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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.3</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00103</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evaluación de extractos vegetales para el control de <italic>Oesophagostomun dentatum</italic> en cerdos pelón mexicano</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1645-9858</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García-Munguía</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>¹</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9358-4700</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Puentes</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5450-3197</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García-Munguía</surname>
						<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7963-4705</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Haubi-Segura</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5273-0393</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sánchez-Chiprés</surname>
						<given-names>David</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5244-7996</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>García-Munguía</surname>
						<given-names>Otilio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Guanajuato. Carretera Irapuato-Silao km 9, CP 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guanajuato</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Irapuato</city>
					<state>Guanajuato</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. Av Universidad 940, col. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 20131, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Aguascalientes</city>
					<state>Aguascalientes</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara. Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100 Nextipac, 45200 Zapopan, Jalisco, México, </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Zapopan</city>
					<state>Jalisco</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Ciencias Económico Administrativas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes Av Universidad 940, col. Ciudad Universitaria, CP 20131, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ciencias Económico Administrativas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes</institution>
				
				<addr-line>
					<state>Aguascalientes</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><sup>*</sup></label>Autor responsable: García-Munguía Carlos, *Autor para correspondencia: García-Munguía Alberto, correo electrónico. <email>almagamu@hotmail.com</email>. <email>cagamu@hotmail.com</email>, <email>puentecaro@hotmail.com</email>, <email>almagamu@hotmail.com</email>, <email>dhaubi@yahoo.com</email>. <email>chipres9@hotmail.com</email>, <email>einsteinoti@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Clave:2020-38.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e103</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>03</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>En México, el <italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic> es considerado uno de los principales endoparásitos gastrointestinales que afecta a la raza de mayor importancia en la porcicultura rural [Cerdo Pelón Mexicano (CPM)]. En esta investigación se evaluó la eficacia biológica <italic>in vitro</italic> de extractos vegetales de jengibre, hierbabuena, tomillo y orégano, con el objetivo de encontrar nuevas alternativas de carácter natural para el control de <italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum;</italic> siendo comparada su eficiencia con ivermectina (IVM) y dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO). Durante la investigación, se colectaron 380 muestras de excretas (extraídas directamente del ano) de CPM, con un peso promedio (±DE) 40±5 kg por animal. Dichas muestras fueron analizadas mediante la técnica de McMaster, logrando identificar huevos de <italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic>. La evaluación de la eficacia de los tratamientos se realizó en microplacas de cultivo celular incubadas durante 48 h a 25±1 ºC utilizando diferentes dosis de los extractos vegetales y comparando su eficacia de control con IVM y DMSO. Obteniendo que la efectividad biológica del extracto de jengibre (3%) es similar al de la IVM (1%), logrando la eliminación e inmovilización de la larva de <italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic> en un 62%. Mientras que los extractos de orégano, tomillo y hierbabuena presentaron un porcentaje de efectividad biológica menor al 20%.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras claves:</title>
				<kwd>parásitos</kwd>
				<kwd>nematodos</kwd>
				<kwd>gastrointestinales</kwd>
				<kwd>Sus scrofas domesticus</kwd>
				<kwd>jengibre</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="2"/>
				<ref-count count="39"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Durante los últimos años, en México, la producción porcícola ha generado más de 350,000 empleos directos y 1.7 millones de empleos indirectos, provocando un crecimiento exponencial del 10.79 %, consecuencia de los aumentos de producción y una mejoría de precios en el mercado para el consumo de esta carne (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rebollar <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Una de las actividades más importantes dentro del país es la porcinocultura rural, siendo el cerdo Pelón Mexicano (CPM) uno de sus grandes protagonistas, pues éste ha sido caracterizado principalmente por su rusticidad y variada alimentación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Lemus y Ly, 2010</xref>).Sin embargo, este tipo de producción se ve afectada por la presencia de parásitos que limitan el potencial productivo de los cerdos, provocando la pérdida del apetito y respuesta inmunológica; consecuentemente a ello una disminución en los pesos vivos y alteraciones en los índices de conversión alimenticia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Louie <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>Es importante resaltar que la prevalencia de la parasitosis depende exclusivamente del sistema de manejo, de las condiciones de sanidad e higiene y de diferentes tipos de variables, como el clima, temperatura y humedad, que influyen en los ciclos de vida de los parásitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Frontera <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>); donde uno de los parásitos con mayor prevalencia en la producción porcícola es <italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cordero <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). Actualmente los métodos de control que se han optado para este tipo de parasitosis han sido cada vez menos efectivos, debido a que estos nematodos han tenido una rápida evolución y desarrollo de resistencia contra los productos químicos utilizados para su control, lo que representa un riesgo para la salud humana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>a). En la actualidad tres grandes familias de antiparasitarios son usados frecuentemente por los porcicultores, las lactonas macrocíclicas (IVM, moxidectina, doramectina), imidazoles tetrahidropirimidina (levamisol, moratel) y benzimidazoles (fenbendazol, oxfendazol y albendazol), dependiendo de las áreas en las que se desarrolla la producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Encalada et al., 2014</xref>). El abuso de estos productos químicos ha ocasionado un problema de resistencia a los antiparasitarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kaplan y Vidyashankar, 2012</xref>); además, su mal uso puede ocasionar que estos lleguen al medio ambiente como un compuesto igual (sin cambios) o como un metabolito; para después transportarse y distribuirse en el agua, sedimentos, suelo y la flora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Horvat <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>), causando alteraciones considerables en el ecosistema.</p>
			<p>Por esta razón existe un creciente interés en explorar alternativas naturales, con propiedades capaces de actuar como bacteriostáticos, bactericidas y antiparasitarias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aguilera, 2012</xref>). Las plantas, como parte de su metabolismo, sintetizan distintos componentes llamados metabolitos secundarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Dávila <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). Diversas investigaciones realizadas han mostrado una gran diversidad de plantas que poseen estos metabolitos capaces de inhibir el crecimiento y desarrollo de patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Rizo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la eficacia biológica de distintos extractos vegetales, como: jengibre <italic>(Zingiber officinale)</italic>, orégano <italic>(Origanum vulgare)</italic>, tomillo (<italic>Thymus</italic>) y hierbabuena (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>); reportados anteriormente por sus compuestos activos capaces de actuar como bactericidas; comparándolos con productos comerciales que se utilizan actualmente para el control de <italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic> presentes en CPM.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<p><bold>Zona de estudio: </bold>el estudio se desarrolló en el Centro de Conservación del Cerdo
				Pelón Mexicano y en el Laboratorio de Parasitología y Control Biológico, de la
				División de Ciencias de la Vida de la Universidad de Guanajuato. Las muestras fueron
				recolectadas de CPM, de pesos promedios 40±5 kg, originarios de zonas rurales del
				municipio de Huehuetla, Hidalgo y Zacapoaxtla, Puebla, México. Se recolectaron un
				total de 380 muestras tomadas del recto y fueron colocadas en bolsas de polietileno
				debidamente identificadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Aguilar <italic>et
						al</italic>, 2016</xref>); siendo éstas trasladadas al laboratorio, donde
				fueron almacenadas a una temperatura de 4±1ºC hasta su procesamiento, el cual no fue
				mayor a 48 h.</p>
			<p><bold>Material vegetativo:</bold> se colectaron hojas frescas de hierbabuena (<italic>Mentha
					spicata</italic>), tomillo (<italic>Thymus</italic>) y orégano <italic>(Origanum
					vulgare)</italic> (1kg aproximadamente por muestra) en el municipio de
				Zacapoaxtla, Puebla, localizado a una altitud de 1825 m. s.n. m., así como bulbos de
				jengibre <italic>(Zingiber officinale)</italic> (2 kg aproximadamente) en el
				municipio de Huehuetla, Hidalgo, localizado a una altitud de 520 m. s. n. m. El
				material se almacenó y trasladó en refrigeración a 4°C en un mini refrigerador
				portátil (Chefman / RJ48-BLACK; Cooling &amp; Heating Company, United States), para
				evitar cambios en su composición (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Salem <italic>et
						al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). Posteriormente se sometieron a un proceso de
				secado bajo la sombra durante una semana, y finalmente tanto las hojas y bulbos se
				trituraron en un molino semi-industrial a un tamaño de 1 mm aproximadamente.</p>
			<p><bold>Obtención del extracto hidro-alcohólico (HA)</bold>: por cada muestra se utilizaron 100
				g y se sometieron a un proceso de maceración con una mezcla de agua y metanol (70:30
				v/v) durante 24 h, posteriormente se filtró la solución mediante diferentes filtros,
				utilizando (gasa y papel filtro) para obtener un extracto libre de impurezas. Una
				vez obtenido el extracto, se congeló a -42 °C y finalmente se realizó el proceso de
				liofilización (liofilizador 7670520; LABCONCO, Kansas City, United States). El
				extracto liofilizado fue congelado para su posterior uso (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B37">Salem <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Material biológico:</bold> se realizó el diagnóstico parasitológico mediante la técnica
				de almacenamiento anaeróbico de huevos, descripta por (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B10">Coles <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>) modificada; que consiste
				en procesar las muestras mediante la técnica de sedimentación que se encuentra en el
				contenido fecal y permitir que los huevos de parásitos se concentren en el fondo del
				tubo falcón; siendo así que en cada tubo falcón se colocaron 30 mL de agua y 4 g de
				heces, se homogenizó la muestra, vertiéndola en un tamiz y centrifugó por 5 min a
				300 rpm. Posteriormente se realizó la técnica de flotación con 30 mL de solución
				glucosada con densidad de 1:200 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Cringoli <italic>et
						al</italic>., 2004</xref>); logrando de esta manera que los huevos de
				parásitos del fondo del tubo falcón floten por consecuencia de la densidad de la
				solución; nuevamente se centrifugó la mezcla por 5 min a 300 rpm. Finalmente se
				realizó nuevamente la técnica de sedimentación con 30 mLde agua destilada para
				concentrar los huevos en el fondo del tubo centrifugando a 300 rpm y establecer la
				concentración de huevos por mL de agua destilada esterilizada.</p>
			<p><bold>Técnica de McMaster:</bold> se realizó la técnica coproparasitoscópica de McMaster,
				utilizando una solución saturada de Sheather con una gravedad específica de 1.200
				para estimar la cantidad de huevos por g de excremento, siendo la gravedad apropiada
				para llevar a cabo la técnica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Cringoli <italic>et
						al</italic>., 2004</xref>). Se utilizaron 2 g de excremento y 28 mL de
				solución saturada; la muestra se homogenizó y se colocó en la cámara de McMaster
				(MM-OP; PROLAB, Jalisco, México), utilizando una pipeta con una gasa como filtro,
				evitando la obstrucción en la revisión de la muestra. Se colocó el volumen necesario
				para realizar la lectura de un lado de la cámara, dejando reposar 2 min antes de ser
				observada al microscopio y llevar a cabo el conteo de huevos (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B36">Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Para la estimación del número de huevos por g de excremento se ajustó con el volumen total obtenido de mezclar el excremento y la solución de 30 mL; considerando que cada compartimiento de la cámara mide 1 cm<sup>2</sup> con una altura de 0.15 cm, por lo que la lectura de ambos compartimientos es de 0.30 mL del volumen inicial total de 30 mL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Se obtuvo la concentración de huevos por g de heces del parásito encontrados por medio de la fórmula de McMaster (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bowman, 2013</xref>).</p>
			<disp-formula id="e1"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>°</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:math></disp-formula>
			<p>Los huevos de parásito fueron identificados con las claves morfológicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Coffin, 1952</xref>), y el diagnóstico larvario se realizó con las claves morfológicas de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Van Wyk et al., (2004)</xref>, pudiéndose observar la extremidad craneal de las larvas, los apéndices terminales y la morfología de la cola.</p>
			<p><bold>Diseño experimental:</bold> el experimento se estableció bajo un diseño completamente al
				azar de 19 tratamientos de 20 repeticiones cada uno, teniendo en total de 380
				unidades experimentales; cada unidad experimental constó de 1200 µL (1100 µL de
				extracto de jengibre más 100 µL de solución con 70 larvas de nematodos). Cada unidad
				experimental estuvo conformada por un total de 100 µL de nematodos vivos (con un
				promedio de 70 larvas).</p>
			<p><bold>Prueba de inhibición de la migración larvaria: </bold>se llevó a cabo un cultivo
				larvario para llevar a los nematodos a la tercera etapa de la larva; para ello se
				les brindó las condiciones necesarias para la eclosión del huevo, realizando
				modificaciones a conveniencia a la técnica de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"
					>McArthur et al., (2015)</xref>. Se colocó excremento en recipientes de plástico
				perforados, con el objetivo de brindar un ambiente aeróbico, se adicionó aserrín
				estéril y se homogenizó el excremento adicionando agua destilada estéril. Se encubó
				la mezcla a 23-25 ºC durante 10 d, con una evaluación visual diaria en caso de
				requerir adición de humedad y oxigenar las muestras, removiendo el cultivo con ayuda
				de una espátula. Una vez concluido el tiempo de incubación, se colocó el cultivo en
				un embudo de Baermann; de esta manera se separaron las larvas de Oesphagostomum
				dentatum del contenido fecal. Tras un día en el embudo se obtuvo el líquido y
				mediante centrifugación se concentraron las larvas, para posteriormente realizar su
				conteo y diluciones, siendo identificadas con las claves morfológicas descriptas por
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Quiroz (2011)</xref>. </p>
			<p><bold>Dosis y número de aplicaciones: </bold>se realizaron evaluaciones con dosis de extracto
				de jengibre (Zingiber officinale) al 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 0.9%, 1%, 3% (<xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gawel et al., 2003</xref>); orégano (Origanum vulgare)
				al 1%, 3% y 5%, según lo mencionado por Borbolla y Velásquez, 2004 (citado en <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Guerra et al., 2008</xref>); tomillo (<italic>Thymus
					vulgaris</italic>) al 1%, 3% y 5% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Ramos y
					Hernández, 2018</xref>); hierbabuena (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>) al 1%, 3%
				y 5% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lagarto et al, 1997</xref>); comparando el
				efecto de cada uno con el testigo de agua, DMSO 5% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"
					>Rendal et al., 2004</xref>) e IVM al 1% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Chávez
					et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>Para la dilución de los nematodos se utilizó una pipeta graduada en 100 µL, con la cual se extrajo la muestra recogida del embudo, depositados en cada pozo de la microplaca celular de 1200 µL de volumen, una muestra de 100 µL de nematodos; repitiendo el mismo procedimiento para cada unidad experimental. Para las unidades experimentales de los extractos de los tratamientos orgánicos a evaluar, se utilizó una solución madre del extracto al 5% (equivalente a 2 mL de extracto + 38 mL de agua destilada = 40 mL de solución); calculando así los equivalentes a cada porcentaje como se mencionaron anteriormente para cada unidad experimental según su porcentaje de inclusión.</p>
			<p>Para la dilución de cada dosis de tratamiento se depositó la cantidad necesaria de agua destilada hasta completar los 1200 µL de volumen, en cada unidad experimental. Al tratamiento Testigo se le adicionó con 100 µL de nematodos y un total de 1100 µL de agua destilada.</p>
			<p>Durante el experimento se realizó una sola aplicación de los antiparasitarios, y con ayuda de un contador manual se realizó el conteo de los nematodos vivos y muertos de cada unidad experimental, a través de un microscopio con el objetivo 10x y 40x.</p>
			<p><bold>Análisis estadístico:</bold> para la evaluación de cada antiparasitario se determinó su
				efectividad, comparándola con el grupo control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"
					>Barrere et al., 2013</xref>). Los porcentajes de mortalidad se ajustaron con la
				fórmula de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abbott (Abbott,1987)</xref>, y se realizó
				un análisis de varianza de los diferentes tratamientos y se hizo una comparación de
				medias mediante una prueba de Tukey al 95% de confianza, con el paquete estadístico
				Statgraphics 9.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cosialls et al., 2000</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>El porcentaje de efectividad biológica de los diferentes antiparasitarios evaluados, fue el
				siguiente: primera evaluación (0 h), fue de 0% en cada tratamiento; esto por ser el
				primer conteo después de la aplicación. Para la segunda evaluación (24 h después de
				la aplicación de los tratamientos), no se mostraron diferencias significativas en la
				mortalidad de nematodos entre los tratamientos evaluados. En la tercera evaluación
				(48 h después de la aplicación de los tratamientos), se observó que el porcentaje de
				efectividad biológica de los diferentes tratamientos aumentó; sin embargo la IVM
				(1%) y el extracto de jengibre (Zingiber officinale) (3%) fueron los que presentaron
				mayor efectividad para el control de <italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic>
					(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Porcentaje de Efectividad Biológica de los desparasitantes y extractos vegetales evaluados</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">Desparasitante</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">% Inclusión</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">Evaluación 1 (0 horas)</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">Evaluación 2 (24 horas)</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">Evaluación 3 (48 horas)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">%</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T1: Testigo H2O</td>
								<td align="center">- - -</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T2: Ivermectina</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">32.56</td>
								<td align="center">62.72</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T3: DMSO</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">10.02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T4: Jengibre</td>
								<td align="center">0.1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1.19</td>
								<td align="center">2.08</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T5: Jengibre</td>
								<td align="center">0.3</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2.37</td>
								<td align="center">5.19</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T6: Jengibre</td>
								<td align="center">0.5</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">6.15</td>
								<td align="center">11.46</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T7: Jengibre</td>
								<td align="center">0.7</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">12.74</td>
								<td align="center">24.27</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T8: Jengibre</td>
								<td align="center">0.9</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">19.54</td>
								<td align="center">36.09</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T9: Jengibre</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">22.69</td>
								<td align="center">45.36</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T10: Jengibre</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">32.54</td>
								<td align="center">62.93</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T11: Hierbabuena</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1.67</td>
								<td align="center">3.04</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T12: Hierbabuena</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2.54</td>
								<td align="center">5.98</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T13: Hierbabuena</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">4.66</td>
								<td align="center">9.53</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T14: Tomillo</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">1.49</td>
								<td align="center">2.49</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T15: Tomillo</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2.71</td>
								<td align="center">5.80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T16: Tomillo</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">3.85</td>
								<td align="center">8.03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T17: Orégano</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">3.29</td>
								<td align="center">6.48</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T18: Orégano</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">5.48</td>
								<td align="center">11.18</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">T19: Orégano</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">8.80</td>
								<td align="center">17.02</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref> se observa que la efectividad biológica
				del extracto de jengibre (Zingiber officinale) (3%) es similar al de la IVM (1%), en
				un 62%; teniendo este extracto un crecimiento exponencial del 26.76% en promedio al
				ir aumentando su porcentaje de concentración; mientras que los extractos de orégano
					(<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>), tomillo (<italic>Thymus</italic>) y
				hierbabuena (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>), mantienen un porcentaje de
				efectividad biológica menor al 20%; siendo estos poco eficaces en la mortalidad del
				nematodo evaluado. Según lo reportado por un estudio de <xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B38">Taylor et al. (2009a)</xref>, se ha comprobado una resistencia
				múltiple de los nematodos gastrointestinales a las familias principales de
				antiparasitarios (benimidazoles, imidazoles y lactosas microcíclicas). <xref
					ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Geurden et al. (2015)</xref>, reportaron que la IVM ha
				sido uno de los desparasitantes más utilizados en los últimos 40 años, debido a la
				resistencia que los parásitos desarrollan en diferentes sitios de Alemania, Francia,
				Inglaterra e Italia. Se estudiaron 40 Unidades de Producción Animal (753 animales),
				llevando un registro de los huevos observados en el excremento y observando una
				disminución de la efectividad de la IVM y la moxidectina en las 8 Unidades de
				Producción Animal.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Porcentaje de Efectividad Biológica de cada desparasitante utilizado sobre las larvas de Oesophagostomum dentatum durante la evaluación 1 (a las 24 h después de aplicado el tratamiento) y en la evaluación 2 (a las 48 h después de aplicado el tratamiento)</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e103-gf1.gif"/>
					<attrib>dda: después de la aplicación</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En México, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Alonso et al., (2015)</xref> evaluaron en 21 Unidades de Producción Animal en el estado de Veracruz, durante el periodo de enero 2012- abril 2013; entre las cuales únicamente en 2 Unidades de Producción Animal tienen parásitos susceptibles a la IVM, siendo las otras 15 las que presentan resistencia; además lograron identificar mediante cuestionarios que este problema se origina principalmente porque se realiza una práctica de desparasitación inadecuada; siendo uno de los principales problemas en el estado de Guanajuato, ya que los productores indican desparasitar sin un control adecuado, lo que generó que únicamente 2 Unidades de Producción Animal presenten parasitosis susceptibles a la IVM. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Paraud et al., (2016)</xref> ha comprobado en Francia, que esto último no sólo puede modificar la efectividad de IVM, sino que además es posible la existencia de una resistencia cruzada, reportando una resistencia a las lactonas macrocíclicas en ovinos, ya que demostraron la primera resistencia múltiple de nematodos gastrointestinales contra la misma familia de antiparasitario; pudiendo ser un problema en el presente estudio, debido a que el 60% de las Unidades de Producción Animal evaluadas presentaron resistencia a la IVM, y la resistencia cruzada en Francia se observó en granjas sospechosas de resistencia.</p>
			<p>Paradójicamente investigaciones realizadas en México por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Rizo
					(2017)</xref>, muestran la gran diversidad de plantas que presentan metabolitos
				capaces de inhibir el crecimiento y desarrollo de patógenos (<italic>Phytophthora
					ssp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Moniliophthora roreri</italic>); una de
				estas plantas evaluadas ha sido el extracto de jengibre (<italic>Zingiber
					officinale</italic>). Estudios reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"
					>Lin et al. (2010)</xref>, han comprobado el efecto del jengibre
					(<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>) como desparasitante con respecto a la
				mortalidad y reducción de movilidad en las larvas de <italic>Anisakis
					simplex</italic>, una especie de nematodo gastrointestinal presente en mamíferos
				marinos, peces, crustáceos y humanos.</p>
			<p>La efectividad del extracto de jengibre (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>) al 3% para
				eliminar e inmovilizar las larvas de <italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic>, es
				similar en una eficacia al 62% al de la IVM1% a las 48 h, comprobando en este
				estudio que la efectividad biológica del extracto de jengibre (<italic>Zingiber
					officinale</italic>) tiene un crecimiento con respecto a la curva de dosis
				respuesta de este extracto. En Japón se han realizado investigaciones sobre la
				actividad antihelmíntica de los compuestos aislados de la raíz del jengibre
					(<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>), syhogaol, shogaol, y gingerol. Han
				comprobado que los compuestos anteriores matan y reducen la movilidad en larvas de
				Anisakis simplex, una especie de nematodo gastrointestinal presente en mamíferos
				marinos, peces, crustáceos y humanos entre las 24 y 72 h (<xref ref-type="bibr"
					rid="B25">Lin et al., 2010</xref>). A su vez, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"
					>Acuña y Torres, (2010)</xref> en un estudio realizado de las propiedades
				medicinales del jengibre (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>), han reportado al
				Gingerol como el componente activo más estudiado por sus diversos efectos
				farmacológicos, entre los más destacados antinflamatorios y antihelmíntico.</p>
			<p>De acuerdo con estos resultados, comprobando la efectividad de jengibre (<italic>Zingiber
					officinale</italic>), para eliminar e inmovilizar las larvas de
					<italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic>, se ha hecho una parametrización
				adecuada al modelo matemático de Gompertz para estimar la dosis letal<sub>50</sub>
					(DL<sub>50</sub>) del extracto de jengibre; como se muestra en el <xref
					ref-type="table" rid="t2">cuadro 2</xref>, tomando los siguientes valores para
				la parametrización, de acuerdo con la aplicación Solver del programa <italic>Excel
					de Microsoft Office 2017</italic>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">(Correa, 2004)</xref>.</p>
			<p>y= a* exp(-b* exp (-c*t))</p>
			<p>a= 62.40846543</p>
			<p>b= 6.979583949</p>
			<p>c= 2.910435786</p>
			<p>y= 62.40846543 * exp (-6.979583949* exp(-2.910435786 *t))</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Parametrización del modelo de Gompertz para determinar DL50 de jengibre</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="background-color: #616161"> </th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">% Inclusión</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">% EB</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">Gompertz</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">SC</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="8"><italic>JENGIBRE (Zingiber officinale)</italic></td>
								<td align="center">0.1</td>
								<td align="center">2.07868</td>
								<td align="center">0.338436046</td>
								<td align="center">3.028449019</td>
							</tr>
						
						
							<tr>
								
								<td align="center"> 0.3</td>
								<td align="center">5.19798</td>
								<td align="center">3.382901301</td>
								<td align="center">3.294510684</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="center"> 0.5</td>
								<td align="center">11.4595</td>
								<td align="center">12.24378442</td>
								<td align="center">0.615102049</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="center">0.7</td>
								<td align="center">24.2727</td>
								<td align="center">25.12103484</td>
								<td align="center">0.719671995</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="center">0.9</td>
								<td align="center">36.0928</td>
								<td align="center">37.53441718</td>
								<td align="center">2.078260097</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">45.3562</td>
								<td align="center">42.67651026</td>
								<td align="center">7.180737091</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">60</td>
								<td align="center">61.13021894</td>
								<td align="center">1.277394859</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">62.9262</td>
								<td align="center">62.33817928</td>
								<td align="center">0.345768365</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>EB: % Efectividad Biológica. SC: Suma de Cuadrados</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los resultados ajustados al modelo paramétrico de Gompertz, han determinado que la
					DL<sub>50</sub> del jengibre (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>) se obtiene
				con una inclusión del 1.1858% de este extracto; pudiendo así con este combatir un
				50% de las larvas de Oesophagostomum dentatum presentes en la raza de CPM evaluados.
				Diversos estudios realizados para estimar la DL<sub>50</sub> han comprobado que el modelo
				matemático de Gompertz es uno de los más precisos, sin presentar gran margen de
				error, a comparación de otros modelos como lo son el polinómico, logístico y de
				regresión lineal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Molina y Melo, 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Con respecto a los demás extractos vegetales evaluados, los resultados arrojados por el software Statgraphics 9.0 no han sido relevantes, ya que su porcentaje de efectividad no supera el 18%.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
			<p>La efectividad biológica del extracto de jengibre (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>) (3%),
				es similar al de la ivermectina (1%). en un 62% de las muestras evaluadas; por lo
				que se demuestra la efectividad del extracto para eliminar e inmovilizar las larvas
				de Oesophagostomum dentatum, con una dosis letal50 es del 1.1858% estimada por el
				modelo matemático de Gompertz. Los extractos vegetales evaluados de orégano
					(<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>), tomillo (<italic>Thymus</italic>) y
				hierbabuena (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>), si bien, tuvieron reportes de ser
				evaluados anteriormente como antiparasitarios de nematodos gastrointestinales y
				reportes de antibacterianos, no presentan un porcentaje de efectividad biológica
				relevante (menor al 18%), contra las larvas de <italic>Oesophagostomum</italic>
				dentatum.</p>
			<p>Es necesario continuar con las evaluaciones para poder comprobar <italic>in vivo</italic> los
				efectos del jengibre (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>), como antiparasitario en
				las producciones de cerdos de traspatio contra las larvas de <italic>Oesophagostomum
					dentatum</italic>, y así poder comparar su dosis y rentabilidad por kilogramo
				del animal, con respecto a la ivermectina.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
			<p>Se agradece al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), por el financiamiento otorgado para los estudios de maestría del segundo autor.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Plant extracts evaluation for the control of <italic>Oesophagostomum
						dentatum</italic> in hairless Mexican pigs</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Code:2020-38</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>In Mexico, the Oesophagostomum dentatum is considered one of the main gastrointestinal endoparasites affecting the most important breed in rural pig farming, the hairless pig [Cerdo Pelon Mexicano (CPM)]. In this research, it was evaluated the in vitro biological efficacy of vegetable extracts of ginger, mint, thyme and oregano, with the aim of finding new natural alternatives for the control of Oesophagostomum dentatum; being compared its efficiency with ivermectin (IVM) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). During the investigation, 380 samples of excrements (extracted directly from the anus) of CPM were collected, with an average weight (±SD) 40±5 kg per animal. These samples were analyzed by means of McMaster technique, achieving to identify Oesophagostomum dentatum eggs. The evaluation of the treatments' effectiveness was carried out in cell culture microplates incubated for 48 h at 25±1 ºC using different doses of the vegetable extracts and comparing their control effectiveness with IVM and DMSO. Obtaining that the biological effectiveness of the ginger extract (3%) is similar to that of the IVM (1%), achieving the elimination and immobilization of the Oesophagostomum dentatum larva in 62%. While the extracts of oregano, thyme and mint presented a percentage of biological effectiveness of less than 20%.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>parasites</kwd>
				<kwd>gastrointestinal</kwd>
				<kwd>nematodes</kwd>
				<kwd>Sus scrofas domesticus</kwd>
				<kwd>ginger</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>During the last years, in Mexico, pork production has generated more than 350,000 direct jobs and 1.7 million indirect jobs, causing an exponential growth of 10.79%, as a consequence of production increases and an improvement in prices in the market for consumption of this meat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rebollar et al., 2016</xref>). One of the most important activities in the country is rural pig farming, being the Mexican Hairless pig (CPM) one of its main protagonists, since it has been characterized mainly by its rusticity and varied diet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Lemus and Ly, 2010</xref>). This type of production is affected by the presence of parasites that limit the productive potential of pigs, causing loss of appetite and immune response; consequently, a decrease in live weights and alterations in food conversion rates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Louie et al., 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>It is important to highlight that the prevalence of parasitosis depends exclusively on the
					management system, the sanitation and hygiene conditions and on different types
					of variables, such as climate, temperature and humidity, which influence the
					life cycles of parasites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Frontera et al.,
						2009</xref>); where one of the parasites with the highest prevalence in pig
					production is <italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B11">Cordero et al., 2000</xref>). Currently the control methods that
					have been chosen for this type of parasitosis have been less and less effective,
					because these nematodes have had a rapid evolution and development of resistance
					against the chemicals used for their control, which represents a risk for human
					health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Taylor et al., 2009</xref><sup>a</sup>).
					Currently, three large families of antiparasitics are frequently used by pig
					farmers, macrocyclic lactones (IVM, moxidectin, doramectin), imidazoles,
					tetrahydropyrimidine (levamisole, moratel) and benzimidazoles (fenbendazole,
					oxfendazole and albendazole), depending on the areas in which production is
					developed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Encalada et al., 2014</xref>). The
					abuse of these chemicals has caused a problem of resistance to antiparasitics
						(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kaplan and Vidyashankar, 2012</xref>).
					Furthermore, their misuse can cause them to enter the environment as an equal
					compound (unchanged) or as a metabolite; to later be transported and distributed
					in water, sediments, soil and flora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Horvat et
						al., 2012</xref>), causing considerable alterations in the ecosystem.</p>
				<p>For this reason there is a growing interest in exploring natural alternatives, with properties capable of acting as bacteriostats, bactericides and antiparasitics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aguilera, 2012</xref>). Plants, as part of their metabolism, synthesize different components called secondary metabolites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Dávila et al., 2017</xref>). Various investigations carried out have shown a great diversity of plants that possess these metabolites capable of inhibiting the growth and development of pathogens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Rizo et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological efficacy of different plant
					extracts, such as: ginger (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>), oregano
						(<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>), thyme (<italic>Thymus</italic>) and
					peppermint (Mentha spicata); previously reported for their active compounds
					capable of acting as bactericides; comparing them with commercial products that
					are currently used for the control of <italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic>
					present in CPM.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<p><bold>Study area: </bold>The study was carried out at the Center for the Conservation of the
					Mexican Hairless Pig and at the Laboratory of Parasitology and Biological
					Control, of the Division of Life Sciences of the University of Guanajuato. The
					samples were collected from CPM, with average weights 40 ± 5 kg, originating
					from rural areas of the municipality of Huehuetla, Hidalgo and Zacapoaxtla,
					Puebla, Mexico. A total of 380 samples taken from the rectum were collected and
					placed in properly identified polyethylene bags (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"
						>Aguilar et al, 2016</xref>). These were transferred to the laboratory,
					where they were stored at a temperature of 4 ± 1ºC until their processing, which
					was not greater than 48 h.</p>
				<p><bold>Vegetative material:</bold> Fresh leaves of mint (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>),
					thyme (<italic>Thymus</italic>) and oregano (<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>)
					(approximately 1kg per sample) were collected in the Zacapoaxtla municipality,
					Puebla, located at an altitude of 1825 m. a.s. l., as well as ginger bulbs
						(<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>) (approximately 2 kg) in Huehuetla
					municipality, Hidalgo, located at an altitude of 520 m. a. s. l. The material
					was stored and transferred under refrigeration at 4 °C in a portable
					mini-refrigerator (Chefman/RJ48-BLACK; Cooling &amp; Heating Company, United
					States), to avoid changes in its composition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"
						>Salem et al., 2006</xref>). Later they were subjected to a drying process
					under the shade for a week, and finally both the leaves and bulbs were crushed
					in a semi-industrial mill to a size of approximately 1 mm.</p>
				<p><bold>Obtaining the hydroalcoholic extract (HA):</bold> 100 g were used for each sample and
					they were subjected to a maceration process with a mixture of water and methanol
					(70:30 v/v) for 24 h, then the solution was filtered through different filters,
					using (gauze and filter paper) to obtain an extract free of impurities. Once the
					extract was obtained, it was frozen at -42 °C and finally the lyophilization
					process was carried out (lyophilizer 7670520; LABCONCO, Kansas City, United
					States). The lyophilized extract was frozen for later use (<xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B37">Salem et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p><bold>Biological material: </bold>the parasitological diagnosis was made using the anaerobic
					egg storage technique, described by (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Coles et
						al., 2006</xref>) modified; which consists of processing the samples using
					the sedimentation technique found in the fecal content and allowing the parasite
					eggs to concentrate at the bottom of the falcon tube. Thus, 30 mL of water and 4
					g of feces were placed in each falcon tube, the sample was homogenized, pouring
					it into a sieve and centrifuged for 5 min at 300 rpm. Subsequently, the
					flotation technique was performed with 30 mL of glucose solution with a density
					of 1: 200 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Cringoli et al., 2004</xref>);
					achieving in this way that the parasite eggs at the bottom of the falcon tube
					float due to the density of the solution; the mixture was again centrifuged for
					5 min at 300 rpm. Finally, the sedimentation technique was performed again with
					30 mL of distilled water to concentrate the eggs at the bottom of the tube,
					centrifuging at 300 rpm and establishing the concentration of eggs per mL of
					sterilized distilled water.</p>
				<p><bold>McMaster´s technique:</bold> The McMaster coproparasitoscopic technique was performed,
					using a saturated Sheather solution with a specific gravity of 1,200 to estimate
					the amount of eggs per g of excrement, the appropriate gravity being to carry
					out the technique (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Cringoli et al.,
					2004</xref>). 2 g of excrement and 28 mL of saturated solution were used; the
					sample was homogenized and placed in the McMaster chamber (MM-OP; PROLAB,
					Jalisco, Mexico), using a pipette with gauze as a filter, avoiding obstruction
					when reviewing the sample. The necessary volume was placed to perform the
					reading on one side of the chamber, letting it rest for 2 min before being
					observed under the microscope and carrying out the egg count (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rodríguez et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>To estimate the number of eggs per g of excrement, the total volume obtained from mixing the excrement and the 30 mL solution was adjusted; considering that each compartment of the chamber measures 1 cm<sup>2</sup> with a height of 0.15 cm, therefore the reading of both compartments is 0.30 mL of the total initial volume of 30 mL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rodríguez et al., 2016</xref>). The concentration of eggs per g of feces of the parasite found was obtained by means of the McMaster formula (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bowman, 2013</xref>).</p>
				<disp-formula id="e2"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" ><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>°</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>o</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:math></disp-formula>
				<p>The parasite eggs were identified with the morphological keys (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Coffin, 1952</xref>), and the larval diagnosis was made with the morphological keys of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Van Wyk et al., (2004)</xref>, being able to observe the cranial limb of the larvae, the terminal appendages and the morphology of the tail.</p>
				<p><bold>Experimental design:</bold> the experiment was established under a completely
					randomized design of 19 treatments of 20 repetitions each, having a total of 380
					experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of 1200 µL (1100 µL of
					ginger extract plus 100 µL of solution with 70 nematode larvae). Each
					experimental unit consisted of a total of 100 µL of live nematodes (with an
					average of 70 larvae).</p>
				<p><bold>Inhibition test of larval migration:</bold> a larval culture was carried out to bring
					the nematodes to the third stage of the larva. For this, the necessary
					conditions were provided for the hatching of the egg, making modifications to
					the technique of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">McArthur et al., (2015)</xref>.
					Excrement was placed in perforated plastic containers, in order to provide an
					aerobic environment, sterile sawdust was added and the excrement was homogenized
					by adding sterile distilled water. The mixture was covered at 23-25 ºC for 10 d,
					with a daily visual evaluation in case of requiring the addition of moisture and
					oxygenating the samples, stirring the culture with the help of a spatula. Once
					the incubation time had concluded, the culture was placed in a Baermann funnel;
					in this way the larvae of Oesphagostomum dentatum were separated from the fecal
					content. After one day in the funnel, the liquid was obtained and the larvae
					were concentrated by centrifugation, to later carry out their counting and
					dilutions, being identified with the morphological keys described by <xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Quiroz (2011)</xref>.</p>
				<p><bold>Dose and number of applications:</bold> Evaluations were made with doses of ginger
					extract (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>) at 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 0.9%,
					1%, 3% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gawel et al., 2003</xref>); oregano
						(<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>) at 1%, 3% and 5%, as mentioned by
					Borbolla and Velásquez, 2004 (citado en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Guerra
						et al., 2008</xref>); thyme (<italic>Thymus vulgaris</italic>) at 1%, 3% and
					5% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Ramos and Hernández, 2018</xref>);
					peppermint (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>) at 1%, 3% and 5% (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lagarto et al, 1997</xref>); comparing the effect
					of each one with the water control, DMSO 5% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"
						>Rendal et al., 2004</xref>) and IVM at 1% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"
						>Chávez et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>For the dilution of the nematodes, a pipette graduated in 100 µL was used, with which the sample collected from the funnel was extracted, deposited in each well of the cell microplate of 1200 µL volume, a sample of 100 µL of nematodes; repeating the same procedure for each experimental unit. For the experimental units of the extracts of the organic treatments to be evaluated, a 5% extract stock solution was used (equivalent to 2 mL of extract + 38 mL of distilled water = 40 mL of solution); thus calculating the equivalents to each percentage as mentioned above for each experimental unit according to its inclusion percentage.</p>
				<p>For the dilution of each treatment dose, the necessary amount of distilled water was deposited to complete the 1200 µL volume, in each experimental unit. The Control treatment was added with 100 µL of nematodes and a total of 1100 µL of distilled water. During the experiment, a single application of the antiparasitics was carried out, and with the help of a manual counter, the live and dead nematodes of each experimental unit were counted through a microscope with a 10x and 40x objective.</p>
				<p><bold>Statistical analysis:</bold> For the evaluation of each antiparasitic, its
					effectiveness was determined, comparing it with the control group (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Barrere et al., 2013</xref>). Mortality percentages
					were adjusted with the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abbott formula
						(Abbott,1987)</xref>, and an analysis of variance of the different
					treatments was performed and a comparison of means was made using a Tukey test
					at 95% confidence, with the statistical package Statgraphics 9.0 (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cosialls et al., 2000</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The percentage of biological effectiveness of the different antiparasitics evaluated was as
					follows: first evaluation (0 h), it was 0% in each treatment; this for being the
					first count after the application. For the second evaluation (24 h after the
					application of the treatments), no significant differences were shown in the
					mortality of nematodes between the evaluated treatments. In the third evaluation
					(48 h after the application of the treatments), it was observed that the
					percentage of biological effectiveness of the different treatments increased.
					However, IVM (1%) and ginger extract (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>) (3%)
					were the ones that showed the greatest effectiveness for the control of
						<italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3"
						>Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Percentage of biological effectiveness of the dewormers and plant extracts evaluated</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">Dewormers</th>
									<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">% Inclusion</th>
									<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">Evaluation 1 (0 hours)</th>
									<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">Evaluation 2 (24 hours)</th>
									<th align="center" style="background-color: #616161">Evaluation 3 (48 hours)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">%</th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="left"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>1</sub>: Control H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
									<td align="center">---</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>2</sub>: Ivermectin</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">32.56</td>
									<td align="center">62.72</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>3</sub>: DMSO</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">10.02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>4</sub>: Ginger</td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1.19</td>
									<td align="center">2.08</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>5</sub>: Ginger</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2.37</td>
									<td align="center">5.19</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>6</sub>: Ginger</td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">6.15</td>
									<td align="center">11.46</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>7</sub>: Ginger</td>
									<td align="center">0.7</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">12.74</td>
									<td align="center">24.27</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>8</sub>: Ginger</td>
									<td align="center">0.9</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">19.54</td>
									<td align="center">36.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>9</sub>: Ginger</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">22.69</td>
									<td align="center">45.36</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>10</sub>: Ginger</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">32.54</td>
									<td align="center">62.93</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>11</sub>: Peppermint</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1.67</td>
									<td align="center">3.04</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>12</sub>: Peppermint</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2.54</td>
									<td align="center">5.98</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>13</sub>: Peppermint</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">4.66</td>
									<td align="center">9.53</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>14</sub>: Thyme</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">1.49</td>
									<td align="center">2.49</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>15</sub>: Thyme</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2.71</td>
									<td align="center">5.80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>16</sub>: Thyme</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">3.85</td>
									<td align="center">8.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>17</sub>: Oregano</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">3.29</td>
									<td align="center">6.48</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>18</sub>: Oregano</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">5.48</td>
									<td align="center">11.18</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">T<sub>19</sub>: Oregano</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">8.80</td>
									<td align="center">17.02</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> shows that the biological
					effectiveness of ginger extract (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>) (3%) is
					similar to that of IVM (1%), in 62%; This extract has an exponential growth of
					26.76% on average as its concentration percentage increases; while the extracts
					of oregano (<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>), thyme (<italic>Thymus</italic>)
					and mint (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>), maintain a percentage of biological
					effectiveness of less than 20%; being these little effective in the mortality of
					the evaluated nematode. As reported by a study by <xref ref-type="bibr"
						rid="B38">Taylor et al. (2009 <sup>a</sup>)</xref> a multiple resistance of
					gastrointestinal nematodes to the main families of antiparasitics
					(benimidazoles, imidazoles and microcyclic lactose) has been verified. Geurden
					et al. (2015), reported that IVM has been one of the most used dewormers in the
					last 40 years, due to the resistance that parasites develop in different sites
					in Germany, France, England and Italy. 40 Animal Production Units (753 animals)
					were studied, keeping a record of the eggs observed in the excrement and
					observing a decrease in the effectiveness of IVM and moxidectin in the 8 Animal
					Production Units.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Percentage of biological effectiveness of each dewormer used on the larvae of Oesophagostomum dentatum during the evaluation 1 (to 24 h after applying the treatment) and in the evaluation 2 (to 48 h after applying the treatment)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2448-6132-av-11-e103-gf2.gif"/>
						<attrib>daa: days after application</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In Mexico, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Alonso et al., (2015)</xref> evaluated in 21 Animal Production Units in Veracruz state, during the period of January 2012-April 2013; among which only 2 Animal Production Units have parasites susceptible to IVM, being the other 15 those that present resistance; Furthermore, they were able to identify through questionnaires that this problem originates mainly because an inadequate deworming practice is carried out; being one of the main problems in the state of Guanajuato, since the producers indicate deworming without adequate control, which generated that only 2 Animal Production Units present parasitosis susceptible to IVM. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Paraud et al., (2016)</xref> have verified in France, that the latter can not only modify the effectiveness of IVM, but also the existence of a cross resistance is possible, reporting a resistance to macrocyclic lactones in sheep, as they demonstrated the first multiple resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes against the same family of antiparasitic; This could be a problem in the present study, because 60% of the Animal Production Units evaluated presented resistance to IVM, and cross resistance in France was observed in farms suspected of resistance.</p>
				<p>Paradoxically, research carried out in Mexico by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Rizo
						(2017)</xref>, shows the great diversity of plants that present metabolites
					capable of inhibiting the growth and development of pathogens
						(<italic>Phytophthora</italic> ssp., <italic>Colletotrichum
						gloeosporioides</italic>, <italic>Moniliophthora roreri</italic>); One of
					these plants evaluated has been the extract of ginger (<italic>Zingiber
						officinale</italic>). Studies reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"
						>Lin et al. (2010)</xref>, have verified the effect of ginger
						(<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>) as a dewormer with respect to
					mortality and reduced mobility in the larvae of Anisakis simplex, a species of
					gastrointestinal nematode present in marine mammals, fish, crustaceans and
					humans.</p>
				<p>The effectiveness of the extract of ginger (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>) at 3% to
					eliminate and immobilize the larvae of Oesophagostomum dentatum, is similar in
					an efficiency to 62% to that of IVM1% at 48 h, proving in this study that the
					biological effectiveness of the Ginger extract (<italic>Zingiber
						officinale</italic>) has a growth with respect to the dose response curve of
					this extract. Research has been conducted in Japan on the anthelmintic activity
					of compounds isolated from ginger root (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>),
					syhogaol, shogaol, and gingerol. They have shown that the above compounds kill
					and reduce mobility in <italic>Anisakis simplex</italic> larvae, a species of
					gastrointestinal nematode present in marine mammals, fish, crustaceans and
					humans between 24 and 72 h (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lin et al.,
						2010</xref>). In turn, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Acuña and Torres,
						(2010)</xref> in a study conducted on the medicinal properties of ginger
						(<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>), have reported Gingerol as the most
					studied active component for its various pharmacological effects, among the most
					prominent anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic.</p>
				<p>According to these results, verifying the effectiveness of ginger (<italic>Zingiber
						officinale</italic>), to eliminate and immobilize the larvae of
						<italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic>, an adequate parameterization has
					been made to the Gompertz mathematical model to estimate the lethal dose<sub>50</sub>
					(LD<sub>50</sub>) of the ginger extract; as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table
						2</xref>, taking the following values for the parameterization, according to
					the Solver application of the Microsoft Office 2017 Excel program (<xref
						ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Correa, 2004</xref>).</p>
				<p>y= a* exp(-b* exp (-c*t))</p>
				<p>a= 62.40846543</p>
				<p>b= 6.979583949</p>
				<p>c= 2.910435786</p>
				<p>y= 62.40846543 * exp (-6.979583949* exp(-2.910435786 *t))</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Parametrization of the Gompertz model to determine DL<sub>50</sub> of ginger</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" > 
 </th>
									<th align="center">% Inclusion</th>
									<th align="center">% BE</th>
									<th align="center">Gompertz</th>
									<th align="center">SS</th>
								</tr></thead>
							<tbody>	<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="8"><italic>GINGER (Zingiber officinale)</italic></td>
									
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">2.07868</td>
									<td align="center">0.338436046</td>
									<td align="center">3.028449019</td>
								</tr>
							
							
								<tr>
									
									
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">5.19798</td>
									<td align="center">3.382901301</td>
									<td align="center">3.294510684</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
									<td align="center">11.4595</td>
									<td align="center">12.24378442</td>
									<td align="center">0.615102049</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									
									<td align="center">0.7</td>
									<td align="center">24.2727</td>
									<td align="center">25.12103484</td>
									<td align="center">0.719671995</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									
									<td align="center">0.9</td>
									<td align="center">36.0928</td>
									<td align="center">37.53441718</td>
									<td align="center">2.078260097</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">45.3562</td>
									<td align="center">42.67651026</td>
									<td align="center">7.180737091</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">60</td>
									<td align="center">61.13021894</td>
									<td align="center">1.277394859</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									
									
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">62.9262</td>
									<td align="center">62.33817928</td>
									<td align="center">0.345768365</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>BE: % Biological effectiveness. SS: Sum of squares</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The results adjusted to the Gompertz parametric model have determined that the
						LD<sub>50</sub> of ginger (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>) is obtained
					with an inclusion of 1.1858% of this extract; thus being able to combat 50% of
					the larvae of <italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic> present in the race of
					CPM evaluated. Various studies carried out to estimate the LD50 have verified
					that the Gompertz mathematical model is one of the most accurate, without
					presenting a large margin of error, compared to other models such as polynomial,
					logistic and linear regression (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Molina and Melo,
						2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>With respect to the other vegetable extracts evaluated, the results obtained by the Statgraphics 9.0 software have not been relevant, since its percentage of effectiveness does not exceed 18%.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
				<p>The biological effectiveness of ginger extract (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>) (3%) is
					similar to that of ivermectin (1%) in 62% of the samples evaluated. Therefore,
					the effectiveness of the extract to eliminate and immobilize the larvae of
						<italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic> is demonstrated, with a lethal
					dose50 is 1.1858% estimated by the mathematical model of Gompertz. Although the
					vegetable extracts of oregano (<italic>Origanum vulgare</italic>), thyme
						(<italic>Thymus</italic>) and peppermint (<italic>Mentha spicata</italic>)
					were evaluated, although they had reports of being previously evaluated as
					antiparasitic of gastrointestinal nematodes and reports of antibacterials, they
					do not present a relevant percentage of biological effectiveness ( less than
					18%), against <italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic> larvae.</p>
				<p>It is necessary to continue with the evaluations to be able to verify <italic>in
						vivo</italic> the effects of ginger (<italic>Zingiber officinale</italic>),
					as an antiparasitic in the productions of backyard pigs against the larvae of
						<italic>Oesophagostomum dentatum</italic>, and thus be able to compare its
					dose and profitability per kilogram of the animal, with regarding
					ivermectin.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</title>
				<p>We are grateful to the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT), for the funding granted for the master's studies of the second author.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>