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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.9</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00107</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Modificación de la fermentación ruminal <italic>in vitro</italic> para mitigación de metano mediante la adición de aceites esenciales de plantas y compuestos terpenoides</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6640-2753</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Delgadillo-Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>Lucía</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9298-0840</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bañuelos-Valenzuela</surname>
						<given-names>Rómulo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>**</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3247-568X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gallegos-Flores</surname>
						<given-names>Perla</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4910-5677</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Echavarría-Cháirez</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6170-5464</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Meza-López</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2444-5026</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gaytán-Saldaña</surname>
						<given-names>Norma</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas. Avenida preparatoria s/n colonia Hidráulica, CP. 98068, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Zacatecas</city>
					<state>Zacatecas</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Campo experimental Zacatecas, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Zacatecas</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>**</label>Autor de correspondencia: Rómulo Bañuelos-Valenzuela. Carretera Panamericana Fresnillo-Zacatecas s/n, Centro, CP. 98500 Víctor Rosales, Zacatecas, México. <email>luciadelgadillo@uaz.edu.mx</email>, <email>apozolero@hotmail.com</email>, <email>perla_gf17@hotmail.com</email>, <email>fechava1@yahoo.com</email>, <email>carmezlop@yahoo.com.mx</email>, <email>gaytanangelica1@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<label>*</label>
					<p>Autor responsable: Lucía Delgadillo-Ruiz.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Clave:2020-50.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e107</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>Los aceites esenciales de plantas son compuestos aromáticos volátiles, principalmente terpenoides, fenilpropanoides; monoterpenos, sesquiterpernos y alcoholes, estos presentan una amplia gama de actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante, por lo que la adición de aceites esenciales de clavo, eucalipto, menta, romero, orégano y canela pueden modificar la fermentación ruminal al disminuir la población de bacterias productoras de metano y así tener una reducción de la producción de este gas. El objetivo fue evaluar diferentes aceites esenciales y compuestos terpenoides para mejorar la fermentación ruminal y la producción de ácidos grasos volátiles, atenuando la generación de metano. Se determinó la composición química (terpenoides) de los aceites, así como ácidos grasos volátiles (AGVs) por cromatografía de gases. Para la digestibilidad in vitro, se empleó la técnica de producción de gas in vitro y se utilizó líquido ruminal. El metano se infirió a partir de la concentración de AGVs. Se encontró que todos los aceites esenciales presentaron cada uno de los terpenoides en diferentes concentraciones, reportando la mayor concentración de carvacrol en el aceite esencial de clavo (303 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>) y en orégano (1.20 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>); el terpineno se presentó en mayor cantidad en el aceite esencial de menta (4.83 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>); para el aceite de menta y romero, linalol fue más elevado y para el limoneno la mayor concentración fue en el aceite de eucalipto (449 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>) y romero (12.42 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>). Para la producción de gas en las digestibilidades el aceite esencial de eucalipto a dosis de 0.3 presentó 176 mL g<sup>-1</sup> MS. Para digestibilidad in vitro el aceite de romero en dosis alta (0.6 mL), presentó la mejor fermentación ruminal ya que tuvo mejor mitigación de metano (716.83 mM/L) sin afectar de manera negativa la concentración de AGVs (acetato, 1892.2; propiónico, 526.14; butírico, 24.99 mM/L), así como los terpenoides timol, linalol y limoneno en dosis alta. Se concluye que la mejor fermentación ruminal <italic>in vitro</italic> con mitigación de metano se observó con el aceite de romero y para los compuestos terpenoides fueron timol, linalol y limoneno en la dosis alta.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Plantas</kwd>
				<kwd>Compuestos terpenoides</kwd>
				<kwd>Ácidos grasos volátiles y Metano</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="2"/>
				<ref-count count="27"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Las plantas aromáticas o arbustivas se han utilizado ampliamente de manera empírica en medicina tradicional para tratar diferentes padecimientos de salud (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cruz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Yuan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>), sin embargo, los efectos de éstas han generado interés en los sistemas de producción de ganado, ya que con la implementación de aditivos de plantas se puede modificar de manera efectiva la fermentación del rumen al inhibir la desaminación y metanogénesis que resulta en una reducción de metano (CH<sub>4</sub>) entérico, NH<sub>3</sub>-N y acetato, y por lo tanto se producirá mayor concentración de propionato y butirato; así como disminución de CH<sub>4</sub> entérico, el cual es un importante gas de efecto invernadero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kurniawati <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Wang <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kim <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los aceites esenciales de plantas (AEP) son compuestos aromáticos volátiles, constituidos por una mezcla de metabolitos secundarios (MS); principalmente compuestos terpénicos, fenilpropanoides; monoterpenos, sesquiterpernos y alcoholes, aldehídos, éteres, esteres, cetonas y fenoles; que son principalmente responsables del aroma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bakkali <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). Los AEP presentan una amplia gama de actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gallegos-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), por lo que han generado interés como alternativa de origen natural al uso de compuestos químicos para modificar la fermentación ruminal, ya que la implementación de aditivos sintéticos se ha visto limitada por la aparición de residuos en los productos de consumo humano, o por la resistencia que han generado ciertos microorganismos por el uso no terapéutico de antibióticos (ionóforos) en los rumiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Brown <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Estévez y Cutuli, 2011</xref>). Algunos de los principales compuestos de AEP más comunes incluyen: timol y carvacrol (tomillo y orégano), eugenol (clavo), pineno (enebro), limoneno (eneldo), 1,8-cineole (eucalipto), cinamaldehído (canela), capsaicina (pimientos picantes), terpinene (árbol de té), alicina (ajo) y anethol (anís) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kurniawati <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Existen plantas aromáticas que se han utilizado como especias comestibles, y a partir de las cuales sus aceites esenciales son ricos en compuestos terpenoides con una fuerte actividad antimicrobiana, los cuales pueden afectar el desarrollo y crecimiento de las bacterias ruminales e inhibir la metanogénesis; entre los aceites se encuentran: canela (<italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</italic>), clavo (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>), eupcalipto (<italic>Eucalyptus</italic> spp), menta (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>), orégano (<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>) y romero (<italic>Salvia rosmarinus</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Condo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Firmino <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dhakad <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>).Dada la preocupación sobre la producción de gases efecto invernadero que contribuyen al calentamiento global, principalmente metano emitido por rumiantes, es necesario investigar el empleo de aceites esenciales, ya que al tener efecto antibacteriano se deduce que influyen en la microbiota del rumen, y por lo tanto modifican la fermentación y disminuyen la concentración de metano.</p>
			<p>El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar diferentes aceites esenciales y compuestos terpenoides, para incrementar la fermentación ruminal y la producción de ácidos grasos volátiles, atenuando la generación de metano.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Material biológico</title>
				<p>Se utilizaron plantas de canela (<italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</italic>), clavo (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>), eucalipto (<italic>Eucalyptus</italic> spp), menta (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>), orégano (<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>) y romero (<italic>Salvia rosmarinus</italic>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Obtención de los aceites esenciales de plantas</title>
				<p>Las muestras de aceite esencial se obtuvieron a partir de la muestra seca por hidrodestilación durante 2 h, utilizando un sistema Clevenger modificado. Durante el proceso de ebullición, el material seco absorbe el agua y el aceite esencial difunde a través de las paredes celulares por medio de ósmosis, luego es vaporizado y arrastrado por la corriente del evaporador (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Teixeira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Composición química determinada por cromatografía de gases</title>
				<p>Se determinó mediante un cromatógrafo de gases (CG; Agilent Tecnologies serie 6890N), empleando la columna polar DB_WAXetr. Las condiciones de trabajo fueron; temperatura después de la inyección 250 °C a una presión de 12.13 psi con un flujo de He 36.5 mL min<sup>-1</sup>. Las condiciones para la columna fueron; temperatura inicial 50 °C de cero a dos minutos, con un aumento de 10 °C hasta llegar a 250 °C, utilizando un detector de flama ionizante (FID) a una temperatura de 210 °C con un flujo de H2 de 40 mL min<sup>-1</sup> y un flujo de aire de 450 mL min-1; previamente se realizó una curva de calibración. Los estándares utilizados fueron grado reactivo marca Sigma Aldrich: carvacrol, timol, limoneno, linalol y terpineno, con un porcentaje de pureza de 98, 99.5, 98, 97 y 85% respectivamente. Cada una de las determinaciones se realizó por triplicado <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bañuelos <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Preparación de compuestos terpenoides</title>
				<p>Los compuestos terpenoides utilizados para la digestibilidad <italic>in vitro,</italic> fueron los empleados como estándares en CG grado reactivo marca Sigma Aldrich: carvacrol, timol, limoneno, linalol y terpineno preparados con etanol al 50%.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Determinación de la producción de gas <italic>in vitro</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>La alimentación de los ovinos para la producción de gas <italic>in vitro</italic> se utilizó fluido ruminal de dos ovinos de pelo, canulados y alimentados con una dieta que contenía 83% de heno (50% de alfalfa y 50% de paja de trigo) y 17% de concentrado (63% maíz molido, 25% de harinolina, 5.5% de carbonato de calcio, 5.5% de fosfato mono-cálcico, 0.5% de pre mezcla de vitaminas A, D y E y 0.5% de microminerales). El alimento se proporcionó diariamente a las 08:00 y 16:00 horas con acceso libre al agua. Se alimentó a los ovinos por 30 días antes de la extracción del fluido ruminal, como tiempo de adaptación a la ración.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Producción de gas <italic>in</italic> vitro</bold></title>
				<p>Los aceites fueron adicionados de manera individual en cada una de las jarras de digestibilidad en diferente volumen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Ugbogu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>); como testigo se utilizó el sustrato de alfalfa sin la adición de aditivos. La producción de gas <italic>in vitro</italic> se determinó empleando el método propuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Theodorou <italic>et al</italic>. (1994)</xref>; para lo cual se utilizaron unidades de fermentación (UF) de 120 mL, para cada muestra. En el registro de gas producido, se utilizó un medidor de presión marca Sper Scientific. La presión de gas fue acumulativa y determinada en unidades de presión (Psi); el tiempo de medición fue a las 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 y 48 h; para cada volumen de los diferentes aceites, realizando tres repeticiones.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Determinación de ácidos grasos volátiles en líquido ruminal</title>
				<p>Los AGVs (acético, propiónico y butírico) se cuantificaron por cromatografía de gases. Las condiciones de trabajo fueron; temperatura de entrada después de la inyección de la muestra es de 50 °C a una presión de 12.13 psi con un flujo de He 36.5 mL min<sup>-1</sup>. Las condiciones para la columna fueron; temperatura inicial 50 °C, de cero a dos minutos con un aumento de 10 °C por minuto hasta llegar a 250 °C, manteniendo esta temperatura constante por 5 minutos, para luego descender a 50 °C manteniendo por dos minutos con un flujo de He de 1.6 mL min<sup>-1</sup> a una presión de 12.13 psi y una velocidad promedio de 25 cm s<sup>-1</sup>. Se utilizó un detector de flama ionizante (FID) a una temperatura de 210 °C con un flujo de H2 de 40 mL min<sup>-1</sup>y un flujo de aire de 450 mL min<sup>-1</sup>; previamente se realizó una curva de calibración. Los estándares utilizados fueron grado reactivo marca Sigma Aldrich: acético, propiónico y butírico, con un porcentaje de pureza de 99.5, 98 y 99% respectivamente. Cada una de las determinaciones se realizó por triplicado.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Determinación de metano</title>
				<p>El metano se infirió a partir de la concentración de AGV, mediante la aplicación de modelos matemáticos no lineales establecido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Moss <italic>et al</italic>. (2000)</xref>, donde se señala que la producción de CH4 se puede calcular de forma estequiométrica, empleando la siguiente ecuación:</p>
				<disp-formula id="e1"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" ><mml:mfenced open="[" close="]" separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">C</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">H</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.45</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic"> </mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">c</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">e</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">t</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">t</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">o</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.275</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic"> </mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">o</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">i</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">n</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">t</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">o</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.4</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic"> </mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">b</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">u</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">t</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">i</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">t</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">o</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></disp-formula>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>El análisis estadístico para la producción de gas, ácidos grasos volátiles y metano se realizó mediante un análisis de varianza, utilizando un diseño completamente al azar y la prueba de medias de Tukey; utilizando el paquete estadístico SPSS® para evaluar las diferencias estadísticas (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cytel Software, 2010</xref>). La fuente de variación considerada fueron los aceites esenciales y compuestos terpenoides; para ácidos grasos volátiles se consideraron como variables: ácido acético, propiónico y butírico.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Para los aceites esenciales de canela (<italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</italic>), clavo (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>), eucalipto (<italic>Eucalyptus</italic> spp), menta (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>), orégano (<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>) y romero (<italic>Salvia rosmarinus</italic>), se observó que la mayor concentración de carvacrol y timol está presente en los aceites de clavo (carvacrol 303 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>), y orégano (carvacrol, 1.652 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>; timol, 0.247 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). se ha reportado que estos dos compuestos tienen efecto antibacteriano contra bacterias gram negativas y positivas, para los cuales se conoce que el mecanismo de acción es incrustarse en la membrana de la célula bacteriana, provocando la desintegración de esta estructura, seguido de una lisis celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Rodríguez-García <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Friedman, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Béjaoui <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">García- García <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>); por lo que este efecto antibacteriano puede influir en la población de la microbiota ruminal y por lo tanto modificar la fermentación ruminal.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Compuestos terpenoides presentes en aceites esenciales analizados por cromatografía de gases</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" >ACEITE  </th>
								<th align="center" >Carvacrol mg mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
								<th align="center" >Timol mg mL<sup>-1</sup></th> 
								<th align="center">Linalol mg mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
								<th align="center">Terpineno mg mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
								<th align="center">Limoneno >mg mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
							</tr>
							
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Aceite esencial de canela</td>
								<td align="center">0.0375</td>
								<td align="center">0.0108</td>
								<td align="center">0.047</td>
								<td align="center">0.1431</td>
								<td align="center">2.5167</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Aceite esencial de clavo</td>
								<td align="center">303</td>
								<td align="center">0.0068</td>
								<td align="center">0.0383</td>
								<td align="center">0.2753</td>
								<td align="center">1.5496</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Aceite esencial de eucalipto</td>
								<td align="center">0.07</td>
								<td align="center">0.0142</td>
								<td align="center">0.4621</td>
								<td align="center">0.8725</td>
								<td align="center">499</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Aceite esencial de menta</td>
								<td align="center">0.0169</td>
								<td align="center">0.025</td>
								<td align="center">3.9401</td>
								<td align="center">4.8388</td>
								<td align="center">9.56</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Aceite esencial de orégano</td>
								<td align="center">1.652</td>
								<td align="center">0.2474</td>
								<td align="center">0.0878</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0.1449</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Aceite esencial de romero</td>
								<td align="center">0.0524</td>
								<td align="center">0.0753</td>
								<td align="center">8.865</td>
								<td align="center">0.3725</td>
								<td align="center">12.425</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Nile <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> reportan
				que los aceites esenciales son ricos en terpenos (carvacrol, citral, linalol y
				geraniol); y compuestos fenólicos coincidiendo en el presente trabajo, ya que se
				encontraron ambos compuestos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Albado <italic>et
						al</italic>. (2001)</xref> reportó la presencia de compuestos terpenoides,
				fenoles y compuestos relacionados metabólicamente con el carvacrol en aceites
				esencial de orégano; por lo que esta investigación coincide con el presente estudio,
				ya que se identificaron los terpenoides en el aceite de orégano (carvacrol, timol y
				linalol), aunque en diferentes concentraciones. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"
					>Bañuelos <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref> menciona que los terpenoides
				constituyeron 11.2% del aceite con α-pineno (1.3%), limoneno (3%) y 1,8-cineole
				(2.9%), como los monoterpenos principales en el aceite esencial de orégano y
					<italic>R. graveolens</italic>. La presencia de limoneno en la presente
				investigación coincidió con esos resultados.</p>
			<p>Los compuestos identificados son importantes por su actividad farmacológica; por ejemplo, el limoneno es antibacteriano, antifúngico, antiséptico y antiviral; el timol es antibacteriano, antifúngico, antiinflamatorio, antioxidante, antirreumático y antiséptico; el carvacrol es antibacteriano, antifúngico, antiinflamatorio, antiséptico, antiespasmódico y expectorante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Sorentino y Landmesser, 2005</xref>).</p>
			<p>En la técnica de digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic>, la mayor obtención de gas en la técnica de digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>) se observó en el aceite esencial de eucalipto en sus tres dosis (0.1=157.59±3.62 mL g<sup>-1</sup> MS, 0.3=176.86±1.10 mL g<sup>-1</sup> MS y 0.6=175.30±3.62 mL g<sup>-1</sup> MS), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Wang <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> reportaron que al usar extractos de plantas medicinales no siempre existe una tendencia de aumentar la concentración de gas ruminal (mL g-1 MS); ya que algunos de ellos pueden tener el efecto contrario.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Producción de gas con las diferentes dosis de los aceites y terpenoides</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="6">Producción de gas total en mL g-1 MS±DE</th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Muestra</th>
								<th align="center">Dosis (mL)</th>
								<th align="center">3 h</th>
								<th align="center">6 h</th>
								<th align="center">9 h</th>
								<th align="center">12 h</th>
								<th align="center">24 h</th>
								<th align="center">48 h</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify">0.1</td>
								<td align="justify">11.67±0.14</td>
								<td align="justify">8.52±0.46</td>
								<td align="justify">51.13±1.44</td>
								<td align="justify">75.38±2.29</td>
								<td align="justify">108.57±0.16</td>
								<td align="justify">144.94±1.44</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Aceite esencial de romero</td>
								<td align="justify">0.3</td>
								<td align="justify">11.87±1.85</td>
								<td align="justify">27.87±3.56</td>
								<td align="justify">49.09±6.15</td>
								<td align="justify">72.13±9.32</td>
								<td align="justify">108.80±10.17</td>
								<td align="justify">146.98±5.55</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.6</td>
								<td align="justify">9.26±0.04</td>
								<td align="justify">22.84±6.01</td>
								<td align="justify">40.39±15.97</td>
								<td align="justify">58.95±28.24</td>
								<td align="justify">94.41±10.17</td>
								<td align="justify">139.13±3.73</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.1</td>
								<td align="justify">6.39±5.12</td>
								<td align="justify">11.42±5.90</td>
								<td align="justify">17.91±1.07</td>
								<td align="justify">22.64±1.35</td>
								<td align="justify">28.22±10.49</td>
								<td align="justify">35.76±6.15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Aceite esencial de clavo</td>
								<td align="justify">0.3</td>
								<td align="justify">9.15±1.96</td>
								<td align="justify">15.39±2.81</td>
								<td align="justify">19.42±1.07</td>
								<td align="justify">20.72±1.35</td>
								<td align="justify">21.58±4.69</td>
								<td align="justify">22.48±9.39</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
							
								<td align="justify">0.6</td>
								<td align="justify">9.31±0.11</td>
								<td align="justify">14.34±0.75</td>
								<td align="justify">17.81±1.14</td>
								<td align="justify">19.01±1.21</td>
								<td align="justify">19.77±1.28</td>
								<td align="justify">20.72±1.24</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.1</td>
								<td align="justify">13.63±2.31</td>
								<td align="justify">33.90±4.23</td>
								<td align="justify">61.06±6.26</td>
								<td align="justify">88.38±7.61</td>
								<td align="justify">122.18±10.49</td>
								<td align="justify">157.59±3.62</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Aceite esencial de eucalipto</td>
								<td align="justify">0.03</td>
								<td align="justify">16.90±0.96</td>
								<td align="justify">39.89±2.28</td>
								<td align="justify">69.92±3.98</td>
								<td align="justify">99.14±4.45</td>
								<td align="justify">137.02±3.09</td>
								<td align="justify">176.86±1.10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.6</td>
								<td align="justify">15.54±5.69</td>
								<td align="justify">36.67±7.86</td>
								<td align="justify">64.28±5.39</td>
								<td align="justify">92.85±4.45</td>
								<td align="justify">132.64±13.00</td>
								<td align="justify">175.30±3.62</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.1</td>
								<td align="justify">8.50±3.45</td>
								<td align="justify">18.01±2.19</td>
								<td align="justify">27.26±0.59</td>
								<td align="justify">33.50±3.72</td>
								<td align="justify">45.97±11.79</td>
								<td align="justify">65.29±4.49</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Aceite esencial de menta</td>
								<td align="justify">0.3</td>
								<td align="justify">9.26±0.53</td>
								<td align="justify">14.64±2.38</td>
								<td align="justify">20.93±4.48</td>
								<td align="justify">23.29±7.22</td>
								<td align="justify">24.85±4.94</td>
								<td align="justify">26.26±7.60</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.6</td>
								<td align="justify">7.49±1.24</td>
								<td align="justify">11.42±2.28</td>
								<td align="justify">14.24±4.73</td>
								<td align="justify">15.39±5.58</td>
								<td align="justify">16.20±6.12</td>
								<td align="justify">16.80±6.69</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
							
								<td align="justify">0.1</td>
								<td align="justify">13.38±0.71</td>
								<td align="justify">21.10±0.82</td>
								<td align="justify">26.43±0.92</td>
								<td align="justify">28.24±0.84</td>
								<td align="justify">29.30±0.78</td>
								<td align="justify">30.66±0.82</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Aceite esencial de orégano</td>
								<td align="justify">0.3</td>
								<td align="justify">14.39±1.64</td>
								<td align="justify">22.26±2.40</td>
								<td align="justify">27.74±2.60</td>
								<td align="justify">29.43±2.38</td>
								<td align="justify">30.41±2.15</td>
								<td align="justify">31.82±1.96</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.6</td>
								<td align="justify">12.07±2.28</td>
								<td align="justify">18.86±3.79</td>
								<td align="justify">24.07±4.41</td>
								<td align="justify">26.06±4.52</td>
								<td align="justify">27.36±4.48</td>
								<td align="justify">29.05±4.68</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.1</td>
								<td align="justify">14.11±3.22</td>
								<td align="justify">24.47±8.41</td>
								<td align="justify">31.71±2.72</td>
								<td align="justify">34.58±37.90</td>
								<td align="justify">35.91±3.68</td>
								<td align="justify">37.88±9.66</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Aceite esencial de canela</td>
								<td align="justify">0.3</td>
								<td align="justify">14.18±0.05</td>
								<td align="justify">22.01±1.74</td>
								<td align="justify">27.87±2.72</td>
								<td align="justify">29.83±3.36</td>
								<td align="justify">30.73±3.66</td>
								<td align="justify">32.39±3.88</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.6</td>
								<td align="justify">15.29±0.78</td>
								<td align="justify">24.22±1.56</td>
								<td align="justify">30.31±1.73</td>
								<td align="justify">32.44±1.85</td>
								<td align="justify">33.70±2.10</td>
								<td align="justify">35.66±2.31</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.1</td>
								<td align="justify">1.95±0.37</td>
								<td align="justify">5.03±0.53</td>
								<td align="justify">10.04±1.20</td>
								<td align="justify">33.74±4.08</td>
								<td align="justify">41.26±4.49</td>
								<td align="justify">47.99±4.92</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Timol</td>
								<td align="justify">0.3</td>
								<td align="justify">2.34±0.04</td>
								<td align="justify">5.37±0.06</td>
								<td align="justify">9.89±0.46</td>
								<td align="justify">31.84±2.53</td>
								<td align="justify">39.17±3.13</td>
								<td align="justify">45.83±3.55</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.6</td>
								<td align="justify">2.14±0.14</td>
								<td align="justify">4.79±0.70</td>
								<td align="justify">9.28±1.16</td>
								<td align="justify">31.82±3.22</td>
								<td align="justify">40.19±3.91</td>
								<td align="justify">48.24±3.41</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.1</td>
								<td align="justify">2.17±0.04</td>
								<td align="justify">5.01±0.12</td>
								<td align="justify">9.68±0.43</td>
								<td align="justify">14.97±0.46</td>
								<td align="justify">22.28±0.15</td>
								<td align="justify">28.47±0.38</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Carvacrol</td>
								<td align="justify">0.3</td>
								<td align="justify">2.52±0.01</td>
								<td align="justify">5.38±0.04</td>
								<td align="justify">9.70±0.25</td>
								<td align="justify">14.86±0.38</td>
								<td align="justify">21.73±0.39</td>
								<td align="justify">29.06±0.85</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.6</td>
								<td align="justify">2.03±0.08</td>
								<td align="justify">4.72±0.51</td>
								<td align="justify">9.07±0.48</td>
								<td align="justify">13.90±1.21</td>
								<td align="justify">21.67±2.74</td>
								<td align="justify">29.77±4.87</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.1</td>
								<td align="justify">2.06±0.04</td>
								<td align="justify">5.61±0.04</td>
								<td align="justify">10.80±0.04</td>
								<td align="justify">16.31±0.04</td>
								<td align="justify">22.79±0.11</td>
								<td align="justify">30.37±1.90</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Linalol</td>
								<td align="justify">0.3</td>
								<td align="justify">2.09±0.29</td>
								<td align="justify">5.47±0.33</td>
								<td align="justify">10.31±0.45</td>
								<td align="justify">16.54±1.89</td>
								<td align="justify">23.65±3.07</td>
								<td align="justify">31.98±1.86</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.6</td>
								<td align="justify">2.04±0.03</td>
								<td align="justify">5.27±0.14</td>
								<td align="justify">9.88±0.33</td>
								<td align="justify">15.05±0.46</td>
								<td align="justify">21.64±0.33</td>
								<td align="justify">28.63±0.50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.1</td>
								<td align="justify">1.97±0.04</td>
								<td align="justify">5.35±0.03</td>
								<td align="justify">10.31±0.05</td>
								<td align="justify">15.63±0.06</td>
								<td align="justify">21.97±1.43</td>
								<td align="justify">29.18±0.09</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="3">Limoneno</td>
								<td align="justify">0.3</td>
								<td align="justify">2.16±0.02</td>
								<td align="justify">5.59±0.01</td>
								<td align="justify">10.48±0.00</td>
								<td align="justify">15.86±0.06</td>
								<td align="justify">22.36±0.01</td>
								<td align="justify">30.68±2.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.6</td>
								<td align="justify">1.95±0.02</td>
								<td align="justify">4.60±0.03</td>
								<td align="justify">8.70±0.27</td>
								<td align="justify">13.50±0.63</td>
								<td align="justify">20.10±0.82</td>
								<td align="justify">28.98±3.09</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.1</td>
								<td align="justify">2.02±0.06</td>
								<td align="justify">5.39±0.18</td>
								<td align="justify">10.19±0.31</td>
								<td align="justify">15.37±0.51</td>
								<td align="justify">21.41±0.07</td>
								<td align="justify">28.71±2.30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="2">Terpineno</td>
								<td align="justify">0.3</td>
								<td align="justify">2.04±0.12</td>
								<td align="justify">5.22±0.11</td>
								<td align="justify">9.73±0.04</td>
								<td align="justify">14.60±0.03</td>
								<td align="justify">21.04±0.31</td>
								<td align="justify">28.92±1.67</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="justify">0.6</td>
								<td align="justify">2.24±0.19</td>
								<td align="justify">4.90±0.28</td>
								<td align="justify">8.87±0.43</td>
								<td align="justify">13.48±0.69</td>
								<td align="justify">20.64±0.87</td>
								<td align="justify">29.80±3.12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Alfalfa</td>
								<td align="justify">0</td>
								<td align="justify">2.19±0.04</td>
								<td align="justify">4.96±0.41</td>
								<td align="justify">8.86±0.96</td>
								<td align="justify">13.53±0.92</td>
								<td align="justify">22.12±1.13</td>
								<td align="justify">32.30±5.41</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>* SM: materia seca. DE: Desviación estándar.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En los compuestos terpenoides se observa una baja producción de gas para la dosis de 0.6 mL, registrando 48.24±3.41, 29.77±4.87, 28.63±0.50, 28.98±3.09 y 29.80±3.12 mL g<sup>-1</sup> MS±DE (timol, carvacrol, linalol, limoneno y terpineno respectivamente). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chouhan <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gallegos-Flores <italic>et al</italic>. (2019)</xref> reportan que los metabolitos secundarios (terpenoides) de plantas, son reconocidos como agentes antimicrobianos que actúan contra las bacterias, protozoos y hongos; por lo que este efecto se ve reflejado en la poca producción de gas, debido a que inhibe el crecimiento de las bacterias metanogénicas ruminales, y por lo tanto los ácidos acético, propiónico y butírico son los que se generan en mayor cantidad durante la fermentación de los sustratos en el rumen.</p>
			<p>La concentración de gas (total), AGV´s y CH4 se presenta en el (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">cuadro 3</xref>); la producción de ácido propiónico se inhibió completamente en los aceites esenciales de eucalipto y orégano (dosis 0.1); mientras que en los compuestos terpenoides la producción de gas se inhibió en timol, dosis 0.3; carvacrol 0.6; linalol 0.3; limoneno 0.1 y 0.3 y terpineno 0.1; a excepción de aceite esencial de romero (dosis 0.1). Todas las dosis disminuyeron la producción de ácido propiónico en comparación con el testigo de alfalfa. La producción de ácido butírico se inhibió en el aceite esencial de clavo y canela en dosis de 0.1 y 0.3; mientras que la mayor producción de butírico se presentó en limoneno a la dosis de 0.1 (684.93±0.09 mM/L±DE), pero se inhibe la producción de acético y propiónico.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Producción de gas total (mL g<sup>-1</sup> MS), ácidos grasos volátiles (mM/L) y metano <italic>in vitro</italic> en los diferentes aceites esenciales y terpenoides empleados</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>	<tr>
							<th align="right" rowspan="2">Muestra</th>
							<th align="right" rowspan="2">Dosis(mL)</th>
							<th align="right" rowspan="2">Produccion total de Gas (mL g<sup>-1</sup>MS)±*DE</th>
							<th align="right" colspan="3">Ácidos Grasos Volátiles (mM/L) ± *DE</th>
							<th align="right" rowspan="2">Metano mM/L</th>
							</tr>
						<tr>
							<th align="right">Ácido acético</th>
							<th align="right">Ácido Propiónico</th>
							<th align="right">Ácido	butírico</th>
							
						</tr></thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="right"></td>
								<td align="right">0.1</td>
								<td align="right">144.94±1.44<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">2380.5±0.02<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">782.20±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">43.62±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">873.57±0.06<sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">Aceite esencial de romero </td>
								<td align="right">0.3</td>
								<td align="right">146.98±5.55<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">2154.3±0.03<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">664.61±0.16<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">32.88±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">799.85±0.07<sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.6</td>
								<td align="right">139.13±3.73<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1892.2±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">526.14±0.16<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">24.99±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">716.83±0.07<sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.1</td>
								<td align="right">35.76±6.15<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">435.87±0.13<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">39.15±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">185.37±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3">Aceite esencial de clavo</td>
								<td align="right">0.3</td>
								<td align="right">22.48±9.39<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">312.6±0.13<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">40.46±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">129.54±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.6</td>
								<td align="right">20.72±1.24<sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="right">322.25±0.13<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">40.85±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">15.16±0.19<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="right">139.85±0.12<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.1</td>
								<td align="right">157.59±3.62<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">2343.2±0.02<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">617.94±0.10<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1301.62±0.07<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3">Aceite esencial de eucalipto</td>
								<td align="right">0.3</td>
								<td align="right">176.86±1.10<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">2291.8±0.02<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">676.56±0.16<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">37.97±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">860.46±0.06<sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.6</td>
								<td align="right">175.30±3.62<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">2514.2±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">764.87±0.43<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">46.61±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">939.72±0.06<sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.1</td>
								<td align="right">65.29±4.49<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">244.9±11.77<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">51.76±25.88<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">18.39±3.82<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="right">103.32±33.26<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="3">Aceite esencial de menta </td>
								<td align="left">0.3</td>
								<td align="right">26.26±7.60<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">868.6±12.01<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="right">51.00±25.69<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">106.3±44.19<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="right">419.42±33.55<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.6</td>
								<td align="right">16.80±6.69<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="right">234.92±4.36<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">52.84±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">21.46±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">99.77±2.74<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.1</td>
								<td align="right">30.66±0.82<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">121.7±0.14<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">10.32±0.19<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="right">58.89±0.20<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right" rowspan="3">Aceite esencial de oregano </td>
								<td align="right">0.3</td>
								<td align="right">31.82±1.96<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">117.0±0.15<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">21.72±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">17.95±0.19<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="right">53.88±0.13<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.6</td>
								<td align="right">29.05±4.68<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">105.6±0.15<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">25.85±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">17.56±0.19<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="right">47.48±0.13<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.1</td>
								<td align="right">37.88±9.66<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="right">473.2±0.12<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">108.35±0.19<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">183.15±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right" rowspan="3">Aceite esencial de canela </td>
								<td align="right">0.3</td>
								<td align="right">32.39±3.88<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">249.48±0.14<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">47.47±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">99.21±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.6</td>
								<td align="right">35.66±2.31<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">323.43±0.13<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">72.03±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">39.63±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">141.59±0.12<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.1</td>
								<td align="right">47.99±4.92<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1884.20±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">720.35±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">39.87±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">665.74±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right" rowspan="3">Timol </td>
								<td align="right">0.3</td>
								<td align="right">45.83±3.55<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1874.53±0.24<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">551.46±0.11<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1064.12±0.21<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.6</td>
								<td align="right">48.24±3.41<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1824.96±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">696.55±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">34.59±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">643.52±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.1</td>
								<td align="right">28.47±0.38<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1933.54±0.23<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">603.55±0.10<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1111.51±0.20<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right" rowspan="3">Carvacrol</td>
								<td align="right">0.3</td>
								<td align="right">29.06±0.85<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1826.95±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">724.29±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">35.87±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">637.30±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.6</td>
								<td align="right">29.77±4.87<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1436.98±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">438.03±0.13<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">821.85±0.08<sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.1</td>
								<td align="right">30.37±1.90<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1868.50±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">731.91±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">38.56±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">654.98±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right" rowspan="3">Linalol</td>
								<td align="right">0.3</td>
								<td align="right">31.98±1.86<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1891.33±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">582.39±0.11<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1084.05±0.09<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.6</td>
								<td align="right">28.63±0.50<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1908.58±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">713.00±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">33.15±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">676.05±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.1</td>
								<td align="right">29.18±0.09<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1990.96±0.02<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">603.49±0.10<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1137.33±0.07<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right" rowspan="3">Limoneno </td>
								<td align="right">0.3</td>
								<td align="right">30.68±2.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1909.62±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">567.93±0.11<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1086.50±0.09<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.6</td>
								<td align="right">28.98±3.09<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1755.33±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">625.03±0.34<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">35.26±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">632.12±0.27<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.1</td>
								<td align="right">28.71±2.30<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">684.93±0.09<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">273.97±0.05<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right" rowspan="2">Terpineno </td>
								<td align="right">0.3</td>
								<td align="right">28.92±1.67<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1990.91±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">762.28±0.15ª</td>
								<td align="right">40.87±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">702.63±0.07<sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">0.6</td>
								<td align="right">29.80±3.12<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1886.46±0.27<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">583.48±0.10<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1082.30±0.23<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">Alfalfa </td>
								<td align="right">0</td>
								<td align="right">32.30±5.41<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="right">1673.52±0.06<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">775.33±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">43.50±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="right">557.27±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>* DE: Desviación estándar, valores de medias con letras distintas en la misma columna difieren estadísticamente (p&lt;0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Sejian <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> señalan que del 40 al 60% del total de los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de la ganadería provienen de la fermentación entérica, el manejo del estiércol y las diferentes actividades relacionadas con la obtención de alimentos para los animales. Por lo que los compuestos terpenoides presentan disminución de metano; tal es el caso del limoneno en su dosis 0.1, presentando alta producción de ácido butírico, pero inhibición de acético y propiónico.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>La mitigación de metano se observó con el aceite de romero en su dosis máxima en la fermentación ruminal <italic>in vitro</italic>; ya que presenta incremento de las concentraciones de AGV´s (acético, propiónico y butírico). Los compuestos terpenoides con mejor fermentación ruminal <italic>in vitro</italic> fueron timol, linalol y limoneno en la dosis máxima. Se sugiere profundizar en el uso de aceites esenciales de plantas, porque pudieran ser una alternativa en la búsqueda de productos orgánicos con mayor sustentabilidad.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Modification of ruminal fermentation <italic>in vitro</italic> for methane mitigation by adding essential oils from plants and terpenoid compounds</article-title>
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			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
					<p>Code:2020-50.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>Essential oils from plants are volatile aromatic compounds, mainly terpenoids, phenylpropanoids; monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and alcohols. These present a wide range of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, so the addition of essential oils of clove, eucalyptus, peppermint, rosemary, oregano, and cinnamon can modify ruminal fermentation by reducing bacteria population producing methane and thus have a reduction in this gas production. The objective of this work was to evaluate different essential oils and terpenoid compounds to improve ruminal fermentation and the volatile fatty acid production, attenuating methane generation. The chemical composition (terpenoids) of the oils, as well as volatile fatty acids (VFAs), were determined by gas chromatography. For <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility, the <italic>in vitro</italic> gas production technique was used, and the ruminal liquid was used. Methane was inferred from VFA concentration. It was found that all the essential oils presented each one of terpenoids in different concentrations, reporting the highest carvacrol concentration in clove essential oil (303 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>) and oregano (1.20 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>). Terpinene was presented in greater quantity in peppermint essential oil (4.83 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>); for peppermint and rosemary oil, linalool was higher and for limonene, the highest concentration was in eucalyptus oil (449 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>) and rosemary (12.42 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>). For gas production in digestibility, eucalyptus essential oil at a dose of 0.3 presented 176 mL g<sup>-1</sup> DM. For <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility, rosemary oil in high dose (0.6 mL) presented the best ruminal fermentation since it had better methane mitigation (716.83 mM/L) without negatively affecting the VFA concentration (acetate, 1892.2; propionic, 526.14; butyric, 24.99 mM/L), as well as terpenoids thymol, linalool, and limonene in high doses. It is concluded that the best <italic>in vitro</italic> ruminal fermentation with methane mitigation was observed with rosemary oil and terpenoid compounds were thymol, linalool, and limonene in the high dose.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>plants</kwd>
				<kwd>terpenoid compounds</kwd>
				<kwd>volatile fatty acids</kwd>
				<kwd>and methane</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Aromatic or shrub plants have been widely used empirically in traditional medicine to treat different health conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cruz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Yuan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>), however, the effects of these have generated interest in livestock production systems, since with the implementation of plant additives, rumen fermentation can be effectively modified by inhibiting deamination and methanogenesis that results in an enteric methane reduction (CH4), NH3-N and acetate. Therefore, a higher concentration of propionate and butyrate will be produced; as well as a decrease in enteric CH4, which is an important greenhouse gas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kurniawati <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Wang <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kim <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>The essential oils of plants (EOP) are volatile aromatic compounds, constituted by a mixture of secondary metabolites (SM); mainly terpenic compounds, phenylpropanoids; monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, esters, ketones and phenols; which are primarily responsible for aroma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bakkali <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). EOPs have a wide range of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gallegos-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), which is why they have generated interest as a natural alternative using chemical compounds to modify ruminal fermentation, since synthetic additive implementation has been limited by residue appearance in products for human consumption, or by the resistance generated by certain microorganisms due to the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics (ionophores) in ruminants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Brown <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Estévez and Cutuli, 2011</xref>). Some of the more common main EOP compounds include: thymol and carvacrol (thyme and oregano), eugenol (cloves), pinene (juniper), limonene (dill), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptus), cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon), capsaicin (hot peppers), terpinene (tea tree), allicin (garlic), and anethol (anise) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kurniawati <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>There are aromatic plants that have been used as edible spices, and from which their essential oils are rich in terpenoid compounds with strong antimicrobial activity, which can affect the development and ruminal bacteria growth and inhibit methanogenesis. Among the oils are: cinnamon (<italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</italic>), clove (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>), eupcaliptus (<italic>Eucalyptus</italic> spp), peppermint (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>), oregano (<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>) and rosemary (<italic>Salvia rosmarinus</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Condo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Firmino <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dhakad <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>) Given the concern about the production of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, mainly methane emitted by ruminants, it is necessary to investigate the essential oil use, since they have an antibacterial effect, it is deduced that they influence the rumen microbiota, and therefore modify fermentation and decrease methane concentration.</p>
				<p>The objective of the present research was to evaluate different essential oils and terpenoid compounds, to increase ruminal fermentation and volatile fatty acid production, attenuating methane generation.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Biological material</title>
					<p>Plants of cinnamon (<italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</italic>), cloves (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>), eucalyptus (<italic>Eucalyptus</italic> spp), peppermint (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>), oregano (<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>) and rosemary (<italic>Salvia rosmarinus</italic>) were used.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Obtaining essential oils from plants</title>
					<p>The essential oil samples were obtained from the dried sample by hydrodistillation for 2 h, using a modified Clevenger system. During the boiling process, the dry material absorbs the water and the essential oil diffuses through the cell walls by means of osmosis, then it is vaporized and carried away by the evaporator current (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Teixeira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Chemical composition determined by gas chromatography</title>
					<p>It was determined by means of a gas chromatograph (CG; Agilent Technologies 6890N series), using the polar column DB_WAXetr. The working conditions were; temperature after injection 250 °C at a pressure of 12.13 psi with a flow of He 36.5 mLmin-1. The conditions for the column were; initial temperature 50 °C from 0 to 2 minutes, with an increase of 10 °C until reaching 250 °C, using an ionizing flame detector (IFD) at a temperature of 210 °C with an H2 flow of 40 mLmin<sup>-1</sup> and an air flow of 450 mLmin<sup>-1</sup>; previously a calibration curve was made. The standards used were reagent grade Sigma Aldrich brand: carvacrol, thymol, limonene, linalool and terpinene, with a purity percentage of 98, 99.5, 98, 97 and 85% respectively. Each of the determinations was carried out in triplicate <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bañuelos <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Preparation of terpenoid compounds</title>
					<p>The terpenoid compounds used for <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility were those used as standards in CG reagent grade Sigma Aldrich brand: carvacrol, thymol, limonene, linalool and terpinene prepared with 50% ethanol.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Determination of <italic>in vitro</italic> gas production</bold></title>
					<p>The sheep feeding for <italic>in vitro</italic> gas production was used ruminal fluid from two hair sheep, cannulated and fed a diet containing 83% hay (50% alfalfa and 50% wheat straw) and 17% of concentrate (63% ground corn, 25% of flour, 5.5% of calcium carbonate, 5.5% of mono-calcium phosphate, 0.5% of pre-mix of vitamins A, D and E and 0.5% of microminerals). Food was provided daily at 08:00 and 16:00 with free access to water. The sheep were fed for 30 days before the extraction of the ruminal fluid, as time to adapt to the ration.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>
 <italic>In vitro</italic> gas production</bold></title>
					<p>The oils were added individually in each of the digestibility jars in different volumes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Ugbogu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). The alfalfa substrate was used as a control without additive addition. <italic>In vitro</italic> gas production was determined using the method proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Theodorou <italic>et al</italic>. (1994)</xref> for which fermentation units (UF) of 120 mL were used for each sample. In recording the gas produced, a Sper Scientific brand pressure gauge was used. The gas pressure was cumulative and determined in pressure units (Psi); the measurement time was at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h; for each volume of the different oils, performing three repetitions.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Determination of volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid</title>
					<p>The VFAs (acetic, propionic and butyric) were quantified by gas chromatography. The working conditions were; inlet temperature after sample injection is 50 °C at a pressure of 12.13 psi with a flow of He 36.5 mL min<sup>-1</sup>. The conditions for the column were; initial temperature 50 °C, from 0 to 2 minutes with an increase of 10 °C per minute until reaching 250 °C, keeping this temperature constant for 5 minutes, and then dropping to 50 ° C maintaining for two minutes with a flow of I have 1.6 mL min-1 at a pressure of 12.13 psi and an average speed of 25 cm s<sup>-1</sup>. An ionizing flame detector (IFD) was used at a temperature of 210 °C with a H2 flow of 40 mL min<sup>-1</sup> and an air flow of 450 mL min<sup>-1</sup>. A calibration curve was previously made. The standards used were Sigma Aldrich brand reagent grade: acetic, propionic and butyric, with a purity percentage of 99.5, 98 and 99% respectively. Each of the determinations was carried out in triplicate.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methane determination</title>
					<p>Methane was inferred from the VFA concentration, by applying non-linear mathematical models established by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Moss <italic>et al</italic>. (2000)</xref>, where it is pointed out that CH4 production can be calculated stoichiometrically, using the following equation:</p>
					<disp-formula id="e2"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" ><mml:mfenced open="[" close="]" separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">C</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">H</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.45</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic"> </mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">c</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">e</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">t</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">t</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">o</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.275</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic"> </mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">o</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">p</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">i</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">n</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">t</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">o</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.4</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic"> </mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">b</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">u</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">t</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">i</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">t</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">o</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></disp-formula>
					
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The statistical analysis for gas production, volatile fatty acids and methane was carried out through variance analysis, using a completely random design and the Tukey's test of means; using the SPSS® statistical package to evaluate statistical differences (p &lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cytel Software, 2010</xref>). The source of variation considered were essential oils and terpenoid compounds; for volatile fatty acids, the following variables were considered: acetic, propionic and butyric acid.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>For the essential oils of cinnamon (<italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</italic>), clove (<italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic>), eucalyptus (<italic>Eucalyptus</italic> spp), peppermint (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>), oregano (<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>) and rosemary (<italic>Salvia rosmarinus</italic>), it was observed that the highest carvacrol and thymol concentration is present in clove oils (carvacrol 303 mgmL<sup>-1</sup>), and oregano one (carvacrol, 1,652 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>; thymol, 0.247 mg mL<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). These two compounds have been reported to have an antibacterial effect against gram negative and positive bacteria, for which it is known that the action mechanism is to embed themselves in the bacterial cell membrane, causing this structure disintegration, followed by cell lysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Rodríguez-García <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Friedman, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Béjaoui <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">García-García <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Therefore, this antibacterial effect can influence microbiota ruminal population and therefore modify ruminal fermentation.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Terpenoid compounds present in essential oils analyzed by gas chromatography</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">OIL</th>
									<th align="center">Carvacrol mg mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
									<th align="center">Thymol mg mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
									<th align="center">Linalool mg mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
									<th align="center">Terpinene mg mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
									<th align="center">Limonene mg mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Cinnamon essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.0375</td>
									<td align="center">0.0108</td>
									<td align="center">0.047</td>
									<td align="center">0.1431</td>
									<td align="center">2.5167</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Clove essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">303</td>
									<td align="center">0.0068</td>
									<td align="center">0.0383</td>
									<td align="center">0.2753</td>
									<td align="center">1.5496</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Eucalyptus essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.07</td>
									<td align="center">0.0142</td>
									<td align="center">0.4621</td>
									<td align="center">0.8725</td>
									<td align="center">499</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Peppermint essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.0169</td>
									<td align="center">0.025</td>
									<td align="center">3.9401</td>
									<td align="center">4.8388</td>
									<td align="center">9.56</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Oregano essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">1.652</td>
									<td align="center">0.2474</td>
									<td align="center">0.0878</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0.1449</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Rosemary essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.0524</td>
									<td align="center">0.0753</td>
									<td align="center">8.865</td>
									<td align="center">0.3725</td>
									<td align="center">12.425</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Nile <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> report that essential oils are rich in terpenes (carvacrol, citral, linalool and geraniol); and phenolic compounds coinciding in the present work, since both compounds were found. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Albado <italic>et al</italic>. (2001)</xref> reported the presence of terpenoid compounds, phenols and compounds metabolically related to carvacrol in essential oils of oregano; therefore, this research coincides with the present study, since the terpenoids in oregano oil (carvacrol, thymol and linalool), although in different concentrations. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bañuelos <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref> mention that terpenoids constituted 11.2% of the oil with a-pinene (1.3%), limonene (3%) and 1,8-cineole (2.9%), as the main monoterpenes in the essential oil of oregano and <italic>R. graveolens</italic>. The presence of limonene in the present investigation coincided with these results.</p>
				<p>The identified compounds are important for their pharmacological activity; for example, limonene is antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, and antiviral; thymol is antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antirheumatic and antiseptic; carvacrol is antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, and expectorant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Sorentino and Landmesser, 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility technique, the highest obtaining of gas in the <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility technique (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) was observed in the essential oil of eucalyptus in its three doses (0.1 = 157.59 ± 3.62 mL g<sup>-1</sup> DM, 0.3 = 176.86 ± 1.10 mL g<sup>-1</sup> MS and 0.6 = 175.30 ± 3.62 mL g<sup>-1</sup> DM), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Wang <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> reported that when using medicinal plant extracts there is not always a tendency to increase the ruminal gas concentration (mL g<sup>-1</sup> DM); as some of them may have the opposite effect.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Gas production with the different doses of oils and terpenoids</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="5"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="left"></th>
									<th align="center" colspan="6">Total gas production in mL g<sup>-1</sup> DM±SD </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Sample</th>
									<th align="center">Dose(mL)</th>
									<th align="center">3 h</th>
									<th align="center">6 h</th>
									<th align="center">9 h</th>
									<th align="center">12 h</th>
									<th align="center">24 h</th>
									<th align="center">48 h</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">11.67±0.14</td>
									<td align="center">28.52±0.46</td>
									<td align="center">51.13±1.44</td>
									<td align="center">75.38±2.29</td>
									<td align="center">108.57±0.16</td>
									<td align="center">144.94±1.44</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Rosemary essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">11.87±1.85</td>
									<td align="center">27.87±3.56</td>
									<td align="center">49.09±6.15</td>
									<td align="center">72.13±9.32</td>
									<td align="center">108.80±10.17</td>
									<td align="center">146.98±5.55</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">9.26±0.04</td>
									<td align="center">22.84±6.01</td>
									<td align="center">40.39±15.97</td>
									<td align="center">58.95±28.24</td>
									<td align="center">94.41±10.17</td>
									<td align="center">139.13±3.73</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">6.39±5.12</td>
									<td align="center">11.42±5.90</td>
									<td align="center">17.91±1.07</td>
									<td align="center">22.64±1.35</td>
									<td align="center">28.22±10.49</td>
									<td align="center">35.76±6.15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Clove essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">9.15±1.96</td>
									<td align="center">15.39±2.81</td>
									<td align="center">19.42±1.07</td>
									<td align="center">20.72±1.35</td>
									<td align="center">21.58±4.69</td>
									<td align="center">22.48±9.39</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">9.31±0.11</td>
									<td align="center">14.34±0.75</td>
									<td align="center">17.81±1.14</td>
									<td align="center">19.01±1.21</td>
									<td align="center">19.77±1.28</td>
									<td align="center">20.72±1.24</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">13.63±2.31</td>
									<td align="center">33.90±4.23</td>
									<td align="center">61.06±6.26</td>
									<td align="center">88.38±7.61</td>
									<td align="center">122.18±10.49</td>
									<td align="center">157.59±3.62</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Eucalyptus essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">16.90±0.96</td>
									<td align="center">39.89±2.28</td>
									<td align="center">69.92±3.98</td>
									<td align="center">99.14±4.45</td>
									<td align="center">137.02±3.09</td>
									<td align="center">176.86±1.10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">15.54±5.69</td>
									<td align="center">36.67±7.86</td>
									<td align="center">64.28±5.39</td>
									<td align="center">92.85±4.45</td>
									<td align="center">132.64±13.00</td>
									<td align="center">175.30±3.62</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">8.50±3.45</td>
									<td align="center">18.01±2.19</td>
									<td align="center">27.26±0.59</td>
									<td align="center">33.50±3.72</td>
									<td align="center">45.97±11.79</td>
									<td align="center">65.29±4.49</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Peppermint essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">9.26±0.53</td>
									<td align="center">14.64±2.38</td>
									<td align="center">20.93±4.48</td>
									<td align="center">23.29±7.22</td>
									<td align="center">24.85±4.94</td>
									<td align="center">26.26±7.60</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">7.49±1.24</td>
									<td align="center">11.42±2.28</td>
									<td align="center">14.24±4.73</td>
									<td align="center">15.39±5.58</td>
									<td align="center">16.20±6.12</td>
									<td align="center">16.80±6.69</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">13.38±0 .71</td>
									<td align="center">21.10±0.82</td>
									<td align="center">26.43±0.92</td>
									<td align="center">28.24±0.84</td>
									<td align="center">29.30±0.78</td>
									<td align="center">30.66±0.82</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Oregano essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">14.39±1.64</td>
									<td align="center">22.26±2.40</td>
									<td align="center">27.74±2.60</td>
									<td align="center">29.43±2.38</td>
									<td align="center">30.41±2.15</td>
									<td align="center">31.82±1.96</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">12.07±2.28</td>
									<td align="center">18.86±3.79</td>
									<td align="center">24.07±4.41</td>
									<td align="center">26.06±4.52</td>
									<td align="center">27.36±4.48</td>
									<td align="center">29.05±4.68</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">14.11±3.22</td>
									<td align="center">24.47±8.41</td>
									<td align="center">31.71±2.72</td>
									<td align="center">34.58±37.90</td>
									<td align="center">35.91±3.68</td>
									<td align="center">37.88±9.66</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Cinnamon essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">14.18±0.05</td>
									<td align="center">22.01±1.74</td>
									<td align="center">27.87±2.72</td>
									<td align="center">29.83±3.36</td>
									<td align="center">30.73±3.66</td>
									<td align="center">32.39±3.88</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">15.29±0.78</td>
									<td align="center">24.22±1.56</td>
									<td align="center">30.31±1.73</td>
									<td align="center">32.44±1.85</td>
									<td align="center">33.70±2.10</td>
									<td align="center">35.66±2.31</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">1.95±0.37</td>
									<td align="center">5.03±0.53</td>
									<td align="center">10.04±1.20</td>
									<td align="center">33.74±4.08</td>
									<td align="center">41.26±4.49</td>
									<td align="center">47.99±4.92</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Thymol</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">2.34±0.04</td>
									<td align="center">5.37±0.06</td>
									<td align="center">9.89±0.46</td>
									<td align="center">31.84±2.53</td>
									<td align="center">39.17±3.13</td>
									<td align="center">45.83±3.55</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">2.14±0.14</td>
									<td align="center">4.79±0.70</td>
									<td align="center">9.28±1.16</td>
									<td align="center">31.82±3.22</td>
									<td align="center">40.19±3.91</td>
									<td align="center">48.24±3.41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">2.17±0.04</td>
									<td align="center">5.01±0.12</td>
									<td align="center">9.68±0.43</td>
									<td align="center">14.97±0.46</td>
									<td align="center">22.28±0.15</td>
									<td align="center">28.47±0.38</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Carvacrol</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">2.52±0.01</td>
									<td align="center">5.38±0.04</td>
									<td align="center">9.70±0.25</td>
									<td align="center">14.86±0.38</td>
									<td align="center">21.73±0.39</td>
									<td align="center">29.06±0.85</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">2.03±0.08</td>
									<td align="center">4.72±0.51</td>
									<td align="center">9.07±0.48</td>
									<td align="center">13.90±1.21</td>
									<td align="center">21.67±2.74</td>
									<td align="center">29.77±4.87</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">2.06±0.04</td>
									<td align="center">5.61±0.04</td>
									<td align="center">10.80±0.04</td>
									<td align="center">16.31±0.04</td>
									<td align="center">22.79±0.11</td>
									<td align="center">30.37±1.90</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Linalool</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">2.09±0.29</td>
									<td align="center">5.47±0.33</td>
									<td align="center">10.31±0.45</td>
									<td align="center">16.54±1.89</td>
									<td align="center">23.65±3.07</td>
									<td align="center">31.98±1.86</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">2.04±0.03</td>
									<td align="center">5.27±0.14</td>
									<td align="center">9.88±0.33</td>
									<td align="center">15.05±0.46</td>
									<td align="center">21.64±0.33</td>
									<td align="center">28.63±0.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">1.97±0.04</td>
									<td align="center">5.35±0.03</td>
									<td align="center">10.31±0.05</td>
									<td align="center">15.63±0.06</td>
									<td align="center">21.97±1.43</td>
									<td align="center">29.18±0.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Limonene</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">2.16±0.02</td>
									<td align="center">5.59±0.01</td>
									<td align="center">10.48±0.00</td>
									<td align="center">15.86±0.06</td>
									<td align="center">22.36±0.01</td>
									<td align="center">30.68±2.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">1.95±0.02</td>
									<td align="center">4.60±0.03</td>
									<td align="center">8.70±0.27</td>
									<td align="center">13.50±0.63</td>
									<td align="center">20.10±0.82</td>
									<td align="center">28.98±3.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">2.02±0.06</td>
									<td align="center">5.39±0.18</td>
									<td align="center">10.19±0.31</td>
									<td align="center">15.37±0.51</td>
									<td align="center">21.41±0.07</td>
									<td align="center">28.71±2.30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">Terpinene</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">2.04±0.12</td>
									<td align="center">5.22±0.11</td>
									<td align="center">9.73±0.04</td>
									<td align="center">14.60±0.03</td>
									<td align="center">21.04±0.31</td>
									<td align="center">28.92±1.67</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">2.24±0.19</td>
									<td align="center">4.90±0.28</td>
									<td align="center">8.87±0.43</td>
									<td align="center">13.48±0.69</td>
									<td align="center">20.64±0.87</td>
									<td align="center">29.80±3.12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Alfalfa</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2.19±0.04</td>
									<td align="center">4.96±0.41</td>
									<td align="center">8.86±0.96</td>
									<td align="center">13.53±0.92</td>
									<td align="center">22.12±1.13</td>
									<td align="center">32.30±5.41</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>DM: dry matter. SD: Standard deviation.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In terpenoid compounds, a low gas production is observed for the 0.6 mL dose, registering 48.24 ± 3.41, 29.77 ± 4.87, 28.63 ± 0.50, 28.98 ± 3.09 and 29.80 ± 3.12 mL g<sup>-1</sup> DM ± SD (thymol, carvacrol, linalool, limonene and terpinene respectively). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chouhan <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gallegos-Flores <italic>et al</italic>. (2019)</xref> report that the secondary metabolites (terpenoids) of plants are recognized as antimicrobial agents that act against bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Therefore, this effect is reflected in the low gas production, because it inhibits the growth of ruminal methanogenic bacteria, and therefore acetic, propionic and butyric acids are those that are generated in greater quantity during the fermentation of the substrates in the rumen.</p>
				<p>Gas concentration (total), VFAs and CH4 are presented in (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">table 3</xref>); propionic acid production was completely inhibited in the essential oils of eucalyptus and oregano (dose 0.1); while in the terpenoid compounds, gas production was inhibited in thymol, dose 0.3; carvacrol 0.6; linalool 0.3; limonene 0.1 and 0.3 and terpinene 0.1; except for rosemary essential oil (dose 0.1). All doses decreased propionic acid production compared to the alfalfa control. The production of butyric acid was inhibited in the essential oil of cloves and cinnamon in doses of 0.1 and 0.3; while the highest production of butyric was presented in limonene at the dose of 0.1 (684.93 ± 0.09 mM/L±SD), but acetic and propionic production is inhibited.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Total gas production (mL g<sup>-1</sup> DM), volatile fatty acids (mM/L) and <italic>in vitro</italic> 
 <bold>methanoid</bold> in the different essential oils and terpenoids used</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Dose (mL)</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Total gas production (mL g-1 DM) ± *SD</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">Volatil fatty acids (mM/L) ± *SD</th>
									<th align="center">Methane mM/L</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Sample</th>
									<th align="center">Ácetic acid</th>
									<th align="center">Propionic acid</th>
									<th align="center">Butyric acid</th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">144.94±1.44<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2380.5±0.02<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">782.20±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">43.62±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">873.57±0.06<sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Rosemary essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">146.98±5.55<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2154.3±0.03<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">664.61±0.16<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">32.88±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">799.85±0.07<sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">139.13±3.73<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1892.2±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">526.14±0.16<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">24.99±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">716.83±0.07<sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">35.76±6.15<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">435.87±0.13<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">39.15±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">185.37±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Clove essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">22.48±9.39<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">312.6±0.13<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">40.46±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">129.54±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">20.72±1.24<sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">322.25±0.13<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">40.85±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">15.16±0.19<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">139.85±0.12<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">157.59±3.62<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2343.2±0.02<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">617.94±0.10<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1301.62±0.07<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Eucalyptus essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">176.86±1.10<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2291.8±0.02<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">676.56±0.16<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">37.97±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">860.46±0.06<sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">175.30±3.62<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">2514.2±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">764.87±0.43<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">46.61±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">939.72±0.06<sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">65.29±4.49<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">244.9±11.77<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">51.76±25.88<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">18.39±3.82<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">103.32±33.26<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Peppermint essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">26.26±7.60<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">868.6±12.01<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">51.00±25.69<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">106.3±44.19<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">419.42±33.55<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">16.80±6.69<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">234.92±4.36<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">52.84±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">21.46±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">99.77±2.74<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">30.66±0.82<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">121.7±0.14<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10.32±0.19<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">58.89±0.20<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Oregano essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">31.82±1.96<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">117.0±0.15<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">21.72±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">17.95±0.19<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">53.88±0.13<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">29.05±4.68<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">105.6±0.15<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">25.85±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">17.56±0.19<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">47.48±0.13<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">37.88±9.66<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">473.2±0.12<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">108.35±0.19<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">183.15±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Cinnamon essential oil</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">32.39±3.88<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">249.48±0.14<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">47.47±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">99.21±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">35.66±2.31<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">323.43±0.13<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">72.03±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">39.63±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">141.59±0.12<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">47.99±4.92<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1884.20±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">720.35±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">39.87±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">665.74±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Thymol</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">45.83±3.55<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1874.53±0.24<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">551.46±0.11<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1064.12±0.21<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">48.24±3.41<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1824.96±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">696.55±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">34.59±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">643.52±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">28.47±0.38<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1933.54±0.23<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">603.55±0.10<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1111.51±0.20<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Carvacrol</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">29.06±0.85<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1826.95±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">724.29±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">35.87±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">637.30±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">29.77±4.87<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1436.98±0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">438.03±0.13<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">821.85±0.08<sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">30.37±1.90<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1868.50±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">731.91±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">38.56±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">654.98±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Linalool</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">31.98±1.86<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1891.33±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">582.39±0.11<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1084.05±0.09<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">28.63±0.50<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1908.58±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">713.00±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">33.15±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">676.05±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">29.18±0.09<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1990.96±0.02<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">603.49±0.10<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1137.33±0.07<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Limonene</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">30.68±2.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1909.62±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">567.93±0.11<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1086.50±0.09<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">28.98±3.09<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1755.33±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">625.03±0.34<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">35.26±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">632.12±0.27<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">28.71±2.30<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">684.93±0.09<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">273.97±0.05<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">Terpinene</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">28.92±1.67<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1990.91±0.04<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">762.28±0.15ª</td>
									<td align="center">40.87±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">702.63±0.07<sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">29.80±3.12<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1886.46±0.27<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.00±0.00<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">583.48±0.10<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1082.30±0.23<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Alfalfa</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">32.30±5.41<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1673.52±0.06<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">775.33±0.15<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">43.50±0.19<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">557.27±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>SD: Standard deviation, mean values with different letters in the same column differ statistically (p&lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Sejian <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> point out that 40 to 60 % of the total greenhouse gases (GHG) from livestock come from enteric fermentation, manure management and the different activities related to obtaining food for animals. Therefore, terpenoid compounds show a decrease in methane; such is the case of limonene in its 0.1 dose, presenting high production of butyric acid, but inhibition of acetic and propionic.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>Methane mitigation was observed with rosemary oil at its maximum dose in <italic>in vitro</italic> ruminal fermentation; since it presents increased concentrations of VFAs (acetic, propionic and butyric). Terpenoid compounds with the best ruminal fermentation <italic>in vitro</italic> were thymol, linalool and limonene in the maximum dose. It is suggested to deepen the use of essential oils of plants, because they could be an alternative in the search for organic products with greater sustainability.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>