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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.10</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00402</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Notas cortas</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Estudio preliminar sobre la inhibición <italic>in vitro</italic> de nematodos gastrointestinales de ovinos con extractos acuosos de plantas forrajeras</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9273-2107</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Antonio-Irineo</surname>
						<given-names>Nora</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5533-6722</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Flota-Bañuelos</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0255-0722</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Marín</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0569-2109</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Arreola-Enríquez</surname>
						<given-names>Jesús</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5744-1067</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fraire-Cordero</surname>
						<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Campeche. Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná, km. 17.5, Champotón, Campeche, México. CP. 24050. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Champotón</city>
					<state>Campeche</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">CONACYT-Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Campeche. Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná, km. 17.5, Champotón, Campeche, México. CP. 24050. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Champotón</city>
					<state>Campeche</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, km 9. Carretera Irapuato-Silao, Exhacienda El Copal, Irapuato, Guanajuato. CP. 36824. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Irapuato</city>
					<state>Guanajuato</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor de correspondencia y responsable de la investigación: Silvia Fraire-Cordero. CONACYT-Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Campeche. Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná, km. 17.5, Champotón, Campeche, México. CP. 24050. <email>antonio.nora@colpos.mx</email>, <email>cflota@colpos.mx</email>, <email>jahmarin@ugto.mx</email>, <email>jarreola@colpos.mx</email>, <email>frairec@colpos.mx</email>.</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e402</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>La alta presencia de nematodos gastrointestinales (ngi) en ovinos, es una causa de baja productividad. El objetivo fue determinar de forma preliminar la eficiencia <italic>in vitro</italic> de extractos acuosos de <italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic>, <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic>, <italic>Guazuma ulmifolia</italic> y <italic>Bursera simaruba</italic> a tres dosis (0.75, 1.00 y 1.25 mL), en la inhibición de la eclosión de huevos de ngi de ovinos. Se evaluó la eficiencia de inhibición en la eclosión de huevos (EIH), identificación y proporción de géneros de larvas. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante pruebas de Chi cuadrada y análisis de varianza. Los cuatro extractos obtuvieron una EIH del 50%, siendo similares (p &gt; 0.05) entre ellos. La dosis de 1.25 mL y las combinaciones de <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic> y <italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic> a dosis de 1.25 mL obtuvieron mayor eficiencia (68.0, 85.0 y 77.0%, respectivamente). Se identificaron cinco géneros de larvas (<italic>Haemonchus</italic> spp., <italic>Trichostrongylus</italic> spp., <italic>Oesophagostomum</italic> spp<italic>., Cooperia</italic> spp., y <italic>Nematodirus</italic> spp.), siendo el de mayor (p ≤ 0.05) prevalencia <italic>Haemonchus</italic> spp. (58.0%). Los cuatro extractos acuosos exhibieron actividad ovicida de ngi. No obstante, la dosis de 1.25 mL y los extractos de <italic>Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium</italic> a dosis de 1.25 mL fueron los más eficaces.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Parásitos gastrointestinales</kwd>
				<kwd>plantas antihelmínticas</kwd>
				<kwd>eclosión de huevos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group award-type="contract">
					<funding-source>CONACyT</funding-source>
					<award-id>2181</award-id>
				</award-group>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="2"/>
				<ref-count count="35"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>En México, el impacto económico derivado del parasitismo ocasionado por los nematodos gastrointestinales (ngi) es de 445 millones de dólares por año (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Rodríguez-Vivas <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>) representando un serio problema al afectar la productividad animal; traduciéndose en pérdida de apetito, peso, anemia, diarrea, retraso en el crecimiento e incluso la muerte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Rodríguez-Martínez <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Durante décadas, se han empleado antihelmínticos químicos para el control de ngi, por su amplio espectro y facilidad de uso. Sin embargo, el uso irracional de los mismos (Closantel, Albendazol, Ivermectina y Nitroxinil), ha desarrollado resistencia en los ngi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Mondragón-Ancelmo <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) como se ha reportado para los géneros <italic>Haemonchus contortus</italic>, <italic>Teladorsagia circumcincta</italic>, <italic>Tricostrongylus</italic> spp., y <italic>Nematodirus</italic> spp., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Holsback <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Actualmente, se requieren alternativas novedosas y sostenibles para el control de ngi, como el uso de plantas forrajeras, las cuales aparte de ofrecer beneficios por su calidad nutricional, posean acción antihelmíntica; la cual se ha relacionado con la presencia de metabolitos secundarios, entre los que destacan: lectinas, terpenos, alcaloides, saponinas, antraquinonas, flavonoides y taninos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>); siendo estos últimos los que se han asociado principalmente en las funciones vitales de los nematodos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Medina <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Se ha reportado que éstos tienen la capacidad de unirse a las proteínas estructurales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Son-de Fernex <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>) y dependiendo de dónde y cómo se unen a las estructuras del nematodo, pueden inhibir la eclosión de los huevos, el desarrollo, motilidad y desenvaine larvario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hoste <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Son-de Fernex <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>). En este sentido, plantas como <italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic>, <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic>, <italic>Guazuma ulmifolia</italic> y <italic>Bursera simaruba</italic> se consideran un grupo importante de plantas candidatas con potencial como alimento para animales en ambientes tropicales y subtropicales. En particular, <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic> y <italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic> son plantas altamente nutritivas, leguminosas y ricas en metabolitos secundarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Son-de Fernex <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Rivero- Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Se les ha considerado por sus propiedades medicinales y antihelmínticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sánchez y Faria, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Canul-Solís <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), aunque no se han observado de manera consistente en animales.</p>
			<p>Por el contrario <italic>Guazuma ulmifolia</italic> y <italic>Bursera simaruba</italic> han sido poco estudiadas con el objetivo de examinar sus posibles propiedades antihelmínticas en animales, aunque en medicina tradicional son utilizadas contra enfermedades gastrointestinales y microbianas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Boligon <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>); sin embargo, son altamente nutritivas y se usan ampliamente como alimento o alimento complementario para el ganado en zonas tropicales.</p>
			<p>Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio preliminar fue determinar la eficiencia <italic>in vitro</italic> de extractos acuosos de <italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic>, <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic>, <italic>Guazuma ulmifolia</italic> y <italic>Bursera simaruba</italic> a tres dosis (0.75, 1.00 y 1.25 mL), sobre la inhibición de la eclosión de huevos de nematodos gastrointestinales de ovinos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Localización</title>
				<p>El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Laboratorio de Ciencia Animal del Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Campeche, localizado en el km 17.5 carretera Haltunchén- Edzná, Champotón, Campeche, México. Ubicado a 19° 29' 51.79&quot; LN y 90° 32' 45.01&quot; LO, con una altitud de 24 msnm. El clima predominante es cálido subhúmedo con lluvias en verano, con una temperatura media anual de 26 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">García, 2004</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Obtención del extracto acuoso</title>
				<p>Se seleccionaron plantas de <italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic>, <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic>, <italic>Guazuma ulmifolia</italic> y <italic>Bursera simaruba</italic>, con hojas verdes (jóvenes y maduras), de las cuales se recolectó 1 kg de cada una. Las hojas se lavaron por dos ocasiones con agua purificada para eliminar polvo y residuos; luego se cortaron en trozos de 2 cm y se depositaron en cubetas de plástico de 10 L, a las cuales se les agregó 1 L de agua destilada, dejando en reposo por 12 h. Después del reposo, el contenido de cada cubeta fue vertido en recipientes de aluminio de 3 L y colocado en parrillas de calentamiento a 80 °C durante 40 min; seguidamente, se molió con una batidora de inmersión (T-fal®) durante 5 min, para posteriormente, filtrarlo tres veces y depositarlo en recipientes de 300 mL, previamente etiquetados por tratamiento. Finalmente se refrigeraron a 5 °C hasta su uso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Vinueza <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>La suspensión obtenida se consideró como solución estándar (100%). A partir de dicha solución, se tomaron las dosis: 0.75, 1.00 y 1.25 mL, respectivas para cada tratamiento, más un grupo testigo compuesto por agua destilada, contando con 10 repeticiones por cada combinación, como se muestra en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Cuadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Distribución de tratamientos para evaluar la eficiencia de extractos acuosos de plantas forrajeras a tres dosis en la inhibición de la eclosión de nematodos gastrointestinales de ovinos</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Dosis mL) Extracto acuoso</th>
									<th align="center">0.75</th>
									<th align="center">1.00</th>
									<th align="center">1.25</th>
								</tr></thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic></td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Leucaena Leucocephala</italic></td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Guazuma ulmifolia</italic></td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Bursera simaruba</italic></td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Agua destilada (Testigo)</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Para cada combinación de extracto:dosis, se le determinó el contenido de fenoles totales (Folin), taninos totales (Folin + pvpp) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Makkar <italic>et al</italic>., 1993</xref>) y taninos condensados (Vainillina) (Makkar y Becker, 1993) como referencia, en la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Yucatán, México (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Cuadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análisis químico de fenoles totales, taninos totales y taninos condensados de extractos acuosos de cuatro plantas forrajeras</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="right" > </th>
									<th align="center" >Dosis </th>
									<th align="center" >Fenoles totales </th>
									<th align="center">Taninos totales</th>
									<th align="center">Taninos condensados</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Extracto acuoso</th>
									<th align="center">mL</th>
									<th align="center">mg</th>
									<th align="center">mg</th>
									<th align="center">mg</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3"><italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic></td>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">0.73</td>
									<td align="center">0.39</td>
									<td align="center">0.67</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.97</td>
									<td align="center">0.52</td>
									<td align="center">0.89</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">1.21</td>
									<td align="center">0.65</td>
									<td align="center">1.11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3"><italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic></td>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">1.99</td>
									<td align="center">0.86</td>
									<td align="center">1.17</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">2.65</td>
									<td align="center">1.1</td>
									<td align="center">1.56</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">3.31</td>
									<td align="center">1.44</td>
									<td align="center">1.95</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3"><italic>Guazuma ulmifolia</italic></td>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.77</td>
									<td align="center">0.19</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.33</td>
									<td align="center">1.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">1.66</td>
									<td align="center">1.29</td>
									<td align="center">0.31</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3"><italic>Bursera simaruba</italic></td>
									<td align="right">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">1.35</td>
									<td align="center">0.59</td>
									<td align="center">0.70</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.8</td>
									<td align="center">0.78</td>
									<td align="center">0.93</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">2.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.98</td>
									<td align="center">1.16</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Obtención de heces y carga parasitaria</title>
				<p>El estudio se llevó a cabo de acuerdo a los estándares de uso y cuidado de animales destinados a la investigación del Colegio de Postgraduados, México y de acuerdo a la Norma Oficial Mexicana <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">NOM-024-ZOO-1995</xref>.</p>
				<p>Previo al ensayo <italic>in vitro,</italic> se determinó el número de huevos por gramos de heces (h.p.g.), mediante un estudio coprológico. Las heces de ovino se obtuvieron de un rebaño perteneciente al rancho “Los Robles” ubicado en Adolfo López Mateos, Escárcega, Campeche, México, ubicado a 18° 38' 09.51&quot; LN y 90° 18' 04.69&quot; LO, con clima cálido subhúmedo con lluvias en verano y temperatura promedio de 26 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">García, 2004</xref>). Del cual aleatoriamente se tomaron 60 ovinos con edad promedio de 1.5 años, manejados bajo un sistema semi-estabulado con pastoreo diurno, encierro nocturno y sin desparasitación en los ocho meses anteriores a la colecta.</p>
				<p>Todas las muestras de heces fueron homogenizadas en una sola muestra y procesadas mediante la técnica de McMaster, modificada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rodríguez-Vivas y Cob-Galera (2005)</xref>, para contabilizar el número de huevos de ngi, obteniendo un promedio de 671.6 ± 250.4 h.p.g., clasificándose dentro de una infestación moderada, que va de 200 a 800 h.p.g., recomendadas para establecer control parasitario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Morales <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Identificación y proporción de géneros de larvas de ngi</title>
				<p>Se realizó un cultivo larvario con las heces anteriormente descritas, con duración de nueve días, siguiendo la metodología de Corticelli y Lai (1963) descrita por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Niec, 1968</xref>), con la finalidad de determinar la eficiencia de los extractos acuosos sobre la eclosión de huevos de ngi; donde los extractos a dosis correspondientes se aplicaron todos los días al momento de la aireación. El líquido colectado en tubos Falcon® de la fase final del cultivo larvario se centrifugó (Centrifuga, VELAB VE-4000®) a 1500 rpm (415.8 <italic>x g</italic>) durante 15 min, para colectar las larvas por sedimentación.</p>
				<p>Posteriormente se colocaron en refrigeración a 5°C por cinco horas para detener el metabolismo y ser contabilizadas mediante un microscopio estereoscópico (VELAB VE- S3®). Del total de larvas obtenidas de cada tratamiento se tomaron 100, a las cuales se les agregó solución Lugol al 5% y se observaron con un microscopio (UOP UB102i®), para ser identificadas mediante estructuras morfológicas, basadas en la extremidad anterior y/o posterior principalmente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Niec, 1968</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Eficiencia en la inhibición de la eclosión de huevos</title>
				<p>Se determinó mediante la ecuación (1) propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Álvarez <italic>et al</italic>. (2007)</xref>.</p>
				<disp-formula id="e1"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" ><mml:mi>E</mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>100</mml:mn><mml:mfenced open="⟦" close="⟧" separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:math></disp-formula>
				<p>Dónde, EIH= Porcentaje de eficiencia en la inhibición de huevos, <italic>µ Tr</italic> =
					Media aritmética del grupo tratado y <italic>µ T</italic> = Media aritmética del
					grupo testigo.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial (5 x 3) plus, donde el plus
					fue el tratamiento testigo. Los factores fueron: Extracto acuoso (<italic>G.
						sepium, L. leucocephala, G. ulmifolia, B. simaruba</italic> y Agua
					destilada) y Dosis (0.75, 1.00 y 1.25 mL). El análisis de los datos se realizó
					mediante pruebas de Chi cuadrada en las variables expresadas en conteos (%) y
					análisis de varianza por el procedimiento de modelos lineales general (PROC
					GLM), del paquete estadístico SAS/STAT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">SAS
						Institute Inc, 2012</xref>) en las variables numéricas. Se realizaron
					comparaciones de medias por la prueba de Tukey. Todos los análisis se realizaron
					con un nivel de significancia α = 0.05.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Eficiencia en la inhibición de huevos de ngi</title>
				<p>Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p ≤ 0.05) en el promedio de huevos eclosionados,
					siendo los tratamientos con extractos acuosos de plantas los que obtuvieron una
					reducción de la mitad de huevos eclosionados, comparado con el testigo. La dosis
					de 1.25 mL obtuvo una mayor (p ≤ 0.05) reducción en la eclosión de huevos, en
					comparación con el testigo. Las menores (p ≤ 0.05) eclosiones de huevos se
					presentaron con los extractos de <italic>L. leucocephala</italic>, <italic>G.
						sepium</italic> con dosis a 1.25Ml y B. simaruba a 075mL(<xref
						ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>)</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Promedio de larvas eclosionadas de nematodos gastrointestinales de ovinos con la adición de extractos acuosos de plantas forrajeras a tres dosis</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e402-gf1.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Los resultados encontrados mostraron que los extractos acuosos afectan activamente en la eclosión de huevos de nematodos gastrointestinales. Esto sugiere que la actividad de estas plantas se asocia generalmente con la presencia de metabolitos secundarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Torres-Acosta et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira et al., 2017</xref>), principalmente la concentración de taninos condensados, sin descartar la participación de otros metabolitos secundarios en el efecto antihelmíntico. Se alude que el mecanismo de acción de los compuestos activos puede ser al interactuar con las membranas celulares, lo que da como resultado la desestabilización y el consiguiente aumento de la permeabilidad celular que facilita la acción sobre las proteínas intracelulares del huevo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Vieira et al., 2018</xref>) lo que inhibe su eclosión.</p>
				<p>Sin embargo, otros mecanismos pueden contribuir al efecto observado como el reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Vargas-Magaña et al. (2014)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chan-Pérez et al. (2016)</xref>, quienes mencionan que los extractos vegetales posiblemente pueden inhibir la reacción de enzimas presentes en la membrana del huevo necesarias para la eclosión, o impidiendo la formación de larvas al afectar la mórula por lo que las larvas no se desarrollan completamente y no logran eclosionar. Esto resulta en una reducción en el número de larvas que nacen de los huevos; aunque, éstas son solo hipótesis que deberán ser probadas en estudios futuros.</p>
				<p>Con relación a la EIH, los extractos acuosos fueron similares (p &gt; 0.05) en la
					efectividad, con alrededor del 50% de inhibición. La dosis de 1.25 mL fue más
					eficiente (p ≤ 0.05) en comparación con el resto de las dosis evaluadas. La
					combinación L. leucocephala con dosis a 1.25 mL fue la más eficiente (p ≤ 0.05),
					seguida de <italic>G. sepium</italic> a 1.25 mL y <italic>B. simaruba</italic> a
					0.75 mL. Cabe señalar que, aunque la eficiencia del extracto de <italic>G.
						ulmifolia</italic> no fue de los mejores, presentó eficiencias mayores al
					59.8% con la dosis de 1.00 y 1.25 mL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro
						3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Cuadro 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Eficiencia de extractos acuosos de plantas forrajeras a tres dosis sobre la inhibición de huevos de nematodos gastrointestinales de ovinos</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Extracto acuoso </th>
									<th align="left">Dosis (mL)</th>
									<th align="center">Eficiencia (%)</th>
									<th align="center">Eficiencia según extracto acuoso (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="right"></td>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">48.8 cd</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">Gliricidia sepium </td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">51.2 d</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">56.0 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">77.6 g</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">16.0 ab</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">Leucaena leucocephala</td> 
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">30.0 bc</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">42.0 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">85.7 h</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">22.0 abc</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">Guazuma ulmifolia </td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">59.8 de</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">48.0 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">62.4 ef</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">75.4 g</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">Bursera simaruba</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">25.1 abc</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">55.0 A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">66.7 ef</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">0.0 a</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="3">Agua destilada</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.0 a</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">0.0 B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.0 a</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">18.0 X</td>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Eficiencia según dosis (%) </td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">16.0 X</td>
									<td align="center"></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">68.0 Y</td>
									<td align="center"></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								
								<p><sup>a</sup><sup>, b, c, d, e, f, g, h.</sup> Letra diferente dentro de cada columna indica diferencia estadística (p ≤ 0.05). A, B. Letra diferente dentro de cada columna indica diferencia significativa (p ≤ 0.05). X, Y. Letra diferente dentro de cada columna indica diferencia significativa (p ≤ 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Todos los extractos fueron eficientes en la inhibición de eclosión de huevos de ngi, en comparación con el testigo; posiblemente por la presencia de metabolitos secundarios presentes en las hojas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martínez-Ortíz et al., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira et al., 2017</xref>) principalmente los taninos condensados a los cuales se les ha adjudicado gran parte de esta actividad; los cuales en contacto con el huevo penetran la cutícula, provocando daño ultraestructural, previniendo el desarrollo del huevo o paralizando las larvas del primer estadio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Vargas-Magaña et al., 2014</xref>). En algunas leguminosas tropicales se ha informado actividad antihelmíntica in vitro contra nematodos, sugiriendo que la actividad puede estar relacionada con la presencia de taninos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hoste et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">González- Cortázar et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Por otra parte, plantas no leguminosas, como G. ulmifolia, su actividad puede estar relacionada con componentes fenólicos y flavonoides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Feltrin et al., 2012</xref>), los cuales han sido reportados con actividad antihelmíntica lo que puede suponer que estos tuvieron alguna influencia en la respuesta encontrada para este extracto. Sin embargo, ya que el extracto es una mezcla de compuestos bioactivos, éstos pueden estar actuando de manera individual, aditiva o sinérgica.</p>
				<p>Los extractos de <italic>G. sepium</italic>, <italic>L. leucocephala</italic>, en la dosis
					1.25 mL y <italic>B. simaruba</italic> con dosis de 0.75 mL inhibieron la
					eclosión larvaria en un 79%, esta respuesta tiene relación con el mayor
					contenido de taninos condensados, informado anteriormente para estas plantas
						(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>), lo que puede ayudar a
					explicar los efectos sobre la EIH con estos extractos. Estos resultados son
					superiores a lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Puerto et al.
						(2014)</xref>, quienes determinaron el efecto <italic>in vitro</italic>
					sobre la eclosión de huevos, utilizando el extracto acuoso de <italic>G.
						sepium</italic>, obteniendo un 40% de inhibición y a los 50% de inhibición,
					con dosis de 7.90 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> utilizando <italic>L. leucocephala</italic>
					reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Son-de Fernex et al.
					(2016)</xref>, con extractos acuosos y acetónicos, más no para <italic>G.
						sepium</italic>, obteniendo una inhibición del 100% de los huevos a una
					concentración de 1.03 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
				<p>En general se observó un efecto dosis-dependiente positivo en la mayoría de los extractos de plantas; sin embargo, en el extracto a base de B. simaruba a menores dosis se encontraron las mayores respuestas, por lo que se propone que los metabolitos secundarios de esta planta tienen una acción más definida en esta actividad, por lo que es un buen candidato para futuras investigaciones.</p>
				<p>Los extractos de plantas utilizados tienen una respuesta positiva hacia el control de la eclosión de los huevos de ngi por medio de los fitoquímicos presentes. Sin embargo, se requieren más estudios sobre identificación de las moléculas presentes en los extractos, eso ayudaría a comprender los mecanismos de acción involucrados en sus efectos sobre los ngi.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Identificación y proporción de géneros de larvas de ngi</title>
				<p>Se identificaron cinco géneros de larvas de ngi, siendo Haemonchus spp., la de mayor (p</p>
				<p>≤ 0.05) prevalencia con el 58.0%, continuando <italic>Trichostrongylus</italic> spp., y
						<italic>Oesophagostomum</italic> spp., con 25.0 y 15.0%, respectivamente.
					Los géneros Cooperia spp., y <italic>Nematodirus</italic> spp., consiguieron el
					2.0 % de predominio. En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">cuadro 4</xref> se
					muestran las combinaciones más efectivas en la inhibición (p ≤ 0.05) de huevos,
					según el género de ngi.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Cuadro 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Larvas eclosionadas según género de nematodos gastrointestinales de ovinos con la adición de extractos acuosos de plantas forrajeras a tres dosis</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
						
							<thead>
								
								<tr><th align="left" ></th>
									<th align="left" ></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="5">Géneros de larvas (%) </th></tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Extracto acuoso</th>
									<th align="center">Dosis (mL)</th>
									<th align="center">Haemonchus spp.</th>
								
									<th align="center" >Oesophagostomum  spp. </th>
									<th align="center" >Trichostrongylus spp.</th>
									<th align="center">Cooperia spp.</th>
									<th align="center">Nematodirus spp.</th>
								</tr></thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">60.2</td>
									<td align="center">77.2</td>
									<td align="center">27.6</td>
									<td align="center">0.0*</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>G. sepium</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">48.7</td>
									<td align="center">38.3</td>
									<td align="center">57.7</td>
									<td align="center">50.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">29.9*</td>
									<td align="center">26.6*</td>
									<td align="center">15.7*</td>
									<td align="center">3.8</td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">80.9</td>
									<td align="center">60.5</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>L. leucocephala</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">96.8</td>
									<td align="center">19.1*</td>
									<td align="center">50.4</td>
									<td align="center">33.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">16.8*</td>
									<td align="center">9.4*</td>
									<td align="center">15.2*</td>
									<td align="center">3.8*</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">13.2*</td>
									<td align="center">55.2</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>G. ulmifolia</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">55.7</td>
									<td align="center">15.7*</td>
									<td align="center">25.2*</td>
									<td align="center">0.0*</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">39.6*</td>
									<td align="center">6.3*</td>
									<td align="center">44.9</td>
									<td align="center">53.8</td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">21.4*</td>
									<td align="center">28.9*</td>
									<td align="center">27.6</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>B. simaruba</italic></td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">54.1</td>
									<td align="center">57.4</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">50.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">41.1</td>
									<td align="center">31.3</td>
									<td align="center">24.2*</td>
									<td align="center">46.2*</td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.75</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Agua destilada</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">1.25</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>* Indica diferencia estadística (p ≤ 0.05) dentro de cada columna.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Se observa que la acción de los extractos acuosos sobre los géneros encontrados, fue
					positiva, ya que hay una disminución de la eclosión de huevos. Los extractos de
						<italic>G. sepium</italic> y <italic>L. leucocephala</italic> a 1.25 mL
					tienen mayor efecto inhibitorio sobre cuatro de los cinco géneros encontrados;
					en tanto que para Cooperia spp., a dosis menores de <italic>G. sepium</italic> y
						<italic>G. ulmifolia</italic> obtuvieron mayor efecto. En ese sentido, se ha
					reportado que para el género <italic>Cooperia</italic> spp, los compuestos
					fenólicos y los flavonoides han demostrado actividad (<xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B30">Son-de Fernex et al., 2015</xref>), lo cual sugiere que los
					compuestos fenólicos en estos extractos pueden tener una función importante en
					la inhibición de este género.</p>
				<p>Los extractos acuosos inhibieron en un 46% la eclosión de huevos de
						<italic>Haemonchus</italic>
					<italic>contortus</italic>, el cual es un helminto altamente patógeno de
					pequeños rumiantes, con distribución global. Las combinaciones más eficientes
					fueron <italic>L. leucocephala</italic>, <italic>G. sepium</italic> a 1.25 mL y
						<italic>B. simaruba</italic> a 0.75 mL con aproximadamente 77% de
					eficiencia, relacionándose el resultado al contenido de taninos condensados
					presentes. Como lo menciona <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Vargas-Magaña et al.
						(2014)</xref>, quienes señalan que la actividad antihelmíntica de extractos
					de plantas sobre huevos de <italic>Haemonchus contortus</italic> se ha
					relacionado principalmente al contenido de taninos condensados y a otros
					metabolitos secundarios que contribuyen parcial o totalmente. Se ha especulado
					que incluyen alcaloides, saponinas, compuestos fenólicos (<xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B6">Ferreira et al., 2013</xref>) y más recientemente monoterpenoides
						(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Goel et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>Es importante destacar el extracto de <italic>B. simaruba</italic>, el cual a dosis menores
					obtuvieron inhibiciones mayores al 70% en <italic>Haemonchus </italic>spp.,
						<italic>Oesophagostomum</italic> spp., y <italic>Trichostrongylus</italic>
					spp., por lo que es fuente de investigación.</p>
				<p>La acción de los taninos condensados y otros compuestos vegetales secundarios se desconocen con exactitud y pueden variar con el parásito, su etapa de desarrollo y las características bioquímicas de la especie vegetal. Sin embargo, se ha identificado que la membrana externa de huevos y larvas de ngi es rica en lípidos y glicoproteínas en donde pueden unirse los taninos, lo que resulta en la acumulación de agregados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hoste et al., 2006</xref>) que pueden afectan el desarrollo completo de la larva, disminuyendo la eclosión del huevo o su motilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martínez-Ortíz et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>La eficacia obtenida en el presente estudio nos aporta información útil que nos permite un punto de partida para estudios enfocados a determinar dosis óptimas, identificación y aislamiento de moléculas con actividad antihelmíntica, presentes en los extractos con mayor bioactividad en el control de la eclosión de ngi.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>Los extractos acuosos de Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, <italic>Guazuma
					ulmifolia</italic> y <italic>Bursera simaruba</italic> exhibieron actividad
				antihelmíntica contra huevos de ngi. No obstante, la dosis de 1.25 mL y los
				extractos de <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic> y <italic>Gliricidia</italic>
				<italic>sepium</italic> a dosis de 1.25 mL fueron los más eficaces. Estos resultados
				preliminares podrían ser una posible alternativa sustentable para la prevención y
				control de la parasitosis en ovinos de pelo, resaltando la necesidad de estudios
				sobre identificación de los compuestos bioactivos responsables de esta
				actividad.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) por la beca otorgada al primer autor. Al proyecto Cátedras CONACyT 2181 “Estrategias agroecológicas para la seguridad alimentaria en zonas rurales de Campeche” del Colegio de Postgraduados campus Campeche y al propietario del Rancho “Los Robles”, el Sr. Marcos Gamboa.</p>
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				<mixed-citation>Vinueza S, Crozzoli R, Perichi G. 2006. Evaluación in vitro de extractos acuosos de plantas para el control del nemátodo agallador Meloidogyne incognita. Fitopatología de Venezuela. 19:26-31. ISSN: 0798-0035. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48224786">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48224786 </ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vinueza</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Crozzoli</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Perichi</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Evaluación in vitro de extractos acuosos de plantas para el control del nemátodo agallador Meloidogyne incognita</article-title>
					<source>Fitopatología de Venezuela</source>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<fpage>26</fpage>
					<lpage>31</lpage>
					<issn>0798-0035</issn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48224786">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48224786 </ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Clave: 2020-78.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Short Communication</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Preliminary study on the <italic>in vitro</italic> inhibition of gastrointestinal
					nematodes from sheep with aqueous extracts of forage plants</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The presence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep is a low productivity cause. This study aimed to determine the in vitro efficiency of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Guazuma ulmifolia, and Bursera simaruba aqueous extracts at three different doses (0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 mL), inhibiting the egg hatching of GIN from sheep. The inhibition efficiency in egg hatching (IEH), larval identification, and its genera proportion were evaluated. Analysis of data was performed using Chi-square tests and analysis of variance. The four extracts obtained an IEH of 50%, being similar (p &gt; 0.05) between them. The 1.25 mL dose and its combinations of Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium at 1.25 mL dose obtained the highest efficiency (68.0, 85.0, and 77.0%, respectively). Five genera of larva were identified (Haemonchus spp, Trichostrongylus spp, Oesophagostomum spp, Cooperia spp, and Nematodirus spp). The highest prevalence (p ≤ 0.05) was obtained by Haemonchus spp (58.0%). According to the results, the four aqueous extracts exhibited ovicidal activity (GIN). However, the 1.25 mL dose and the Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium extracts at 1.25 mL doses were the most effective.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Gastrointestinal parasites</kwd>
				<kwd>anthelmintic plants</kwd>
				<kwd>egg hatching</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>In Mexico, the economic impact derived from parasitism caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is 445 million dollars per year (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Rodríguez-Vivas et al., 2017</xref>), representing a serious problem by affecting animal productivity; translating into appetite loss, weight, anemia, diarrhea, growth retardation and even death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Rodríguez-Martínez et al., 2018</xref>). Chemical anthelmintics have been used for GIN control for decades because of their broad spectrum and ease of use. However, the irrational use of them (Closantel, Albendazole, Ivermectin and Nitroxinil), has developed resistance in GIN (Mondragón- Ancelmo et al., 2019) as has been reported for the genera Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Tricostrongylus spp., and Nematodirus spp., (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Holsback et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Currently, novel and sustainable alternatives are required for the control of GIN, such as the use of forage plants, which apart from offering benefits due to their nutritional quality, have anthelmintic action; which has been related to the presence of secondary metabolites, among which are: lectins, terpenes, alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, flavonoids and tannins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira et al., 2017</xref>); the latter being those that have been associated mainly in the vital functions of nematodes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Medina et al., 2014</xref>). These have been reported to have the ability to bind to structural proteins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Son-de Fernex et al., 2016</xref>) and depending on where and how they bind to nematode structures, they can inhibit egg hatching, development, larval motility and unsheathing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hoste et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Son-de Fernex et al. 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this sense, plants such as Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Guazuma ulmifolia and Bursera simaruba are considered an important group of candidate plants with potential as food for animals in tropical and subtropical environments. In particular, Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium are highly nutritious plants, legumes and rich in secondary metabolites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Son-de Fernex et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Rivero-Pérez et al., 2019</xref>). They have been considered for their medicinal and anthelmintic properties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Sánchez and Faria, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Canul-Solís et al., 2018</xref>), although they have not been consistently observed in animals.</p>
				<p>On the contrary, <italic>Guazuma ulmifolia</italic> and <italic>Bursera</italic> simaruba
					have been little studied in order to examine their possible anthelmintic
					properties in animals, although in traditional medicine they are used against
					gastrointestinal and microbial diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Boligon
						et al., 2013</xref>); however, they are highly nutritious and widely used as
					feed or supplementary feed for livestock in tropical areas.</p>
				<p>Therefore, the objective of this preliminary study was to determine the in vitro efficiency
					of <italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic>, <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic>,
						<italic>Guazuma ulmifolia</italic> and <italic>Bursera</italic>
					<italic>simaruba</italic> aqueous extracts at three doses (0.75, 1.00 and 1.25
					mL), on the inhibition of the hatching of ovine gastrointestinal nematode
					eggs.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Location</title>
					<p>The study was carried out at the Animal Science Laboratory of the Postgraduate College, Campus Campeche, located at km 17.5 Haltunchén-Edzná highway, Champotón, Campeche, Mexico. Located at 19 ° 29 '51.79 &quot;LN and 90 ° 32' 45.01&quot; LO, with an altitude of 24 meters above sea level. The predominant climate is warm subhumid with rains in summer, with an average annual temperature of 26 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">García, 2004</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Obtaining the aqueous extract</title>
					<p><italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic>, <italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic>, <italic>Guazuma
							ulmifolia</italic> and <italic>Bursera</italic>
						<italic>simaruba</italic> plants were selected, with green leaves (young and
						mature), from which 1 kg of each was collected. The leaves were washed twice
						with purified water to remove dust and residues; then they were cut into 2
						cm pieces and placed in 10 L plastic buckets, to which 1 L of distilled
						water was added, leaving it to stand for 12 h. After standing, the content
						of each cuvette was poured into 3 L aluminum containers and placed on
						heating racks at 80 °C for 40 min; then, it was ground with an immersion
						blender (T-fal®) for 5 min, to later filter it three times and deposit it in
						300 mL containers, previously labeled for treatment. Finally, they were
						refrigerated at 5 °C until use (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Vinueza et
							al., 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>The suspension obtained was considered as a standard solution (100%). From this solution, the doses were taken: 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 mL, respectively for each treatment, plus a control group composed of distilled water, with 10 repetitions for each combination, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Distribution of treatments to evaluate the efficiency of forage plant aqueous extracts at three doses in inhibiting the hatching of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Dose (mL) Aqueous extract</th>
										<th align="center">0.75</th>
										<th align="center">1.00</th>
										<th align="center">1.25</th>
									</tr></thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"><italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic></td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"><italic>Leucaena Leucocephala</italic></td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"><italic>Guazuma ulmifolia</italic></td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"><italic>Bursera simaruba</italic></td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">Distilled water (Control)</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
										<td align="center">10</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>For each combination of extract: dose, the content of total phenols (Folin), total tannins (Foli+pvpp) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Makkar et al., 1993</xref>) and condensed tannins (Vanillin) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Makkar and Becker, 1993</xref>) were determined as a reference, at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the Autonomous University of Yucatán, Yucatán, México (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Chemical analysis of total phenols, total tannins and condensed tannins of aqueous extracts from four forage plants</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Aqueous extract </th>
										<th align="center">Dose mL</th>
										<th align="center">Total phenols mg</th>
										<th align="center">Total tanninsmg</th>
										<th align="center">Condensed tannins mg</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3"><italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic></td>
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">0.73</td>
										<td align="center">0.39</td>
										<td align="center">0.67</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.97</td>
										<td align="center">0.52</td>
										<td align="center">0.89</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">1.21</td>
										<td align="center">0.65</td>
										<td align="center">1.11</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3"><italic>Leucaena leucocephala</italic></td>
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">1.99</td>
										<td align="center">0.86</td>
										<td align="center">1.17</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">2.65</td>
										<td align="center">1.1</td>
										<td align="center">1.56</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">3.31</td>
										<td align="center">1.44</td>
										<td align="center">1.95</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3"><italic>Guazuma ulmifolia</italic></td>
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.77</td>
										<td align="center">0.19</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">1.33</td>
										<td align="center">1.03</td>
										<td align="center">0.25</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">1.66</td>
										<td align="center">1.29</td>
										<td align="center">0.31</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3"><italic>Bursera simaruba</italic></td>
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">1.35</td>
										<td align="center">0.59</td>
										<td align="center">0.70</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">1.8</td>
										<td align="center">0.78</td>
										<td align="center">0.93</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">2.25</td>
										<td align="center">0.98</td>
										<td align="center">1.16</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Obtaining feces and parasite load</title>
					<p>The study was carried out according to the standards of use and care of animals destined for research of the Postgraduate College, Mexico and according to the Official Mexican Standard <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">NOM-024-ZOO-1995</xref>.</p>
					<p>Prior to the in vitro test, the number of eggs per gram of feces (e.p g.) was determined by means of a stool study. Sheep feces were obtained from a herd belonging to the “Los Robles” ranch located in Adolfo López Mateos, Escárcega, Campeche, Mexico, located at 18° 38' 09.51&quot; NL and 90° 18' 04.69&quot; LO, with a warm subhumid climate with rains in summer and average temperature of 26 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">García, 2004</xref>). From which 60 sheep with an average age of 1.5 years were randomly taken, managed under a semi-stable system with day grazing, night confinement and without deworming in the eight months prior to collection.</p>
					<p>All stool samples were homogenized in a single sample and processed using the McMaster technique, modified by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Rodríguez-Vivas and Cob-Galera (2005)</xref>, to count the number of GIN eggs, obtaining an average of 671.6 ± 250.4 epg, classified within a moderate infestation, ranging from 200 to 800 epg, recommended to establish parasite control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Morales et al., 2010</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Identification and proportion of GIN larvae genus</title>
					<p>A larval culture was carried out with the previously described feces, with a duration of nine days, following the methodology of Corticelli and Lai (1963) described by (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Niec, 1968</xref>), in order to determine the efficiency of the aqueous extracts on the hatching of GIN eggs; where the extracts at corresponding doses were applied every day at the time of aeration. The liquid collected in Falcon® tubes from the final phase of the larval culture was centrifuged (Centrifuge, VELAB VE-4000®) at 1500 rpm (415.8 x g) for 15 min, to collect the larvae by sedimentation.</p>
					<p>Subsequently, they were placed in refrigeration at 5 ° C for five hours to stop metabolism and be counted by means of a stereoscopic microscope (VELAB VE-S3<sup>®</sup>). Of the total larvae obtained from each treatment, 100 were taken, to which 5% Lugol solution was added and observed with a microscope (UOP UB102i<sup>®</sup>), to be identified by morphological structures, based on the forelimb and/or mainly later (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Niec, 1968</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Efficiency in inhibiting egg hatching</title>
					<p>It was determined using equation (1) proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Álvarez et al. (2007)</xref>.</p>
					<disp-formula id="e2">	<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" ><mml:mi>E</mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>100</mml:mn><mml:mfenced open="⟦" close="⟧" separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:math></disp-formula>
					<p>Where, IEH = Percentage of efficiency in the inhibition of eggs, <italic>µT</italic>r=
						Arithmetic mean of the treated group and, <italic>µT</italic>= Arithmetic
						mean of the control group.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement (5 x 3) plus was used, where the plus was the control treatment. The factors were: Aqueous extract (G. sepium, L. leucocephala, G. ulmifolia, B. simaruba and Distilled water) and Dose (0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 mL). Data analysis was performed using Chi-square tests on the variables expressed in counts (%) and analysis of variance by the general linear models procedure (PROC GLM), of the SAS/STAT statistical package (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">SAS Institute Inc, 2012</xref>) in numeric variables. Comparisons of means were made by the Tukey test. All analyzes were carried out with a level of significance α = 0.05.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Efficiency in inhibiting GIN eggs</title>
					<p>Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found in the average of hatched eggs, being the treatments with aqueous extracts of plants those that obtained a reduction of half of hatched eggs, compared to the control. The 1.25 mL dose obtained a greater (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in egg hatching, compared to the control. The smallest (p ≤ 0.05) egg hatchings were presented with extracts of L. leucocephala, G. sepium with doses at 1.25 mL and B. simaruba at 0.75 mL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f2">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Hatched larvae average of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes with the addition of aqueous extracts of forage plants at three doses</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e402-gf2.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The results found showed that the aqueous extracts actively affect the hatching of gastrointestinal nematodes eggs. This suggests that the activity of these plants is generally associated with the presence of secondary metabolites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Torres-Acosta et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira et al., 2017</xref>), mainly condensed tannin concentration, without ruling out the participation of other secondary metabolites in the anthelmintic effect. It is alluded that the action mechanism of active compounds may be by interacting with cell membranes, which results in destabilization and the consequent increase in cell permeability that facilitates the action on egg intracellular proteins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Vieira et al., 2018</xref>) which inhibits its hatching.</p>
					<p>However, other mechanisms may contribute to the observed effect, such as that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Vargas-Magaña et al. (2014)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Chan-Pérez et al. (2016)</xref>, who mention that plant extracts can possibly inhibit enzymes´ reaction present in the egg membrane necessary for hatching, or preventing the formation of larvae by affecting the morula so that the larvae do not develop fully and do not achieve hatch. This results in a reduction in the number of larvae that hatch from the eggs; although, these are only hypotheses that should be tested in future studies.</p>
					<p>Regarding IEH, the aqueous extracts were similar (p&gt; 0.05) in effectiveness, with around 50% inhibition. The 1.25 mL dose was more efficient (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the rest of the doses evaluated. The combination L. leucocephala with doses of 1.25 mL was the most efficient (p ≤ 0.05), followed by G. sepium at 1.25 mL and B. simaruba at 0.75 mL.</p>
					<p>It should be noted that, although the efficiency of the G. ulmifolia extract was not the best, it presented efficiencies greater than 59.8% with the 1.00 and 1.25 mL doses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Efficiency of forage plant aqueous extracts at three doses on the inhibition of ovine gastrointestinal nematode eggs</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center">Aqueous extract </th>
										<th align="center">Dose (mL)</th>
										<th align="center">Efficiency (%)</th>
										<th align="center">Efficiency according to aqueous extract (%)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="right"></td>
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">48.8 cd</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">Gliricidia sepium </td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">51.2 d</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">56.0 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">77.6 g</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">16.0 ab</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">Leucaena leucocephala </td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">30.0 bc</td>
										<td align="center">42.0 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">85.7 h</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">22.0 abc</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">Guazuma ulmifolia </td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">59.8 de</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">48.0 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">62.4 ef</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">75.4 g</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">Bursera simaruba </td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">25.1 abc</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">55.0 A</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">66.7 ef</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">0.0 a</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3">Distilled water </td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.0 a</td>
										<td align="center" rowspan="5">0.0 B</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">0.0 a</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">18.0 X</td>
										
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="2">Efficiency according to dose </td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">16.0 X</td></tr>
										
									<tr>
										<td align="center">(%) 1.25</td>
										<td align="center">68.0 Y</td>
									
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3">
									
									<p><sup>a</sup><sup>, b, c, d, e, f, g, h</sup>. Different letter within each column indicates statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05). A, B. Different letter within each column indicates significant difference (p ≤ 0.05). X, Y. Different letter within each column indicates significant difference (p ≤ 0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>All the extracts were efficient in inhibiting the hatching of GIN eggs, compared to the
						control; possibly due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in
						the leaves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martínez-Ortíz et al.,
							2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Oliveira et al.,
							2017</xref>), mainly the condensed tannins to which a large part of this
						activity has been attributed; which in contact with the egg penetrate the
						cuticle, causing ultrastructural damage, preventing the development of the
						egg or paralyzing the larvae of the first stage (<xref ref-type="bibr"
							rid="B33">Vargas-Magaña et al., 2014</xref>). In some tropical legumes,
							<italic>in vitro</italic> anthelmintic activity has been reported
						against nematodes, suggesting that the activity may be related to the
						presence of tannins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hoste et al.,
							2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">González- Cortázar et al.,
							2018</xref>).</p>
					<p>On the other hand, non-legume plants, such as <italic>G. ulmifolia</italic>, their activity
						may be related to phenolic and flavonoid components (<xref ref-type="bibr"
							rid="B5">Feltrin et al., 2012</xref>), which have been reported with
						anthelmintic activity, which may suppose that these had some influence on
						the answer found for this excerpt. However, since the extract is a mixture
						of bioactive compounds, these can be acting individually, additively or
						synergistically.</p>
					<p>The extracts of <italic>G. sepium</italic>, <italic>L. leucocephala</italic>, at a dose of
						1.25 mL and <italic>B. simaruba</italic> with a dose of 0.75 mL inhibited
						larval hatching by 79%, this response is related to the higher content of
						condensed tannins, previously reported for these plants (<xref
							ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>), which may help explain the
						effects on IEH with these extracts. These results are higher than those
						reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Puerto et al. (2014)</xref>, who
						determined the <italic>in vitro</italic> effect on egg hatching, using the
						aqueous extract of <italic>G. sepium</italic>, obtaining 40% inhibition and
						50% inhibition, with doses of 7.90 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> using <italic>L.
							leucocephala</italic> reported by Son-de Fernex et al. (2016), with
						aqueous and acetonic extracts, but not for <italic>G. sepium</italic>,
						obtaining a 100% inhibition of the eggs at a concentration of 1.03 mg
							mL<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
					<p>In general, a positive dose-dependent effect was observed in most of the plant extracts; however, in the extract based on B. simaruba, the greatest responses were found at lower doses, so it is proposed that the secondary metabolites of this plant have a more defined action on this activity, making it a good candidate for future investigations.</p>
					<p>The plant extracts used have a positive response towards the control of the hatching of GIN eggs by means of the phytochemicals present. However, more studies are required on the identification of the molecules present in the extracts, this would help to understand action mechanisms involved in their effects on the GIN.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Identification and proportion of genus of GIN larvae</title>
					<p>Five genera of GIN larvae were identified, being <italic>Haemonchus</italic> spp., the one
						with the highest (p ≤ 0.05) prevalence with 58.0%, continuing
							<italic>Trichostrongylus</italic> spp., and
							<italic>Oesophagostomum</italic> spp., with 25.0 and 15.0%,
						respectively. The genera Cooperia spp., and <italic>Nematodirus</italic>
						spp., achieved 2.0% prevalence. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table
							4</xref> shows the most effective combinations in the inhibition (p ≤
						0.05) of eggs, according to the genus of GIN.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8">
							<label>Table 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Hatched larvae according to genus of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes with the addition of forage plant aqueous extracts at three doses</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col span="3"/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="center"></th>
										<th align="center"></th>
										<th align="center" colspan="5">Genera of larvae (%)</th></tr>
									<tr>
										<th align="center" >Aqueous extract</th>
										<th align="center">Dose (mL)</th>
										<th align="center"><italic>Haemonchus</italic> spp.</th>
										<th align="center"><italic>Oesophagostomum</italic>  spp. </th>
										<th align="center"><italic>Trichostrongylus</italic> spp.</th>
										<th align="center"><italic>Cooperia</italic> spp.</th>
										<th align="center"><italic>Nematodirus</italic> spp.</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="center"> </td>
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">60.2</td>
										<td align="center">77.2</td>
										<td align="center">27.6</td>
										<td align="center">0.0*</td>
										<td align="center">0.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3"><italic>G. sepium</italic></td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">48.7</td>
										<td align="center">38.3</td>
										<td align="center">57.7</td>
										<td align="center">50.0</td>
										<td align="center">0.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">29.9*</td>
										<td align="center">26.6*</td>
										<td align="center">15.7*</td>
										<td align="center">3.8</td>
										<td align="center">0.1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">80.9</td>
										<td align="center">60.5</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">0.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3"><italic>L. leucocephala</italic></td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">96.8</td>
										<td align="center">19.1*</td>
										<td align="center">50.4</td>
										<td align="center">33.3</td>
										<td align="center">0.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">16.8*</td>
										<td align="center">9.4*</td>
										<td align="center">15.2*</td>
										<td align="center">3.8*</td>
										<td align="center">0.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">13.2*</td>
										<td align="center">55.2</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">0.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3"><italic>G. ulmifolia</italic></td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">55.7</td>
										<td align="center">15.7*</td>
										<td align="center">25.2*</td>
										<td align="center">0.0*</td>
										<td align="center">0.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">39.6*</td>
										<td align="center">6.3*</td>
										<td align="center">44.9</td>
										<td align="center">53.8</td>
										<td align="center">0.1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">21.4*</td>
										<td align="center">28.9*</td>
										<td align="center">27.6</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">0.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="3"><italic>B. simaruba</italic></td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">54.1</td>
										<td align="center">57.4</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">50.0</td>
										<td align="center">0.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">41.1</td>
										<td align="center">31.3</td>
										<td align="center">24.2*</td>
										<td align="center">46.2*</td>
										<td align="center">0.1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">0.75</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">0.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center" rowspan="2">Distilled water</td>
										<td align="center">1.00</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">0.0</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										
										<td align="center">1.25</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
										<td align="center">100.0</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4">
									<p>*Indicates statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) within each column</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>It is observed that the action of the aqueous extracts on the genera found was positive,
						since there is a decrease in the hatching of eggs. The extracts of
							<italic>G. sepium</italic> and <italic>L. leucocephala</italic> at 1.25
						mL have a greater inhibitory effect on four of the five genera found; while
						for <italic>Cooperia</italic> spp., at lower doses of <italic>G.
							sepium</italic> and <italic>G. ulmifolia</italic> they obtained a
						greater effect. In this sense, it has been reported that for the
							<italic>Cooperia</italic> spp genus, phenolic compounds and flavonoids
						have shown activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Son-de Fernex et al.,
							2015</xref>), which suggests that the phenolic compounds in these
						extracts may have an important role in the inhibition of this genus.</p>
					<p>The aqueous extracts inhibited the hatching of <italic>Haemonchus contortus</italic>eggs by
						46%, which is a highly pathogenic helminth of small ruminants, with global
						distribution. The most efficient combinations were <italic>L.
							leucocephala</italic>, <italic>G. sepium</italic> at 1.25 mL and
							<italic>B. simaruba</italic> at 0.75 mL with approximately 77%
						efficiency, the result being related to the content of condensed tannins
						present. As mentioned by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Vargas-Magaña et
							al. (2014)</xref>, who point out that the anthelmintic activity of plant
						extracts on <italic>Haemonchus contortus</italic> eggs has been mainly
						related to the content of condensed tannins and other secondary metabolites
						that contribute partially or totally. They have been speculated to include
						alkaloids, saponins, phenolic compounds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"
							>Ferreira et al., 2013</xref>), and more recently monoterpenoids (<xref
							ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Goel et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
					<p>It is important to highlight the extract of <italic>B. simaruba</italic>, which at lower
						doses obtained inhibitions greater than 70% in <italic>Haemonchus</italic>
						spp., <italic>Oesophagostomum</italic> spp., and
							<italic>Trichostrongylus</italic> spp., so it is a source of
						research.</p>
					<p>The action of condensed tannins and other secondary plant compounds are not exactly known and can vary with the parasite, its developmental stage, and the biochemical characteristics of the plant species. However, it has been identified that the outer membrane of GIN eggs and larvae is rich in lipids and glycoproteins where tannins can bind, resulting in the accumulation of aggregates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hoste et al., 2006</xref>) that can affect development of the larvae, decreasing the hatching of the egg or its motility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Martínez- Ortíz et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
					<p>The efficacy obtained in the present study provides us with useful information that allows us a starting point for studies focused on determining optimal doses, identification and isolation of molecules with anthelmintic activity, present in the extracts with the highest bioactivity in the control of the hatching of GIN.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The aqueous extracts of <italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic>, <italic>Leucaena
						leucocephala</italic>, <italic>Guazuma ulmifolia</italic> and
						<italic>Bursera simaruba</italic> exhibited anthelmintic activity against
					GIN eggs. However, the 1.25 mL dose and <italic>Leucaena</italic>
					<italic>leucocephala</italic> and <italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic> extracts at
					1.25 mL doses were the most effective. These preliminary results could be a
					possible sustainable alternative for the prevention and parasitosis control in
					hair sheep, highlighting the need for studies on the identification of the
					bioactive compounds responsible for this activity.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</title>
				<p>To the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) for the scholarship awarded to the first author. To Cátedras CONACyT 2181 &quot;Agroecological strategies for food security in rural areas of Campeche&quot; project fomr the Postgraduate College Campeche campus and to the owner of the Ranch &quot;Los Robles&quot;, Mr. Marcos Gamboa.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					
					<p>Code: 2020-78</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>