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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">av</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Abanico veterinario</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Abanico vet</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2007-428X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2448-6132</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sergio Martínez González</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2021.4</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00102</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos originales</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Crecimiento de corderos de pelo en el altiplano semiárido de Zacatecas durante el invierno</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8163-5264</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>López-Carlos</surname>
						<given-names>Marco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-8469</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernández-Mier</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9538-725X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aréchiga-Flores</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2080-508X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Briano</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9330-565X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Medina-Flores</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6400-0390</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ramírez-Chéquer</surname>
						<given-names>Juan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México. </institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas </institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<state>Zacatecas</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">*Autor responsable y de correspondencia: Aréchiga-Flores Carlos. Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas; Jardín Juárez No. 147, Col. Centro, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México, CP 98000. <email>lopcarmarco@hotmail.com</email>, <email>i92017@outlook.com</email><bold>,</bold><email>arechiga.uaz@gmail.com</email>, <email>phbriano@gmail.com</email>, <email>carlosmedina1@hotmail.com</email>, <email>cheque-r@hotmail.com</email>.</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
					<p>Clave:2020-18.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>04</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>11</volume>
			
			<elocation-id>e102</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<p>El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto del sexo, tipo de parto, raza, condición de crecimiento retardado y mes de nacimiento sobre peso al nacimiento (PN), crecimiento pre- y post-destete de crías ovinas de pelo nacidas en invierno (n=416). Los corderos mostraron mejor (P&lt;0.05) desempeño que las corderas. Las crías de parto sencillo pesaron más (P&lt;0.05) que las de parto múltiple al nacimiento y al destete, aunque las crías de parto múltiple obtuvieron mayor (P&lt;0.05) ganancia diaria de peso (GDP) post- destete. Las crías de madre Blackbelly mostraron menor (P&lt;0.05) peso y crecimiento. La progenie de sementales raza Dorper obtuvo un mayor (P&lt;0.05) peso de venta (PV) y GDP post-destete que la progenie de sementales Katahdin. En las crías valoradas clínicamente con crecimiento retardado se observó un menor (P&lt;0.05) PN y crecimiento en general. Aunque las crías nacidas en diciembre tuvieron mayor (P&lt;0.05) PN, las crías nacidas en febrero presentaron mayor (P &lt; 0.05) GDP pre-destete y PV. En conclusión, los factores evaluados afectan significativamente tanto el PN, y el crecimiento general de las crías nacidas en época invernal en el altiplano semiárido de México.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>corderos</kwd>
				<kwd>ovinos de pelo</kwd>
				<kwd>crecimiento</kwd>
				<kwd>retraso del crecimiento</kwd>
				<kwd>México</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="39"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
			<p>Los ovinos tienen la capacidad de convertir forrajes toscos en proteína animal y producen con mayor eficiencia que los rumiantes mayores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">San <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>). Tradicionalmente, la región semiárida de México ubicada en la mesa norte del altiplano es reconocida por la producción de ganado ovino, principalmente con la raza Rambouillet en sistemas extensivos, y recientemente con razas de pelo como la Blackbelly, Pelibuey, Katahdin, Dorper y sus cruzas, en sistemas de producción semi-intensivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Partida <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). El costo de producción en el sistema semi-intensivo es más elevado que en el sistema extensivo, debido a las inversiones necesarias en instalaciones, equipamiento, mano de obra y alimentación; así que estos sistemas, deben tener un alto nivel de productividad para que sean redituables económicamente. Por lo anterior, se debe enfatizar la adecuada selección de razas (paternas y maternas) y el manejo apropiado de los indicadores productivos desde el nacimiento hasta la venta de los corderos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Partida <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las razas de ovinos de pelo, presentan una gran variabilidad en cuanto a genotipos y características productivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Wildeus, 1997</xref>). En efecto, el genotipo y otras características afectan el desempeño reproductivo y productivo de la especie. En este sentido, las ventajas que presentan los ovinos de pelo son su baja estacionalidad reproductiva, mayor prolificidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Galina <italic>et al.</italic>, 1996</xref>), resistencia a parásitos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Vanimisetti <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>) y la reducción de costos derivados de la producción y trasquila de la lana (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Notter, 2000</xref>). No obstante, las razas de pelo son más pequeñas, de menor tasa de crecimiento, y masa muscular, comparado a las razas de ovinos de lana, y fueron desarrolladas para explotarse bajo condiciones de climas cálidos tropicales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Wildeus, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Notter, 2000</xref>), donde las temperaturas invernales son menos frías que las prevalecientes en la región del Altiplano mexicano, en cuyos inviernos se registran masa de aire polar y temperaturas nocturnas menores a los 0°C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Vidal, 2005</xref>).</p>
			<p>Sin embargo, no existen estudios en esta región que identifiquen los principales factores que influyen sobre el peso al nacer y el desarrollo de los corderos de razas de pelo en época invernal. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar algunos factores como el efecto del sexo, el tipo de parto, la raza de los progenitores, la condición de retraso del crecimiento y el mes de nacimiento sobre el peso al nacimiento (PN) y crecimiento pre-destete y post-destete en corderos de pelo nacidos en época invernal en un sistema semi-intensivo de la región norte del Altiplano Mexicano.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Lugar de estudio</title>
				<p>El presente estudio se realizó durante los meses de diciembre del año 2017 a febrero del año 2018 en el rancho San Isidro, ubicado en el municipio de Calera de Víctor Rosales, Zacatecas, México. La región pertenece al altiplano mexicano y se localiza geográficamente a 22°58'47&quot; de latitud norte y 102°40'49&quot; de longitud oeste. El clima es semiárido frío BSk, con temperatura media anual de 17°C, temperatura máxima media de 30°C en mayo, y temperatura mínima media de 3°C en enero, aunque se alcanzan temperaturas bajo 0°C durante el invierno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">García, 1988</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Animales y mediciones</title>
				<p>En el presente estudio se utilizaron 416 crías nacidas durante la época invernal (parto simple n = 242 crías, 58.2%; parto doble n = 135 crías, 32.4%; parto triple n = 39 crías, 9.4%). Se registró la fecha de nacimiento, el sexo (macho, hembra), la raza del padre (Dorper o Katahdin), la raza de la madre (Blackbelly, Dorper, Katahdin y Pelibuey) y el tipo de parto (sencillo, doble o triple). Además, se realizó una valoración clínica a partir de la cual se clasificó a las crías en sanos y con condición de retraso del crecimiento de acuerdo a la descripción realizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Shelton (1964)</xref>, la cual consistió en identificar a las crías con crecimiento retardado caracterizados por la presencia de pelaje hirsuto, bajo desarrollo corporal, menor vitalidad y fortaleza física; mientras que los corderos considerados como clínicamente sanos fueron aquellos que mostraron un pelaje suave, buen estado general, adecuado desarrollo corporal y vigor general. Las crías se pesaron al nacer, al destete (PD) y al momento de venta (PV) mediante báscula digital para su finalización en otras explotaciones. Los PD se ajustaron a los 75 d y el PV a los 145 d de edad. Los pesos ajustados fueron calculados como: PD a 75 d = [(peso al destete - peso al nacer) / edad al destete en días] × 75 + peso al nacer, y PV a 145 d = [(peso final - peso observado al destete) / días transcurridos del destete al pesaje final en días] × 70 + peso al destete ajustado a 75 d (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Thompson, 2006</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Alimentación y alojamiento</title>
				<p>Las hembras fueron alimentadas en pastoreo diurno (pradera compuesta de rye grass anual (<italic>Lolium multiflorum Lam.</italic>), rye grass perenne (<italic>Lolium perenne</italic>), pasto bromo (<italic>Bromus willdenowii cv. Matua</italic>), festuca (Festuca arundinacea), orchard potomac (<italic>Dactylis glomerata</italic>), con encierro nocturno y suplementación a base de rastrojo de maíz, ensilado de maíz, heno de alfalfa y avena, recibiendo 300 a 350 g/d de alimento comercial (13% PC y 3.4 Mcal EM/kg de MS) en el último tercio de gestación e inicio de la lactancia. Las hembras al parto fueron alojadas en corraletas techadas donde se mantuvieron junto a sus crías durante la primera semana de vida. Las crías se pesaron al nacer y se identificaron dentro de las primeras 24 h de vida. Posteriormente, las crías salieron a pastorear con sus madres durante cuatro a seis horas al día, con un suplemento de iniciación “creep feeding” (20% PC y 2.9 Mcal EM/kg de MS) por la tarde. El destete se realizó a los 75 d (dos meses y medio de edad), y a partir de esta etapa las crías fueron engordadas con 65% de alimento comercial (16% PC y 3.4 Mcal EM/kg de MS) y 35 % de una mezcla de heno de alfalfa y avena o rastrojo molido de maíz hasta que fueron enviados al mercado con un peso promedio de 34.9±0.4 kg. Los animales tuvieron libre acceso a agua fresca y a una mezcla de sales minerales en el corral.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico</title>
				<p>El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó con el procedimiento GLM del paquete estadístico SAS (SAS Institute, Cary N.C., U.S.A.) versión 9.1. El modelo estadístico inicial incluyó los efectos principales e interacciones, aunque debido a que las interacciones entre efectos simples no fueron significativas, en el modelo reducido solo se incluyeron los efectos fijos de sexo de la cría (macho, hembra), tipo de parto (sencillo, múltiple), raza materna (Blackbelly, Dorper, Katahdin, Pelibuey), raza paterna (Dorper, Katahdin), valoración clínica (con o sin retraso del crecimiento) y mes de nacimiento (diciembre, enero, febrero). Las diferencias entre medias se establecieron mediante prueba de Tukey (P &lt; 0.05).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>El sexo de las crías afectó (P &lt; 0.05) todas las características evaluadas. Los machos fueron más pesados (P &lt; 0.05) que las hembras al nacimiento (4.0 <italic>vs.</italic> 3.6 kg), al destete (19.0 <italic>vs.</italic> 16.0 kg) y a los 145 d de edad (36.0 <italic>vs.</italic> 29.0 kg). Además, mostraron una mayor (P &lt; 0.05) GDP pre-destete (194 <italic>vs.</italic> 169 g), GDP post-destete (246 <italic>vs.</italic> 181 g) y GDP promedio (219 <italic>vs.</italic> 175 g). Los machos ganaron 4.5 kg más peso (P &lt; 0.05) que las hembras entre los 75 y los 145 d de edad (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto del sexo de la cría y tipo de parto en el peso al nacimiento, al destete ajustado a 75 d, ajustado a 145 d, la ganancia de peso pre-destete y post-destete (media±D.E.) en corderos de pelo nacidos en invierno en un sistema semi-intensivo del Altiplano Mexicano.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Sexo del cordero</th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Tipode parto</th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Característica</th>
								<th align="center">Macho (n=160)</th>
								<th align="center">Hembra (n=256)</th>
								<th align="center">Sencillo (n=242)</th>
								<th align="center">Multiple (n=174)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Peso corporal, kg</td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
								<td align="justify"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> Al nacimiento</td>
								<td align="center">4.0±0.09<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.6±0.06<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">4.0±0.06<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.5±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> Al destete ajustado a 75d</td>
								<td align="center">19±0.4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">16±0.2<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">18±0.4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">16±0.2<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> Ajustado a 145d</td>
								<td align="center">36±0.6<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">29±0.4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">32±0.5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">31±0.5<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ganancia diaria de peso g/d</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> Pre-destete (0 a 75d)</td>
								<td align="center">194±6<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">169±3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">188±5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">165±3<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> Post-destete (75 a 145d)</td>
								<td align="center">246±5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">181±3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">202±4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">213±5<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"> Promedio(0 a 145d)</td>
								<td align="center">219±4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">175±3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">195±3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">188±3<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>	<sup>a</sup>
							<sup>,b</sup> Literales diferentes entre columnas indican diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El tipo de parto afectó (P &lt; 0.05) el crecimiento de las crías. Las crías de parto sencillo obtuvieron mayor (P &lt; 0.05) PN (4.0 <italic>vs.</italic> 3.5 kg), al destete (18 <italic>vs.</italic> 16 kg) y a los 145 d de edad (32 <italic>vs.</italic> 31 kg), además de una mayor (P &lt; 0.05) GDP pre-destete (188 <italic>vs.</italic> 165 g) y GDP promedio (195 g <italic>vs.</italic> 188 g) que las crías provenientes de partos múltiples. Sin embargo, las crías de parto múltiple compensaron el menor crecimiento previo y obtuvieron una mayor (P &lt; 0.05) GDP post-destete (213 g <italic>vs.</italic> 202 g), alcanzando así una mayor (P&lt;0.05) ganancia de peso entre los 75 a los 145 d de edad (15 <italic>vs.</italic>14 kg) en comparación a las crías de parto sencillo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>La raza de la madre afectó (P&lt;0.05) las características de peso corporal y GDP pre- y post-destete (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). En cuanto al PN, las crías de madres Pelibuey (4.0 kg) y Dorper (3.9 kg) fueron más pesados (P&lt;0.05) en comparación con las crías de hembras Katahdin (3.7 kg), mientras que los corderos de madre Blackbelly obtuvieron el menor (P&gt;0.05) peso (3.0 kg). El PD ajustado a 75 d fue mayor (P&lt;0.05) para los corderos de ovejas de las razas Dorper y Katahdin (18 kg y 17 kg, respectivamente), seguido de los corderos de madre Pelibuey (16 kg) y Blackbelly (15 kg). Por su parte, el PV ajustado a 145 d fue similar (P&gt;0.05) entre los corderos de madres de raza Dorper, Katahdin y Pelibuey (32, 32 y 31 kg), y menor (P&lt;0.05) en los corderos de raza materna Blackbelly (28 kg).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto de la raza materna y paterna en el peso al nacimiento, al destete ajustado a 75 d, ajustado a 145 d, la ganancia de peso pre-destete y post-destete (media±D.E.) en crías de ovinos de pelo nacidos en invierno en un sistema semi-intensivo del Altiplano Mexicano.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							
						
						<tr>
								<th align="center"> </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Raza materna</th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Raza paterna</th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Característica</th>
								<th align="left">Blackbelly (n = 36)</th>
								<th align="left">Dorper (n = 240)</th>
								<th align="left">Katahdin (n = 104)</th>
								<th align="left">Pelibuey (n = 36)</th>
								<th align="left">Dorper (n = 172)</th>
								<th align="left">Katahdin (n = 244)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Peso corporal (kg)</italic></td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> Al nacimiento</td>
								<td align="center">3.0 ± 0.13<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.9 ± 0.07<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.7 ± 0.09<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">4.0 ± 0.11<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.8 ± 0.08<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.8 ± 0.07<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> Al destete ajustado a 75 d</td>
								<td align="center">15 ± 0.5<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">18 ± 0.4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">17 ± 0.3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">16 ± 0.3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">17 ± 0.3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">17 ± 0.3<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> Ajustado a 145 d</td>
								<td align="center">28 ± 1.1<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">32 ± 0.5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">32 ± 0.6<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">31 ± 0.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">32 ± 0.5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">31 ± 0.5<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Ganancia diaria de peso (g/d)</italic></td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> Pre-destete (0 a 75 d)</td>
								<td align="center">164 ± 6<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">187 ± 5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">171 ± 5<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">167 ± 5<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">180 ± 4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">177 ± 4<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> Post-destete (75 a 145 d)</td>
								<td align="center">182 ±11<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">213 ± 4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">219 ± 6<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">214 ± 10<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">212 ± 5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">202 ± 4<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> Promedio (0 a 145 d)</td>
								<td align="center">173 ± 8<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">198 ± 3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">194 ± 4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">189 ± 6<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">196 ± 3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">189 ± 3<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><sup>a,b,c</sup> Literales diferentes entre columnas indican diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>La GDP pre-destete (0 a 75 d de edad) fue mayor (P &lt; 0.05) en los corderos de madres Dorper (187 g) y similar entre las razas Katahdin (171 g), Pelibuey (167 g) y Blackbelly (164 g). Sin embargo, la GDP post-destete (75 a 145 d de edad) fue mayor (P&lt;0.05) en las crías de madre Katahdin (219 g), Pelibuey (214 g) y Dorper (198 g) en relación a las crías de madres Blackbelly (173 g). Además, la GDP promedio (0 a 145 d de edad) fue mayor (P &lt; 0.05) en los corderos de madre Dorper (198 gr), Katahdin (194 g) y Pelibuey (185 g), en relación a las crías de madres Blackbelly (173 g).</p>
			<p>La raza del padre no afectó (P&gt;0.05) el PN, el PD, o la GDP pre-destete (0-75 d de edad). Los corderos de raza paterna Dorper fueron más pesados (P&lt;0.05) a los 145 de edad (32 kg vs. 31 kg) y obtuvieron una mayor (P&lt;0.05) GDP post-destete (212 <italic>vs.</italic> 202 g) y GDP promedio (196 <italic>vs</italic>. 190 g) que los corderos de raza paterna Katahdin (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las crías clínicamente sanas, obtuvieron un mayor (P&lt;0.05) PN que los corderos con retraso del crecimiento (3.9 <italic>vs.</italic> 3.4 kg), dicha diferencia también se observó al destete (18 <italic>vs.</italic> 13 kg) y a los 145 d de edad (34 <italic>vs.</italic> 21 kg). En el periodo post-destete (entre 75 a 145 d), los corderos sanos ganaron en promedio 7 kg más (P &lt; 0.05) que los corderos con retraso del crecimiento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto de la condición clínica y mes de nacimiento en el peso al nacimiento, al destete ajustado a 75 d, ajustado a 145 d, la ganancia de peso pre-destete y post-destete (media±D.E.) en corderos de pelo nacidos en invierno en un sistema semi-intensivo del Altiplano Mexicano</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
					<thead>
						
					
						<tr>
							<th align="left">Característica</th>
								
								<th align="right" colspan="2">Valoracion clinica</th>
								
								<th align="center" colspan="3">Mes de nacimiento</th>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" > </th>
								<th align="right">Clínica-mente sano (n = 332)</th>
								<th align="right">Retraso del crecimiento (n = 84)</th>
								
								<th align="center">Diciembre (n = 20)</th>
								<th align="center">Enero (n = 316) </th>
								<th align="center">Febrero (n = 80)</th>
								
									
								
							</tr></thead>
							
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"><italic>Peso corporal (kg)</italic></td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Al nacimiento</td>
								<td align="right">3.9±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">3.4±0.13<sup>b</sup></td>
								
								<td align="center">4.6±0.25<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.8±0.06<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.6±0.13<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Al destete ajustado a 75 d</td>
								<td align="right">18±0.3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">13±0.2<sup>b</sup></td>
							
								<td align="center">16±0.3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">16±0.2<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">20±0.8<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Ajustado a 145 d </td>
								<td align="right">34±0.3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">21±0.5<sup>b</sup></td>
								
								<td align="center">30±0.7<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">31±0.4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">35±0.9<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr><td align="left"><italic>Ganancia diaria de peso (g/d)</italic></td>
							<td align="left"> </td>
							<td align="left"> </td>
							<td align="left"> </td>
							<td align="left"> </td>
							<td align="left"> </td></tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left"> Pre-destete (0 a 75 d)</td>
								<td align="center">192±3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">124±3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center" >156±4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">169±3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">223±11<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="right">Post-destete (75 a 145 d)</td>
								<td align="right">227±3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">123±5<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="left" >192±8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">206±4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">212±7<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Promedio (0 a 145 d)</td>
								<td align="right">209±2<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="right">124±4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="left" >173±5<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">187±3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">218±6<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							
							<p><sup>a</sup><sup>,b</sup> Literales diferentes entre columnas indican diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Por otra parte, se observó que los corderos nacidos en el mes de diciembre (4.6 kg) fueron más pesados (P&lt;0.05) que los nacidos en enero (3.8 kg), seguidos de los nacidos en febrero (3.6 kg). Al destete y a los 145 d de edad, los corderos nacidos en diciembre y enero obtuvieron pesos similares (P&lt;0.05), aunque los nacidos en febrero (P&lt;0.05) fueron 4 kg más pesados. Además, los corderos nacidos en febrero tuvieron mayor (P&lt;0.05) GDP pre-destete y GDP promedio. No se encontraron diferencias (P&gt;0.05) en la GDP post-destete, ni (P&gt;0.05) en el peso ajustado a 75 y 145 d de edad (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSIÓN</title>
			<p>En correspondencia con los resultados del presente trabajo, varios autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Carrillo y Segura, 1993</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Garduño <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Vicente-Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>) han reportado previamente el mayor peso y desarrollo que presentan en general los corderos sobre las corderas. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bores-Quintero <italic>et al</italic>. (2002)</xref> observaron que durante la etapa post- destete la GDP de los machos superó (P&lt;0.05) en 27 % a la GDP de hembras, mientras que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">De Vargas Junior <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Schanbacher <italic>et al</italic>. (1980)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ghafouri-Kesbi y Notter (2016)</xref> concluyen que las diferencias en el peso y desarrollo entre los corderos y corderas reflejan la diferencia en el entorno endocrino y requerimientos de nutrientes entre los sexos.</p>
			<p>Las crías nacidos en parto simple presentaron una mayor tasa de crecimiento pre-destete con respecto a aquellos de parto múltiple, lo cual coincide con lo reportado previamente por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Garduño <italic>et al</italic>. (2002)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Mellado, <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Simeonov <italic>et al.,</italic> (2014)</xref>. Sin embargo, los corderos de parto múltiple compensaron el menor crecimiento previo al destete y obtuvieron una mayor GDP post-destete para terminar con un peso ajustado a 145 d similar al de los corderos nacidos en parto sencillo. Resultados similares han sido reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Galaviz-Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>, y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Simeonov <italic>et al</italic> 2014</xref>, y se considera que durante el periodo pre-destete, el crecimiento está determinado en buena medida por la cantidad de leche materna, sin embargo, una vez destetados los corderos de parto múltiple, consumen más alimento y crecen a un ritmo que les permite alcanzar un peso similar a los corderos de parto simple a la edad de peso al sacrificio.</p>
			<p>Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio en relación a la raza materna demuestran la importancia de la elección de los vientres que constituirán la base materna en las explotaciones ovinas, ya que de esto dependerá el peso y desarrollo de los corderos, principalmente tomando en cuenta las condiciones climáticas que se presentan en esta región donde la oscilación térmica anual presenta diferencias entre las temperaturas medias en diferentes épocas del año desde 12 °C hasta más de 20 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">FAO, 2020</xref>). Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Grepe (2001)</xref> menciona que el primer paso en la producción de ganado ovino comienza por la elección de la raza y el objetivo principal de la explotación.</p>
			<p>En este sentido, la raza Dorper ha mostrado adaptación y mejor velocidad de crecimiento (210 a 330 g/d) bajo condiciones de pastoreo en el desierto de Sudáfrica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cloete <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). Por su parte, la raza Katahdin desarrollada en el noreste de los Estados Unidos de América, se ha caracterizado por un buen desarrollo productivo (236 g/d) en condiciones áridas y tropicales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Burke y Apple, 2007</xref>). Adicionalmente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">López-Carlos <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref> realizaron un estudio en el altiplano mexicano comparando el crecimiento post- destete en ovinos de razas de pelo, en el cual reportaron que las crías de raza Dorper (238 g/d) obtuvieron una mayor GDP que las razas Katahdin (226 g/d), Pelibuey (218 g/d) y Blackbelly (188 g/d), siendo la Blackbelly la de menor desempeño productivo. Al respecto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Wildeus <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref> mencionan que las crías de raza Blackbelly poseen una menor GDP que los corderos de las razas Katahdin y Santa Cruz (73 g/d vs. 109 y 86 g/d, respectivamente) alimentados con dietas en base a forraje.</p>
			<p>Los corderos de raza paterna Dorper y Katahdin presentaron PN y PD similares, en coincidencia con lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Macías-Cruz <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref> quienes observaron que los cruzamientos de sementales Dorper y Katahdin con hembras Pelibuey producen crías para el abasto con tasas aceptables de crecimiento, así como buena adaptación en climas áridos. Sin embargo, la progenie de sementales Dorper obtuvieron una GDP post- destete y un PV superiores (P&lt;0.05) en comparación con los corderos de raza paterna Katahdin, lo cual coincide con lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Macías-Cruz <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref> quienes refieren que los corderos cruzados de raza paterna Dorper obtuvieron un 16 y 25% más peso por día que los de raza paterna Katahdin o Pelibuey respectivamente. En tal sentido, se asume que las razas de mayor talla poseen una mayor velocidad de crecimiento que las razas de menor talla o peso a la madurez (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Owens <italic>et al</italic>., 1993</xref>). Aunque las razas conocidas como de pelo no se han evaluado tan ampliamente como las razas productoras de lana, se ha reportado que la raza Dorper posee excelentes características de crecimiento, por lo que se recomienda su uso como raza terminal, siendo competitiva inclusive al compararla con razas cárnicas de tipo lanar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Notter <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Snowder y Duckett, 2003)</xref>.</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, en el presente estudio se observó una frecuencia del 25% de crías que presentaron la condición de retraso del crecimiento. Lo anterior, representa el primer reporte científico de que dicha condición se presenta en ovinos en México por efecto de las bajas temperaturas invernales. Sin embargo, esta condición es de gran importancia en ganado porcino y se ha reportado como una importante causa de mortalidad y baja productividad en lechones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wu <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). La condición de crecimiento retardado ha sido revisada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Wang <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>,quienes indican que puede manifestarse en todas las especies, siendo ocasionada por una combinación de factores que comienzan desde el periodo prenatal, y se le conoce como “retraso del crecimiento intrauterino”. Este problema es originado por factores genéticos, epigenéticos, de madurez materna, y ambientales como el estado nutricional de la madre, estrés, enfermedades, toxinas, etc. De acuerdo con estos autores, la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino tiene efectos negativos permanentes sobre la adaptación neonatal, la supervivencia y el crecimiento pre-destete, la eficiencia de utilización del alimento, la salud general de por vida, la composición corporal, así como el desempeño reproductivo en la vida adulta, y por lo tanto tiene importantes implicaciones en la producción animal.</p>
			<p>En relación a las diferencias obtenidas en el peso de los corderos en el invierno, se ha demostrado que las ovejas preñadas expuestas a temperaturas ambientales bajas sufren adaptaciones metabólicas para satisfacer el aumento del gasto energético asociado con el frío, lo que conducen a movilizar grasa corporal y liberar glucosa por el hígado, la cual cruza la placenta y aumenta el suministro de glucosa al feto, estimulando la secreción de insulina y el crecimiento fetal sin riesgo aparente de cetosis clínica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kenyon <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Norouzian, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Symonds <italic>et al</italic>., 1986</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Thompson <italic>et al.</italic>, 1982</xref>). Recientemente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Piquer <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, explican que la exposición de ratas preñadas a 4°C por 3 h diarias causó un aumento de los niveles de norepinefrina y corticosterona en la circulación materna, y la disminución de la capacidad placentaria para eliminar la norepinefrina del feto hacia la circulación de la madre, lo que ocasionó un aumento del peso de la placenta y del peso corporal de las crías. Las temperaturas ambientales bajo las cuales se desarrolló el presente estudio fueron más frías en diciembre (media de 10.5 °C y mínima de -9°C) que en enero (media de 11.6°C y mínima de -2°C) y febrero (media de 13.9°C y mínima de -2°C), lo cual probablemente explique por qué se obtuvieron pesos al nacimiento mayores en los corderos nacidos en el mes de diciembre.</p>
			<p>Las condiciones ambientales adversas debido al efecto combinado de baja temperatura, precipitación y viento en la época de parición son la principal causa de mortalidad en corderos de pelo por el síndrome de inanición-exposición (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Refshauge <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Además, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Mellor y Stafford (2004)</xref>, mencionan que los ovinos de pelo muestran mayor susceptibilidad al enfriamiento que los ovinos de lana, haciéndolos más susceptibles a enfermedades respiratorias bajo condiciones de frío y humedad. En este sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Saravia y Cruz (2003)</xref> mencionan que, al bajar la temperatura del aire por debajo de la temperatura crítica mínima (10 °C) se llega al punto donde la producción de calor metabólico es insuficiente para mantener la temperatura del cuerpo y conseguir ganancias de peso en corderos. Lo anteriormente expuesto explicaría por qué los corderos nacidos en el mes de diciembre, a pesar de haber obtenido un mayor PN, posteriormente observaron una menor ganancia de peso que los corderos nacidos en enero y febrero.</p>
			<p>Es importante considerar la raza materna, la raza paterna y el mes de nacimiento en la planeación y manejo de las explotaciones semi-intensivas con ovinos de pelo, particularmente en las condiciones climáticas y de producción de la zona norte del Altiplano Mexicano.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIÓN</title>
			<p>Las crías ovinas nacidas en partos sencillos y múltiples a pesar de mostrar diferente PN, alcanzan un peso similar después del destete, y la raza de la madre determina el PN y el crecimiento de los corderos, siendo poco recomendable programar partos de hembras Blackbelly en los meses de invierno. La raza del semental (Dorper o Katahdin) no afecta el peso al nacer ni el crecimiento inicial del cordero, aunque determina el crecimiento post-destete, por lo que es recomendable el uso de la raza Dorper para mejorar el peso de venta a los 145 d de edad. Los corderos con retraso del crecimiento poseen un menor desempeño productivo que los corderos que no presentan ese retraso. Por lo que es recomendable reducir al máximo la incidencia de corderos con retraso del crecimiento. Los corderos nacidos en el mes de diciembre poseen un mayor peso al nacer, aunque posteriormente obtienen ganancias de peso inferiores a las obtenidas por los corderos nacidos en los meses de enero o febrero.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>IMPLICACIÓN</title>
			<p>Es importante considerar la raza materna, la raza paterna y el mes de nacimiento en la planeación y manejo de las explotaciones semi-intensivas con ovinos de pelo, particularmente en las condiciones climáticas y de producción de la zona norte del Altiplano Mexicano. Además, proporcionar mejores condiciones nutricionales a las hembras durante la gestación, parto y lactancia, para favorecer un mejor desarrollo de corderos y evitar la condición de retraso del crecimiento, ya que estos factores afectan de manera importante el peso al nacer y el desarrollo de los corderos antes y después del destete.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Growth of hair lambs in the semiarid highlands of Zacatecas during winter season</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<p>Code: 2020-18.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT:</title>
				<p>The aim of the study was to assess the effect of sex, birth type, breed, growth retardation, condition and month of birth on weight of birth (WB), and pre- and post-weaning growth of hair lambs that born during winter (n = 416). Male lambs showed better overall growth performance (P &lt;0.05) than female lambs. Single born lambs weighed more (P &lt;0.05) than multiple born lambs at birth and at weaning, although multiple born lambs had greater (P &lt;0.05) average daily gain (ADG) post-weaning. Blackbelly lambs showed little weight (P &lt;0.05) and growth. Dorper-sired lambs had greater (P &lt;0.05) sale weight (SW) and ADG after weaning than Katahdin-sired lambs. Lambs with growth retardation had lower weight (P &lt;0.05) and general performance. Although lambs born in December had greater (P &lt;0.05) PN, lambs born in February had greater (P &lt;0.05) pre-weaning ADG and SW. In conclusion, the evaluated factors significantly affect both PN and overall growth performance of lambs born in winter in the semi-arid plateau of Mexico.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>lamb</kwd>
				<kwd>hair sheep</kwd>
				<kwd>growth</kwd>
				<kwd>growth retardation</kwd>
				<kwd>Mexico</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Sheep have the ability to convert coarse forages into animal protein and produce more efficiently than older ruminants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">San <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>). Traditionally, the semi-arid region of Mexico located in the northern mesa of the highlands is recognized for the production of sheep, mainly with the Rambouillet breed in extensive systems, and recently with hair breeds such as the Blackbelly, Pelibuey, Katahdin, Dorper and their crosses. , in semi- intensive production systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Partida <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). The cost of production in the semi- intensive system is higher than in the extensive system, due to the necessary investments in facilities, equipment, labor and food so these systems must have a high level of productivity to be economically profitable. Therefore, the adequate selection of breeds (paternal and maternal) and the appropriate management of productive indicators from birth to the sale of the lambs should be emphasized (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Partida <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>The hair sheep breeds show great variability in terms of genotypes and productive characteristics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Wildeus, 1997</xref>). Indeed, the genotype and other characteristics affect the reproductive and productive performance of the species. In this sense, the advantages of hair sheep are their low reproductive seasonality, greater prolificacy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Galina <italic>et al.</italic>, 1996</xref>), resistance to parasites (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Vanimisetti <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>) and the reduction of costs derived from production and wool shearing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Notter, 2000</xref>). However, hair breeds are smaller, have a lower growth rate, and muscle mass, compared to wool sheep breeds. They were developed to be exploited under conditions of warm tropical climates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Wildeus, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Notter, 2000</xref>), where winter temperatures are less cold than those prevailing in the Mexican Highlands region, in whose winters polar air mass and night temperatures below 0 °C are recorded (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Vidal, 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>However, there are no studies in this region that identify the main factors that influence the weight at birth and the development of lambs of hair breeds in winter. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate some factors such as the effect of sex, type of delivery, the race of the parents, the condition of growth retardation and the month of birth on the birth weight (PN). Besides the pre-weaning and post-weaning growth in hair lambs born in winter in a semi-intensive system in the northern region of the Mexican Highlands.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Place of study</title>
					<p>The present study was conducted during the months of December 2017 to February 2018 at the San Isidro ranch, located in the municipality of Calera de Víctor Rosales, Zacatecas, Mexico. The region belongs to the Mexican highlands and is geographically located at 22° 58'47 &quot;north latitude and 102° 40'49&quot; west longitude. The climate is semi-arid cold BSk, with an annual mean temperature of 17 °C, mean maximum temperature of 30 °C in May, and mean minimum temperature of 3 °C in January, although temperatures are below 0 °C during winter reached (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">García, 1988</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Animals and measurements</title>
					<p>In the present study, 416 offspring born during the winter season were used (single birth n = 242 offspring, 58.2%; double birth n = 135 offspring, 32.4%; triple birth n = 39 offspring, 9.4%). The date of birth, sex (male, female), father's race (Dorper or Katahdin), mother's race (Blackbelly, Dorper, Katahdin and Pelibuey) and type of delivery (single, double or triple) were recorded). In addition, a clinical assessment was carried out from which the offspring were classified as healthy and with growth retardation condition according to the description made by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Shelton (1964)</xref>. It consisted of identifying the offspring with delayed growth characterized due to the presence of shaggy fur, low body development, less vitality and physical strength; while the lambs considered clinically healthy were those that showed a soft coat, good general condition, adequate body development and general vigor. The pups were weighed at birth, at weaning (WW) and at the time of sale (SW) using a digital scale for their completion in other farms. WW were adjusted at 75 d and SW at 145 d of age. The adjusted weights were calculated as WW at 75 d = [(weaning weight-birth weight)/age at weaning in days] × 75 + birth weight, and SW at 145 d = [(final weight - observed weight at weaning)/days elapsed from weaning to final weighing in days] × 70 + weaning weight adjusted to 75 d (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Thompson, 2006</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Food and accommodation</title>
					
						<p>The females were fed in daytime grazing (meadow composed of annual rye grass (<italic>Lolium multiflorum</italic> Lam.), <italic>Perennial</italic> rye grass (<italic>Lolium perenne</italic>), bromine grass (<italic>Bromus</italic> willdenowii cv. Matua), fescue (<italic>Festuca arundinacea</italic>), orchard potomac (<italic>Dactylis glomerata</italic>). All this with night confinement and supplementation based on corn stubble, corn silage, alfalfa hay and oats and receiving 300 to 350 g/d of commercial feed (13% CP and 3.4 Mcal ME/kg DM) in the last third of gestation and beginning of lactation. Females were housed in roofed pens at birth where they were kept with their young during the first week of life. The young were at birth weighed and they were within the first 24 h of life identified. Subsequently, the calves went out to graze with their mothers for four to six hours a day, with an initiation supplement &quot;creep feeding&quot; (20% CP and 2.9 Mcal ME/kg DM) in the afternoon. Weaning was carried out at 75 d (two and a half months old), and from at this stage the offspring were fattened with 65% of commercial feed (16% CP and 3.4 Mcal ME/kg DM) and 35% of a mixture of alfalfa hay and oats or ground corn stubble. It was until they were to market sent with an average weight of 34.9 ± 0.4 kg. The animals had free access to fresh water and a mixture of mineral salts in the pen.</p>
					
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analysis</title>
					<p>The statistical analysis of the data was performed with the GLM procedure of the SAS statistical package (SAS Institute, Cary N.C., U.S.A.) version 9.1. The initial statistical model included the main effects and interactions, although since the interactions between simple effects were not significant. In the reduced model only the fixed effects of calf sex (male, female), type of calving (simple, multiple), maternal race (Blackbelly, Dorper, Katahdin, Pelibuey), paternal race (Dorper, Katahdin), clinical assessment (with or without growth retardation) and month of birth (December, January, February). Differences between means were established using Tukey's test (P &lt;0.05).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>The sex of the offspring affected (P &lt;0.05) all the evaluated characteristics. Males were heavier (P &lt;0.05) than females at birth (4.0 <italic>vs</italic>. 3.6 kg), at weaning (19.0 vs. 16.0 kg) and at 145 d of age (36.0 vs. 29.0 kg). Furthermore, they showed a higher (P &lt;0.05) pre- weaning ADG (194 <italic>vs</italic>. 169 g), post-weaning ADG (246 <italic>vs</italic>. 181 g) and average ADG (219 <italic>vs</italic>. 175 g). Males gained 4.5 kg more weight (P &lt;0.05) than females between 75 and 145 d of age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of calf sex and type of parturition on birth weight, at weaning adjusted to 75 d, adjusted to 145 d, the pre-weaning and post-weaning weight gain (mean ± SD) in lambs of hair born in winter in a semi-intensive system of the Mexican Highlands.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Lamb sex</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Type of delivery</th>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Characteristics</th>
									<th align="center">Male (n = 160)</th>
									<th align="center">Female (n = 256)</th>
									<th align="center">Simple (n = 242)</th>
									<th align="center">Multiple (n = 174)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Body weight, kg</italic></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> At birth</td>
									<td align="center">4.0±0.09<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.6±0.06<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.0±0.06<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.5±0.08<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> At weaning adjusted to 75 d</td>
									<td align="center">19±0.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">16±0.2<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">18±0.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">16±0.2<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> Adjusted to 145 d</td>
									<td align="center">36±0.6<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">29±0.4<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">32±0.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">31±0.5<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>Daily weight gain, g/d</italic></td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> Pre-Weaning (0 a 75 d) </td>
									<td align="center">194±6<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">169±3<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">188±5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">165±3<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> Post-weaning (75 a 145 d)</td>
									<td align="center">246±5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">181±3<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">202±4<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">213±5<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> Average (0 a 145 d)</td>
									<td align="center">219±4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">175±3<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">195±3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">188±3<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p><sup>a,b</sup>Different literals between columns indicate significant differences (P &lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The type of delivery affected (P &lt;0.05) the growth of the offspring. Single calving pups obtained higher (P &lt;0.05) WB (4.0 <italic>vs</italic>. 3.5 kg), at weaning (18 <italic>vs</italic>. 16 kg) and at 145 d of age (32 <italic>vs</italic>. 31 kg), in addition to a higher (P &lt;0.05) pre-weaning ADG (188 <italic>vs</italic>. 165 g) and average ADG (195 g <italic>vs</italic>. 188 g) than calves from multiple births. However, the multiple calving pups compensated for the lower previous growth and obtained a higher (P &lt;0.05) post-weaning ADG (213 g <italic>vs</italic>. 202 g), thus achieving a higher (P &lt;0.05) weight gain among the 75 at 145 d of age (15 <italic>vs</italic>. 14 kg) compared to single calving pups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>The breed of the mother affected (P &lt;0.05) the characteristics of body weight and pre and post-weaning ADG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). Regarding WB, the breeds from Pelibuey mothers (4.0 kg) and Dorper (3.9 kg) were heavier (P &lt;0.05) compared to the young from Katahdin females (3.7 kg), while the lambs from Blackbelly mother obtained the lower (P&gt; 0.05) weight (3.0 kg). The WW adjusted to 75 d was higher (P &lt;0.05) for lambs from sheep of the Dorper and Katahdin breeds (18 kg and 17 kg, respectively), followed by lambs from mother Pelibuey (16 kg) and Blackbelly (15 kg). On the other hand, the SW adjusted to 145 d was similar (P&gt; 0.05) among the lambs of the Dorper, Katahdin and Pelibuey breed mothers (32, 32 and 31 kg), and lower (P &lt;0.05) in the breed lambs Maternal Blackbelly (28 kg).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of maternal and paternal breed on weight at birth, at weaning adjusted to 75 d, adjusted to 145 d, the pre-weaning and post-weaning weight gain (mean ± SD) in hair sheep pups born in winter in a semi-intensive system of the Mexican Highlands.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
						<thead>
							
						
							<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Maternal race</th>
									
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Paternal race</th>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Characteristics</th>
									<th align="center">Blackbelly (n = 36)</th>
									<th align="right">Dorper (n = 240)</th>
									<th align="right">Katahdin (n = 104)</th>
									<th align="right">Pelibuey (n = 36)</th>
									
									<th align="right">Dorper (n = 172)</th>
									<th align="center">Katahdin (n = 244)</th>
								</tr></thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Body weight, kg</italic></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">At birth</td>
									<td align="center">3.0 ± 0.13<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="right">3.9 ± 0.07<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">3.7 ± 0.09<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="right">4.0 ± 0.11<sup>a</sup></td>
									
									<td align="right">3.8 ± 0.08<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.8 ± 0.07<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">At weaning adjusted to 75 d</td>
									<td align="center">15 ± 0.5<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="right">18 ± 0.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">17 ± 0.3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">16 ± 0.3<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="right">17 ± 0.3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">17 ± 0.3<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Adjusted to 145 d Daily weight gain, g/d</td>
									<td align="center">28 ± 1.1<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="right">32 ± 0.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">32 ± 0.6<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">31 ± 0.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									
									<td align="right">32 ± 0.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">31 ± 0.5<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pre-Weaning (0 a 75 d)</td>
									<td align="center">164 ± 6<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="right">187 ± 5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">171 ± 5<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="right">167 ± 5<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="right">180 ± 4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">177 ± 4<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Post-weaning (75 a 145 d)</td>
									<td align="center">182 ±11<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="right">213 ± 4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">219 ± 6<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">214 ± 10<sup>a</sup></td>
									
									<td align="right">212 ± 5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">202 ± 4<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Average (0 a 145 d)</td>
									<td align="center">173 ± 8<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="right">198 ± 3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">194 ± 4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">189 ± 6<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="right">196 ± 3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">189 ± 3<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p><sup>a, b, c</sup> Different literals between columns indicate significant differences (P &lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The pre-weaning ADG (0 to 75 d of age) was higher (P &lt;0.05) in the lambs of Dorper mothers (187 g) and similar between the Katahdin (171 g), Pelibuey (167 g) and Blackbelly (164 g). However, the post-weaning ADG (75 to 145 d of age) was higher (P&lt;0.05) in the offspring of mother Katahdin (219 g), Pelibuey (214 g) and Dorper (198 g) in relation to the offspring from Blackbelly mothers (173 g). In addition, the average ADG (0 to 145 d of age) was higher (P &lt;0.05) in the lambs of Dorper (198 gr), Katahdin (194 g) and Pelibuey (185 g), in relation to the offspring of mothers Blackbelly (173 g).</p>
				<p>The breed of the father did not affect (P&gt; 0.05) the WB, the WW, or the pre-weaning ADG (0-75 d of age). Dorper sire lambs were heavier (P &lt;0.05) at 145 of age (32 kg <italic>vs</italic>. 31 kg) and obtained higher (P &lt;0.05) post-weaning ADG (212 <italic>vs</italic>. 202 g) and average ADG (196 <italic>vs</italic>. 190 g) than lambs of the Katahdin sire breed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>Clinically healthy calves obtained a higher (P &lt;0.05) PN than lambs with growth retardation (3.9 <italic>vs</italic>. 3.4 kg), this difference was also observed at weaning (18 <italic>vs</italic>. 13 kg) and at 145 d of age (34 <italic>vs</italic>. 21 kg). In the post-weaning period (between 75 and 145 d), the healthy lambs gained on average 7 kg more (P &lt;0.05) than the stunted lambs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of clinical condition and month of birth on birth weight, at weaning adjusted to 75 d, adjusted to 145 d, the pre-weaning and post-weaning weight gain (mean ± SD) in hair lambs born in winter in a semi-intensive system of the Mexican Highlands</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								
							
							<tr>
									
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="right" colspan="2">Clinical assessment</th>
								
									<th align="center" colspan="3">Birth month</th>
									
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Característica </th>
									<th align="right">Clinically healthy (n =332)</th>
									<th align="right">Growth retardation (n= 84)</th>
									
									<th align="center">December (n = 20)</th>
									<th align="center">January (n = 316)</th>
									<th align="center">February (n = 80)</th>
								</tr>
								
								
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Body weight (kg)</italic></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
									<tr>
									<td align="left"> At birth</td>
									<td align="right"> 3.9±0.05<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">3.4±0.13<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">4.6±0.25<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.8±0.06<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.6±0.13<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">At weaning adjusted to 75 d</td>
									<td align="right">18±0.3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">13±0.2<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">16±0.3<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">16±0.2<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">20±0.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Adjusted to 145 d</td>
									<td align="right">34±0.3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">21±0.5<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">30±0.7<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">31±0.4<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">35±0.9<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><italic>Daily weight gain (g / d)</italic></td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pre-weaning (0 to 75 d)</td>
									<td align="left">192±3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">124±3<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="left">156±4<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">169±3<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">223±11<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Post-weaning (75 to 145 d)</td>
									<td align="right">227±3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">123±5<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">192±8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">206±4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">212±7<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Average (0 to 145 d)</td>
									<td align="right">209±2<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">124±4<sup>b</sup></td>
									
									<td align="center">173±5<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">187±3<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">218±6<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								
								<p><sup>a</sup><sup>, b</sup> Different literals between columns indicate significant differences (P &lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>On the other hand, it was observed that lambs born in December (4.6 kg) were heavier (P &lt;0.05) than those born in January (3.8 kg), followed by those born in February (3.6 kg). At weaning and at 145 d of age, lambs born in December and January obtained similar weights (P &lt;0.05), although those born in February (P &lt;0.05) were 4 kg heavier. Furthermore, lambs born in February had higher (P &lt;0.05) pre-weaning ADG and average ADG. No differences were found (P&gt; 0.05) in the post-weaning ADG, nor (P&gt; 0.05) in the adjusted weight at 75 and 145 d of age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>In correspondence with the results of the present work, several authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Carrillo and Segura, 1993</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Garduño <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Vicente-Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>) have previously reported the greater weight and development that lambs generally present on the lambs. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bores-Quintero <italic>et al</italic>. (2002)</xref> observed that during the post-weaning stage the ADGf males exceeded (P &lt;0.05) by 27% the ADG of females. While <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">De Vargas Junior <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Schanbacher <italic>et al</italic>. (1980)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ghafouri-Kesbi and Notter (2016)</xref> conclude that the differences in the weight and development of lambs and ewes that reflect the difference in the endocrine environment and nutrient requirements between the sexes.</p>
				<p>The calves born in single birth presented a higher pre-weaning growth rate compared to those born in multiple births, which coincides with that previously reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Garduño <italic>et al</italic>. (2002)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Mellado, <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Simeonov <italic>et al.,</italic> (2014)</xref>. However, the multiple calving lambs compensated for the lower pre-weaning growth and obtained a higher post- weaning ADG to end up with a weight adjusted to 145 d similar to that of the lambs born in single calving. Similar results have been reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Galaviz-Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Simeonov <italic>et al</italic> 2014</xref>, and it is considered that during the pre-weaning period, growth is largely determined by the amount of mother's milk. However, once multiple calving lambs are weaned, they consume more feed and they grow at a rate that allows them to reach a weight similar to single-calving lambs at slaughter weight age.</p>
				<p>The results obtained in the present study in relation to the maternal breed demonstrate the importance of choosing the bellies that will constitute the maternal base in sheep farms. The weight and development of the lambs will depend on this, mainly taking into account the climatic conditions that occur in this region where the annual thermal oscillation presents differences between the average temperatures at different times of the year from 12 ºC to more than 20 ºC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">FAO, 2020</xref>). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Grepe (2001)</xref> mentions that the first step in sheep production begins with the choice of breed and the main objective of exploitation.</p>
				<p>In this sense, the Dorper breed has shown adaptation and better growth speed (210 to 330 g/d) under grazing conditions in the South African desert (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cloete <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). For its part, the Katahdin breed, developed in the northeast of the United States of America, has been characterized by good productive development (236 g/d) in arid and tropical conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Burke and Apple, 2007</xref>). Additionally, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">López-Carlos <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref> carried out a study in the Mexican highlands comparing post-weaning growth in sheep of hair breeds. They reported that the Dorper breed offspring (238 g/d) obtained a higher ADG than the Katahdin breeds (226 g/d), Pelibuey (218 g/d) and Blackbelly (188 g / d), with Blackbelly being the one with the lowest productive performance. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Wildeus <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref> mention that the Blackbelly breed offspring have a lower ADG than the Katahdin and Santa Cruz breed lambs (73 g/d <italic>vs</italic>. 109 and 86 g/d, respectively) fed with forage-based diets.</p>
				<p>The Dorper and Katahdin paternal breed lambs presented similar WB and WW, in agreement with that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Macías-Cruz <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref> who observed that the crosses of Dorper and Katahdin studs with Pelibuey females produce offspring for supply with acceptable growth rates, as well as good adaptation in arid climates. However, the progeny of Dorper stud obtained a higher post-weaning ADG and a higher SW (P &lt;0.05) compared to the Katahdin sire lambs, which coincides with that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Macías-Cruz <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref>. He reported that the crossbred lambs of the paternal Dorper breed obtained 16 and 25% more weight per day than those of the paternal Katahdin or Pelibuey breed respectively. In this sense, it is assumed that larger breeds have a higher growth speed than breeds of smaller size or weight at maturity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Owens <italic>et al</italic>., 1993</xref>). Although the breeds known as hair have not been evaluated as widely as the wool-producing breeds, it has been reported that the Dorper breed has excellent growth characteristics, for which its use as a terminal breed is recommended, being competitive even when compared with sheep-type meat breeds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Notter <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Snowder and Duckett, 2003</xref>).</p>
				<p>On the other hand, in the present study a frequency of 25% of offspring that presented the condition of growth retardation was observed. The foregoing represents the first scientific report that this condition occurs in sheep in Mexico due to the low winter temperatures. However, this condition is of great importance in pigs and has been reported as an important cause of mortality and low productivity in piglets (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Wu <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). The stunted growth condition has been reviewed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Wang <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, who indicate that it can manifest itself in all species, being caused by a combination of factors that start from the prenatal period, and is known as “intrauterine growth retardation”. This problem is caused by genetic, epigenetic, maternal maturity, and environmental factors such as the mother's nutritional status, stress, illnesses, toxins, etc. According to these authors, intrauterine growth restriction has permanent negative effects on neonatal adaptation, survival and pre-weaning growth, feed utilization efficiency, general lifelong health, body composition, as well as reproductive performance in adult life, and therefore has important implications for animal production.</p>
				<p>In relation to the differences obtained in the weight of lambs in winter, it has been shown that pregnant ewes exposed to low ambient temperatures undergo metabolic adaptations to meet the increased energy expenditure associated with the cold. It leads to mobilize body fat and releasing glucose through the liver, which crosses the placenta and increases glucose supply to the fetus, stimulating insulin secretion and fetal growth without apparent risk of clinical ketosis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kenyon <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Norouzian, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Symonds <italic>et al</italic>., 1986</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Thompson <italic>et al.</italic>, 1982</xref>). Recently, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Piquer <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>, explain that the exposure of pregnant rats to 4 °C for 3 h per day caused an increase in the levels of norepinephrine and corticosterone in the maternal circulation, and a decrease in the placental capacity to eliminate norepinephrine from the fetus towards the circulation of the mother. It caused an increase in the weight of the placenta and the body weight of the offspring. The environmental temperatures under which the present study was carried out were colder in December (mean of 10.5 °C and minimum of -9 °C) than in January (mean of 11.6 ° C and minimum of -2 ° C) and February ( mean of 13.9 ° C and minimum of -2 ° C). It probably explains why higher birth weights were obtained in lambs born in December.</p>
				<p>Adverse environmental conditions due to the combined effect of low temperature, precipitation and wind in the lambing season are the main cause of mortality in hair lambs due to starvation-exposure syndrome (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Refshauge <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Mellor and Stafford (2004)</xref>, mention that hair sheep show greater susceptibility to cooling than wool sheep, making them more susceptible to respiratory diseases under cold and humid conditions. In this sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Saravia and Cruz (2003)</xref> mention that, by lowering the air temperature below the minimum critical temperature (10 °C), the point where the production of metabolic heat is insufficient to maintain body temperature and achieve weight gains in lambs. The foregoing would explain why the lambs born in the month of December, despite having obtained a higher WB, subsequently observed a lower weight gain than the lambs born in January and February.</p>
				<p>It is important to consider the maternal race, the paternal race and the month of birth in the planning and management of semi-intensive farms with hair sheep, particularly in the climatic and production conditions of the northern part of the Mexican Highlands.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The lambs born in single and multiple births, despite showing different WB, reach a similar weight after weaning, the mother's breed determines the WB and the growth of the lambs, and it is not recommended to program Blackbelly female births in the winter months. The breed of the stallion (Dorper or Katahdin) does not affect the birth weight or the initial growth of the lamb, although it determines the post-weaning growth, so the use of the Dorper breed is recommended to improve the weight of sale at 145 d old. Lambs with growth retardation have a lower productive performance than lambs that do not present this delay. Therefore, it is advisable to minimize the incidence of lambs with growth retardation. Lambs born in December have a higher birth weight, although later they obtain lower weight gains than the obtained ones by lambs born in January or February.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>IMPLICATION</title>
				<p>It is important to consider the maternal race, the paternal race and the month of birth in the planning and management of semi-intensive farms with hair sheep, particularly in the climatic and production conditions of the northern part of the Mexican Highlands. In addition, provide better nutritional conditions to the females during gestation, parturition and lactation, to promote better development of lambs and avoid the condition of growth retardation, since these factors significantly affect the weight at birth and the development of the lambs before and after weaning.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>