</td>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">AM/WB</td>
									<td align="center">-5.8978</td>
									<td align="center">-1.8328</td>
									<td align="center">0.0410</td>
									<td align="center">-0.00021</td>
									<td align="center">--</td>
									<td align="center">0.67</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CD</td>
									<td align="center">12.1803</td>
									<td align="center">-4.2995</td>
									<td align="center">0.1402</td>
									<td align="center">-0.0015</td>
									<td align="center">0.000005</td>
									<td align="center">0.70</td>
									<td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN13">
								<p>AM=alfalfa meal; WB=wheat bran; CD=control diet. R<sup>2</sup>= coefficient of determination</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>According to the regression equations for weight loss FS<sup>-1</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>), when derived and equaled to zero, the critical point was found (X; Day, Y; Weight loss). Regarding this, the hens of the FS based on AM, according to the critical point of the regression equation, were the ones that presented the fastest loss of ideal live weight (25 to 30%), so that the reactivity begins ovarian; which was at 16.9 days with a weight loss of 26.6% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>); while the WB-based FS hens were the ones that took the longest (32.4 days) to reach the required live weight loss, which was 25.2%. Hens that consumed AM/WB and hens that consumed CD presented the required weight loss in a range of 22.9 to 28.7 days (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Prediction curves and critical points for live weight loss (%) of hens according to diet and day. AM = alfalfa meal; WB=wheat bran; CD=control diet</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e113-gf3.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding the energy balance (kcal day<sup>-1</sup>), the effect of FS and FS interaction per day (P &lt;0.001) was found. The hens that presented the lowest (P &lt;0.05) average pre-initiation of ovarian reactivation energy balance were those that consumed AM only (-247 kcal day<sup>- 1</sup>); this with respect to the hens that consumed WB (-184 kcal day<sup>-1</sup>), AM/WB (-143 kcal day<sup>-1</sup>) and CD (-192 kcal day<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). According to the diet per day interaction for energy balance, the hens that consumed WB or AM/WB are the ones that presented energy imbalance for the longest time; since not even during the ovarian reactivation phase (phase of lower energy demand and normalization of the diet supply) did they present a positive energy balance, as was the case of the hens that received AM alone or CD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Required and consumed metabolizable energy and energy balance of hens according to diet and day. IWLLR = ideal weight loss-laying restart interval</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e113-gf4.gif"></graphic>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>According to the effect of FS (P &lt;0.001) for the weight recovered during the ovarian reactivation phase, the hens that presented the lowest recovery of live weight were those that consumed WB only (15.5%), with respect to the other FS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>). The ovarian reactivation of the hens that consumed WB alone or AM/WB was shorter (range from 11.6 to 12.3 days), with respect to the hens that consumed only AM or CD (P &lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>. According to the beginning of laying, the AM -based FS hens were the ones that presented it the fastest (35.7 days); while in the other FS the restart of laying was at: 44.7, 40.3 and 40.2 days for WB, AM/WB and CD, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Productive performance of hens’ post-restart of laying diet, according to the diet established in the period of food restriction</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="5"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									<th align="justify"> 
 </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="5">Diet</th>
								
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="center">AM</th>
									<th align="center">WB</th>
									
									<th align="center">AM/WB</th>
									<th align="center">CD</th>
									<th align="center">SEM</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Live weight at CDR, kg</td>
									<td align="center">1.563<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.651<sup>a</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">1.561<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.629<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.139</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Live weight at ROA, kg</td>
									<td align="center">1.926<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.953<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">1.947<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.990<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.139</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Live weight at laying restart, %</td>
									<td align="center">18.9<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">15.5<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">19.1<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">18.2<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.498</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Laying restart, días</td>
									<td align="center">18.8<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">12.3 <sup>a</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">11.6 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">17.3<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.517</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Egg weight, g</td>
									<td align="center">66.6</td>
									<td align="center">67.5</td>
									
									<td align="center">65.5</td>
									<td align="center">63.7</td>
									<td align="center">3.012</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Egg production &amp;, units</td>
									<td align="center">30.1</td>
									<td align="center">26.2</td>
									
									<td align="center">22.5</td>
									<td align="center">23.6</td>
									<td align="center">2.540</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN14">
								<p>AM = alfalfa meal; WB = wheat bran; CD = control diet, SEM = standard error of the mean, RCD = restart control diet; ROA= restart of ovarian activity; <sup>&amp;</sup>Estimated production over a period of forty days. <sup>a, b, c</sup> Different literals indicate statistical difference (P &lt;0.05) within row.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>No effect of FS was found on egg weight and production (P&gt; 0.05). Egg weight ranged from 63.7 to 67.5 g; while the estimated production during a period of forty days was 25.6 average eggs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>). However, the hens that consumed AM only, showed a trend in the increase of eggs produced; 6.0 more average eggs with respect to the other diets evaluated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The results of this study support previous research on the effects of high-fiber, low-calorie diets on induced shedding and productive behavior in laying hens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Petek and Alpay, 2008</xref>). It has been established (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bell, 2003</xref>) that the induction of molting by fasting and the molting method by rapid induction through the implementation of low-calorie diets, can be equally effective in promoting the molting process; This can be observed in weight loss and laying cessation during the molting stage (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figure 1</xref>); where the AM-based FS was the one that had the best results, it caused the molt with weight loss and rapid interruption of the laying (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Petek and Alpay, 2008</xref>). It is important to emphasize that the laying cessation was in a range between 3.0 to 7.3 days after starting the implementation of the diets; since the faster this process is the hen will be subjected to less stress, which improves the health of the birds in the long term; therefore, according to this guideline, the induced molt regimen can promote the health and well-being of the hens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">McCowan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>When analyzing molting in the health-production context according to specialists in the reproductive physiology of birds, the arguments issued by organizations that promote animal welfare lose their justification, due in the first instance to the fact that molting is a physiological process and, in the second instance, the induced molt accelerates the stress period of the birds. In addition to this, if one starts from epistemological processes of stress, the absence of stress is death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Selye, 1973</xref>); In addition, there are 2 types of stress, allostatic &quot;good stress&quot; and pantostatic &quot;bad stress&quot;. On the basis of these investigations, it is difficult to support the assumption that hens are in danger during induced molting; since molting is an inherent physiological process of the species and production patterns, or the physiology of the hen changes through adaptive phases in its life continuously, regardless of how they are housed or what management practices are imposed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Koelkebeck and Anderson, 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>It has been shown that zero percent egg production can be obtained by shedding chickens on any abstinence diet, compared to total fasting; however, regardless of this, post-molt performance is similar in hens fed a molt diet based on corn: soybean meal (47: 47%), or corn: wheat (23: 71%), compared to fasting for 10 days (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Scheideler and Beck, 2002</xref>). This behavior was not presented in this research, since the hens were not subjected to fasting and they did show cessation of laying (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Regarding what was reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Woodward <italic>et al.</italic> (2005</xref>), possibly when implementing conventional diets the hens did not cease laying for two reasons: 1) the inputs implemented in the diets are high in protein and energy, which could keep the hens in a state of energy comfort for a longer time and, 2) by presenting energy comfort, the birds do not experience acute stress; therefore, the neuroendocrine centers that induce total ovarian shedding and restoration are not stimulated.</p>
				<p>With respect to the diets implemented in this research, being hypocaloric and hyperfiberic, they stimulate acute stress (allostasis), which is reflected in a rapid decrease in body weight (figure 1), due to the fact that the calories consumed do not satisfy nutritional requirements; therefore, the birds enter a negative energy balance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>); since fiber in monogastrics is not digested by gastrointestinal enzymes, this modifies the absorption of bile salts, cholesterol and glucose (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Molist <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). The modification in the absorption of these components stimulates body catabolism and weight loss, an aspect observed in birds that consumed AM mainly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2</xref>). In addition to this, the consumption of fibrous diets in monogastrics reduces the digestibility coefficient of organic matter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rentería <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>), which indicates that this strategy promotes mechanical satiety in the animal without exceeding the intake of metabolizable energy. Therefore, this strategy would comply with the animal welfare standards, since the birds would not present chronic stressful periods (pantostatic), due to the benefits that fiber has in relation to gastric filling.</p>
				<p>According to the acute decrease in body weight in the hens that consumed CD, it was due to the contribution (30 g day<sup>-1</sup>) of food, in order not to provide total fasting; such contribution does not satisfy the nutritional requirements; therefore, weight and energy balance were negative (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2</xref>). Regardless that this feeding protocol was successful in inducing molt and did not affect subsequent productivity, it lacks the properties of fiber; therefore, the birds were exposed to starvation periods. Based on <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Webster (2003)</xref> theory, the least effective FS were those containing WB. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jasso (2012)</xref> if the ideal weight loss (25 to 30%) does not occur in a period of less than 15 days and there is greater stress in the bird, due to the fact that cortisol is synthesized for a longer period of time (pantostasis), with respect to whether total fasting or in this case AM-based FS is applied, protocols that induce acute stress. These protocols promote a temporary increase in cortisol a few days after the first phase of the molt (weight loss), later; Because all energy expenditure is derived from fat metabolism; corticosterone levels will be low during the second phase of molting (ovarian reactivation) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Webster, 2003</xref>). This can be observed indirectly in the energy balance presented by the birds that consumed WB (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>), birds that presented a lower energy balance; This can be attributed to the properties of WB that can be fermented in the gastrointestinal tract and produce short chain fatty acids that can participate in the maintenance of the animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Berruezo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), which limits the molting process of sharp way.</p>
				<p>It has been reported (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Davis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>), that molting is a stress in the hen that causes the laying cessation and a significant loss in body weight. However, stress is what initiates the molt both in the commercial environment and in the natural state. The benefits that the molt causes are evident, it improves the quality of the meat up to 9%; reproductive efficiency and egg quality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Anderson, 2002</xref>), which translates into better health and vitality compared to hens that have never molted. This response was observed in the present investigation, since the restart of laying activity, egg weight and production were not affected by the diets implemented.</p>
				<p>Finally, there are some limitations that must be taken into account when interpreting the results of this study. The hormonal behavior of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland axis was not evaluated; However, even with such limitations, this research provides valuable information for specialists in the area and poultry producers on the importance of the implementation of hypocaloric and hyper-fibrous diets, as a strategy to induce molt in laying hens in a successful way; since the implementation of these diets does not propitiate pantostatic stress to the animals, which is a limitation that these systems have before the new laws of animal welfare; Likewise, this type of diet reduces the time for ovarian reactivation and laying restart.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The implementation of diets based on alfalfa meal to induce molting in laying hens offers advantages over conventional fasting-based molting methods, because it accelerates the loss of body weight by promoting a lower energy balance, which is It is reflected in a shorter ovarian reactivation time; this without altering the post-molt productivity of the hen.</p>
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